• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.163-221
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• 1983

Main aspects of this study are to clarify geochronology and petrogenetic processes of the so-called Hongjesa granite, which is a member of various intrusive rocks exposed in the northeastern part of the Ryongnam Massif, one of the Precambrian basements of South Korea. In this study, the Hongjesa grainte is divided into four rock units based on the geologic age, mineralogical and chemical constituents, and texture: the Precambrian Hongjesa granite gneiss (Hongjesa granite Proper) and leucogranite gneiss, the Paleozoic gnessic two mica granite, and the Jurassic muscovite granite. The Hongjesa granite gneiss is identified by its grayish color, slight foliation, and porphyroblastic texture. The leucogranite gneiss is distinct by its light gray color, sand medium to coarse grained texture. The gneissic two mica granite is distinguished from others by its strong foliation, containing gray-colored feldspar phenocrysts with biotite and muscovite in varying amounts. The muscovite granite occurs as a small stock containing feldspar phenocrysts along margin of the stock. These granitic rocks vary widely in composition, reflecting the facts that they partly include highly metamorphosed xenolith and schlierens as relics of magmatic and anatectic processes. In particular, grayish porphyroblasts of microcline perthite is characteristic of the Hongjesa granite gneiss, whereas epidote and garnet occur in both the Hongjesa granite gneiss and leucogranite gneiss. These minerals are considered to be formed by potassic metasomatism and contamination of highly metamorphosed rocks deeply buried under the level of the Hongjesa granite emplacement. The individual synchronous granitic rocks plotted on Harker diagram show mostly similar trends to the Daly's values. The plots of the Hongjesa granite gneiss and gneissic two mica granite concentrate near the end part of the calc-alkalic rock series on the AMF diagrams, whereas those of the leucogranite gneiss and muscovite granite indicate the trend of the Skaergaard pluton. These granitic rocks plotted on a Q-Ab-Or diagram (petrogeny's residua system) fall well outside the trough of the system. This can be attributed to the potassic matasomatism of these rocks. On the ACF diagram, these rocks appear to be dominantly I-type prevailing over S-type. The K-Ar ages, obtained from a total of 7 samples of the leucogranite gneiss, gneissic two mica granite, muscovite granite, porphyritic alkali granite, and rhyolitic rock, in addition to the Rb/Sr ages of the Hongjesa granite gneiss by previous workers, permit the rock units to be arranged in the following chronological order: The middle Proterozoic Hongjesa granite gneiss (1714-1825 m.y.), the upper proterozoic leucogranite gneiss (875-880 m. y.), the middle Paleozoic gneissic two mica granite (384 m. y.) the upper Jurassic muscovite granite (147 m. y.), the Eocene alkali granite (52 m. y.), and the Eocene rhyolitic rock (45 m. y.). From the facts and data mentioned above, it is concluded that the so-called Hongjesa granite is not a single granitic mass but is further subdivided into the four rock units. The Hongjesa granite gneis, leucogranite gneiss, and gneissic two mica granite are postulated to be either magmatic or parautochtonous, intrusive, and the later muscovite granite is to be magmatic in origion.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.77-79
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• 2002

The urea cycle, consisting of a series of six enzymatic reactions, plays key roles to prevent the accumulation of toxic nitrogenous compound and synthesize arginine de novo. Five well characterized diseases have been described, resulting from an enzymatic defect in the biosynthesis of one of the normally expressed enzyme. This presentation will focus on two representative diseases; ornithine transcarbamylase(OTC) deficiency and citrullinemia(argininosuccinate synthetase deficiency). OTC deficiency is one of the most common inborn error of urea cycle, which is inherited in X-linked manner. We identified 17 different mutations in 20 unrelated Korean patients with OTC deficiency; L9X, R26P, R26X, T44I, R92X, G100R, R141Q, G195R, M205T, H214Y, D249G, R277W, F281S, 853 del C, R320X, V323M and 10 bp del at nt. 796-805. These mutations occur at well conserved nucleotide sequences across species or CpG hot spot. The L9X and R26X lead to the disruption of leader sequences, required for directing mitochondrial localization of the OTC precursor. Their phenotypes are severe, and neonatal onset. The G100R, R277W and V323M mutations were uniquely identified in patients with late onset OTC deficiency. The other genotypes are associated with neonatal onset. Out of 20 patients with OTC deficiency, only 6 patients are alive; two were liver transplanted, and normal in growth and development at 2, 4 years after transplantation respectively. Citrullinemia is an autosomal recessive disease, caused by the mutations in the argininosuccinate synthetase(ASS) gene. We identified in 3 major mutations in 11 unrelated Korean patients with citrullinemia; G324S, $IVS6^{-2}$ A to G, and 67 bp ins at nt 1125-1126. Among these, the 67 base pair insertion mutation is novel. The allele frequency of each mutation is; G324S(45%), IVS6-2 A to G(32%), and 67 base pair insertion(14%). All patients are diagnosed at neonatal or infantile age. Interestingly, two patients presented with stroke like episode. Out of 11 patients, 5 patients died. Among 6 patients alive, one patient was successfully liver transplanted.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.223-228
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• 2013

The calcium-activated $K^+$ ($BK_{Ca}$) channel is one of the potassium-selective ion channels that are present in the nervous and vascular systems. $Ca^{2+}$ is the main regulator of $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation. The $BK_{Ca}$ channel contains two high affinity $Ca^{2+}$ binding sites, namely, regulators of $K^+$ conductance, RCK1 and the $Ca^{2+}$ bowl. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA, 1-radyl-2-hydroxy-sn-glycero-3-phosphate) is one of the neurolipids. LPA affects diverse cellular functions on many cell types through G protein-coupled LPA receptor subtypes. The activation of LPA receptors induces transient elevation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ levels through diverse G proteins such as $G{\alpha}_{q/11}$, $G{\alpha}_i$, $G{\alpha}_{12/13}$, and $G{\alpha}s$ and the related signal transduction pathway. In the present study, we examined LPA effects on $BK_{Ca}$ channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes, which are known to endogenously express the LPA receptor. Treatment with LPA induced a large outward current in a reversible and concentration-dependent manner. However, repeated treatment with LPA induced a rapid desensitization, and the LPA receptor antagonist Ki16425 blocked LPA action. LPA-mediated $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation was also attenuated by the PLC inhibitor U-73122, $IP_3$ inhibitor 2-APB, $Ca^{2+}$ chelator BAPTA, or PKC inhibitor calphostin. In addition, mutations in RCK1 and RCK2 also attenuated LPA-mediated $BK_{Ca}$ channel activation. The present study indicates that LPA-mediated activation of the $BK_{Ca}$ channel is achieved through the PLC, $IP_3$, $Ca^{2+}$, and PKC pathway and that LPA-mediated activation of the $BK_{Ca}$ channel could be one of the biological effects of LPA in the nervous and vascular systems.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.77-77
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• 2018

미역의 뿌리부분인 미역귀에는 알긴산과 후코이단 성분이 풍부하고 고혈압과 당뇨등과 같은 성인병을 예방하는데 도움이 된다. 후코이단은 미역과 다시마 같은 갈조류에서 추출된 천연물질로 특히 면역력을 활성화하