• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.877-890
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• 2005

This study was carried out to determine the effect of different growing stages of winter cereal crops on the quality of silage materials and silages. Silages were made from the silage materials harvested at four growing stages(boot, heading, flowering, and yellow ripe) of barley, rye, oat, and wheat. Approximately 1 kg of silage materials harvested from each growing stage stored in vinyl bags with vacuum packing method and fermented at room temperature for 40 days. As the growing stages progressed, the moisture and crude protein contents of the silage materials decreased, and fiber contents(NDF, ADF and hemicellulose) increased. All the silage materials showed significantly higher contents of water soluble carbohydrate in the boot stages than in the flowering and yellow ripe stages. There was no tendency in acetic acid contents of silage materials cut at different growing stages. The overall pH of silage materials were in the range of 5.91-6.01, and there was no significant difference among growing stages. Buffering capacity of silage materials were in the range of 26.23-29.47meq/100g DM, and showed a tendency to decline as the growing stages proceeded. The moisture and crude protein contents of silages decreased significantly in all species as the growing stages proceeded, and the fiber contents vice versa. As the growing stages proceeded, the pH of the silages tended to increase, and the acetic, butyric, and lactic acid contents tended to decrease. The buffering capacity of silages had a tendency to decrease as the growing stages of winter cereal crops proceeded. Therefore, these features described above should be taken into consideration in order to make silages from winter crops economically.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1014-1020
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• 1996

To develope a manufacturing process of the Korean type hot sauce, ingredients and chemical components of the imported hot sauces were investigated. The major ingredients of the imported hot sauce were chili, vinegar and salt. Chemical analysis of the imported hot sauce showed: moisture; 44.73-95.66%, total nitrogen; 0.11-1.06%, reducing sugar; 0.03-3.18%, crude fiber; 0.42-2.51%, salt; 0.87-10.44%, pH; 3.22-4.05, titratable acidity; 1.18-3.62%, capsanthin; 0.44-1.06% and capsaicin; 2.40-4.28 mg%. With the red pepper powder and/or kochujang, 20 Korean type hot sauces were prepared. Chemical analysis of the Korean type hot sauce showed: moisture; 53.07-78.30%, total nitrogen; 0.34-0.68%, reducing sugar; 1.60-4.34%, curde fiber; 1.31-2.54%, salt; 4.07-5.56%, pH; 3.37-2.54, titratable acidity; 1.15-3.06%, capsanthin; 0.11-1.36% and capsaicin; 0.55-1.42 mg%. Chemical components except capsaicin of the Korean type hot sauce were similar to those of the imported one. As the results of sensory evaluation on the 20 Korean type hot sauces with red pepper powder and/or kochujang developed, three Korean type hot sauces were finally selected. As compared with Sriracha hot sauce, an imported hot sauce, the Korean type hot sauces were evaluated to be superior to the imported one.

• Proceedings of the Korea Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry Conference
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• 2000.06a
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• pp.16-23
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• 2000

The increasing functional needs of top-quality printing papers and packaging paperboards, and especially the rapid developments in electronic printing processes and various computer printers during past few years, set new targets and requirements for modern paper quality. Most of these paper grades of today have relatively high filler content, are moderately or heavily calendered , and have many coating layers for the best appearance and performance. In practice, this means that many of the traditional quality assurance methods, mostly designed to measure papers made of pure. native pulp only, can not reliably (or at all) be used to analyze or rank the quality of modern papers. Hence, introduction of new measurement techniques is necessary to assure and further develop the paper quality today and in the future. Paper formation , i.e. small scale (millimeter scale) variation of basis weight, is the most important quality parameter of paper-making due to its influence on practically all the other quality properties of paper. The ideal paper would be completely uniform so that the basis weight of each small point (area) measured would be the same. In practice, of course, this is not possible because there always exists relatively large local variations in paper. However, these small scale basis weight variations are the major reason for many other quality problems, including calender blacking uneven coating result, uneven printing result, etc. The traditionally used visual inspection or optical measurement of the paper does not give us a reliable understanding of the material variations in the paper because in modern paper making process the optical behavior of paper is strongly affected by using e.g. fillers, dye or coating colors. Futhermore, the opacity (optical density) of the paper is changed at different process stages like wet pressing and calendering. The greatest advantage of using beta transmission method to measure paper formation is that it can be very reliably calibrated to measure true basis weight variation of all kinds of paper and board, independently on sample basis weight or paper grade. This gives us the possibility to measure, compare and judge papers made of different raw materials, different color, or even to measure heavily calendered, coated or printed papers. Scientific research of paper physics has shown that the orientation of the top layer (paper surface) fibers of the sheet paly the key role in paper curling and cockling , causing the typical practical problems (paper jam) with modern fax and copy machines, electronic printing , etc. On the other hand, the fiber orientation at the surface and middle layer of the sheet controls the bending stiffness of paperboard . Therefore, a reliable measurement of paper surface fiber orientation gives us a magnificent tool to investigate and predict paper curling and coclking tendency, and provides the necessary information to finetune, the manufacturing process for optimum quality. many papers, especially heavily calendered and coated grades, do resist liquid and gas penetration very much, bing beyond the measurement range of the traditional instruments or resulting invonveniently long measuring time per sample . The increased surface hardness and use of filler minerals and mechanical pulp make a reliable, nonleaking sample contact to the measurement head a challenge of its own. Paper surface coating causes, as expected, a layer which has completely different permeability characteristics compared to the other layer of the sheet. The latest developments in sensor technologies have made it possible to reliably measure gas flow in well controlled conditions, allowing us to investigate the gas penetration of open structures, such as cigarette paper, tissue or sack paper, and in the low permeability range analyze even fully greaseproof papers, silicon papers, heavily coated papers and boards or even detect defects in barrier coatings ! Even nitrogen or helium may be used as the gas, giving us completely new possibilities to rank the products or to find correlation to critical process or converting parameters. All the modern paper machines include many on-line measuring instruments which are used to give the necessary information for automatic process control systems. hence, the reliability of this information obtained from different sensors is vital for good optimizing and process stability. If any of these on-line sensors do not operate perfectly ass planned (having even small measurement error or malfunction ), the process control will set the machine to operate away from the optimum , resulting loss of profit or eventual problems in quality or runnability. To assure optimum operation of the paper machines, a novel quality assurance policy for the on-line measurements has been developed, including control procedures utilizing traceable, accredited standards for the best reliability and performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.1152-1159
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• 2013

Four male lambs (Katahdin; average live weight $25.9{\pm}2.9$ kg) with "T" type cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square experiment to evaluate the influence of supplemental dry distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%, dry matter basis) in substitution for dry-rolled (DR) corn on characteristics of digestive function and digestible energy (DE) of diet. Treatments did not influence ruminal pH. Substitution of DR corn with DDGS increased ruminal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion (quadratic effect, p<0.01), but decreased ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion (linear effect, p<0.01). Replacing corn with DDGS increased (linear, $p{\leq}0.02$) duodenal flow of lipids, NDF and feed N. But there were no treatment effects on flow to the small intestine of microbial nitrogen (MN) or microbial N efficiency. The estimated UIP value of DDGS was 44%. Postruminal digestion of OM, starch, lipids and nitrogen (N) were not affected by treatments. Total tract digestion of N increased (linear, p = 0.04) as the DDGS level increased, but DDGS substitution tended to decrease total tract digestion of OM (p = 0.06) and digestion of gross energy (p = 0.08). However, it did not affect the dietary digestible energy (DE, MJ/kg), reflecting the greater gross energy content of DDGS versus DR corn in the replacements. The comparative DE value of DDGS may be considered similar to the DE value of the DR corn it replaced up to 30% in the finishing diets fed to lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.652-658
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• 2016

Twenty $Pelibuey{\times}Katahdin$ ewes ($35{\pm}2.3kg$) were used to determine the effects of the consumption of standardized plant extract containing a mixture of quaternary benzophenanthridine alkaloids and protopine alkaloids (QBA+PA) on growth performance, dietary energetics, visceral mass, and ruminal epithelial health in heat-stressed ewes fed with a high-energy corn-based diet. The basal diet (13.9% crude protein and 2.09 Mcal of net energy [NE] of maintenance/kg of dry matter) contained 49.7% starch and 15.3% neutral detergent fiber. Source of QBA+PA was Sangrovit RS (SANG) which contains 3 g of quaternary benzophenathridine and protopine alkaloids per kg of product. Treatments consisted of a daily consumption of 0 or 0.5 g SANG/ewe. Ewes were grouped by weight and assigned to 10 pens (5 pens/treatment), with two ewes per pen. The experimental period lasted 70 days. The mean temperature humidity index during the course of this experiment was $81.7{\pm}1.0$ (severe heat stress). There were no treatment effects on water intake. Dry matter intake was not affected (p = 0.70) by treatments, but the group fed SANG had a numerically (11.2%) higher gain in comparison to the control group, SANG improved gain efficiency (8.3%, p = 0.04), dietary NE (5.2%, p<0.01) and the observed-to-expected NE (5.9%, p<0.01). Supplemental SANG did not affect ($p{\geq}0.12$) carcass characteristics, chemical composition of shoulder, and organ weights (g/kg empty body weight) of stomach complex, intestines, and heart/lung. Supplemental SANG decreased liver weight (10.3%, p = 0.02) and increased visceral fat (16.9%, p = 0.02). Rumen epithelium of ewes fed SANG had lower scores for cellular dropsical degeneration (2.08 vs 2.34, p = 0.02), parakeratosis (1.30 vs 1.82, p = 0.03) and neutrophil infiltration (2.08 vs 2.86, p = 0.05) than controls. It is concluded that SANG supplementation helped ameliorate the negative effects of severe heat on growth performance of feedlot ewes fed high-energy corn-based diets. Improvement in energetic efficiency may have been mediated, in part, by anti-inflammatory effects of supplemental SANG and corresponding enhancement of nutrient uptake.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.274-279
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• 1985

Proximate compositions, minerals and protein fractions of the roots of cultured and wild Codonopsis lanceolata of different age groups were examined as the basic research for the study of their source of processed foods. The most abundant proximate composition of the roots of C. lanceolata was observed to be total sugars and next come crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat and ash in descending order irrespective of cultured and wild ones. The richest mineral contained in the roots was noticed to be K and followed by Mg and Ca. Generally increased tendency of crude protein, fat, ash, K, Mg, Ca, Mn, Zn, Cu and P contents were observed with older roots, however, decreased total sugars and Fe content. Lead and cadmium content was far bellow the authorized tolerance limits. The quantitative fractionation of the protein of the roots ranked albumin the highest content, followed by globuin, prolamin and glutelin. Decreased albumin content was observed with the older age roots, while increased globulin, prolamin and glutelin content. The minimum solubility of the soluble protein of the roots was found to be at pH 4.0 and maximum, at pH 10.0. Disc gel electrophoresis of the soluble protein of C. lanceolata roots showed almost similar patterns and numbers of bands. The molecular weight for main band protein was estimated to be about 90,000.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.60-67
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• 2001

The microscopic characteristics and cellulose structures of primary and secondary tissues in Pinus densiflora S. et Z. were examined. Cells of primary tissue in cross section showed an irregular arrangement and round shape. Fiber lengths were 200 to $250{\mu}m$ in primary tissue, and 1,500 to $1,600{\mu}m$ in secondary tissue. Cell diameters in primary tissue were larger than those in secondary tissue; 40 to $50{\mu}m$ in former and 10 to $20{\mu}m$ in latter. Crystallite width and d-spacing of (200) in both tissues did not show any significant differences. However, crystallinity indices by Segal's method showed significant differences as 23% in primary tissue and 35% in secondary tissue. In the orientation of cellulose microfibril, primary tissues had a random pattern, whereas, secondary tissues presented an oriented pattern with 20 to 30 degree. The cellulose crystalline of primary tissue was easily transformed into cellulose II by mercerization, but that of secondary tissue hardly transformed. It is considered that the difference of crystal transformation in both tissues could be caused by the difference of lignification.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.589-600
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• 2005

The purposes of this study is to discuss and analyze the effect on the recovery from cut in sciatic nerve. This study used 9 weeks male rats of Sprague-Dawley family. Rat in groups 4 were treated with pulsed therapeutic ultrasound for 3 minutes. 3 times weekly at 3MHz respectively (intensity; $0.2W/cm^2,\;0.5W/Cm^2,\;10W/cm^2$); rat in group 1 received placebo ultrasound. In addition, changes of serum aspartate amino-transferase(AST) and creatine phosphokinase(CPK) levels were also demonstrated with diameter of individual muscle fasciculate and number of muscle fiber in each of three types of muscles located in gastrocnemius, soles. The results of comparing the changes in groups are as follows; 1. We found out that hypertrophic epineurium was present in sciatic nerve injured ultrasound treatment of groups. 2. In the gastrocnemius morphological investigation of the group I (control group), severe muscle atrophy were observed at the 7th days of the sciatic nerve injury. however, muscle atrophy of the group IV ($1.0W/cm^2$) were slightly recovered at the 14th days after treatment ultrasound. At the 28th days, muscular fibers were formed in polygon and were significantly recovered. 3. C-fos immunoreactive of the group II ($0.2W/cm^2$), III ($0.5W/cm^2$) were remarkably increased at the 1th day after treatment of ultrasound. Group IV were markedly deceased. 4. Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor(BDNF) immunoreactive of the group II, III were increased after 7 days of the sciatic nerve injury. Group IV were markedly increased from 14th days to 28th days after treatment of ultrasound. 5. A significant increase of serum AST levels were demonstrated in control group. However, serum AST levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of control group in followed order ; ($0.2W/cm^2<0.5W/cm^2<1.0W/cm^2$). 6. A significant increase of serum CK levels were demonstrated in control of group. However, serum CK levels of massage groups were significantly decreased compared to that of control group in followed order ; ($0.2W/cm^2<0.5W/cm^2<1.0W/cm^2$). The above results suggest that ultrasound treatment after peripheral nerve injury might reduce noxious stimuli, facilitate nerve recovery and effective in the functional improvement delaying muscle atrophy or degeneration.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.227-236
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• 1995

The objective of this research was to characterize fucoidans isolated from Laminaria religiosa and Undaria pinnatifida in Korea to obtain basic data for Production of soluble dietary fiber materials with biological functionality. Fucoidans were successively extracted 3 times at $65\%$ for 1hr with arid solution of pH 2.0, and cetylpyridinium chloride was used for partial purification. The yields of partially purified fucoidans were $2.71\%$ for L. religiosa, $6.65\%$ for sporophylls of U. pinnatifida and $0.40\%$ for blade of U. pinnatifida. The yield from sporophylls of U. pinnatifida was highest among the sample tested, whereas the yield from blade of U. pinnatifida was lowest. It appeared that the fuconidans content in different parts of U. pinnatifida varied. Partially purified fucoidans were separated into 3 fractions by DEAE-Sephadex A-25 ion exchange column and the maior fractions were refractionated with tractional precipitation with ethanol. $60-70\%$ ethanol precipitated fractions of 1. religiosa and sporophylls of U. pinnatifida turned out to be homogeneous by cellulose acetate electrophoresis and gel filteration chromatography. The molar ratios of fucose, galactose, and sulfate in the purified fucoidans(ethanol precipitated fractions) were 1 : 0.31 : 2.43 for L. religiosa and 1 : 0.97 : 1.99 for sporophylls of U. pinnatifida. The averaged molecular weights of the purified fucoidans from L. religiosa and sporophylls of U. pinnatifida were 31,000 and 38,000, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2000

Objective : A number of evidence have suggested a pivotal role of matrix metalloproteinases(MMP) on the degeneration of intervertebral disc. Proteins of intervertebral disc mainly consist of collagen and proteoglycan. These proteins can be destructed by MMP, resulting in changes of main collagen type and degeneration of matrix proteins. The present study was to determine the different effects of MMP-1 and MMP-2 on the degenerative spinal diseases, resulting from aging process. Clinical Materials & Methods : Thirty-one patients were randomly selected among 350 patients whose discs were resected during operation from March 1997 to February 1999. Patients were divided into two groups: group I with spinal stenosis and group II with herniated intervertebral disc. Group II was subdivided into the ruptured(Group Iia) and unruptured(Group Iib). Increases in MMP-1 immunopositive cells were observed in both groups, as evidenced by immunocytochemical staining. However, in marked contrast, the number of MMP-2 immunopositive cells were only seen in group II. There was no significant difference between Group IIa and Group IIb. The MMP-2 immunopositive cells were increased in the anulus fibrosus of ruptured(Group Iia) more than unruptured(Group Iib), but statistically it was not significant. In addition, the immunopositivity of MMP-1 and MMP-2 was proportional to patients's age. Conclusion : These results strongly suggests the possible involvement of MMP-2, but not MMP-1 in progressive herniated intervertevral disc.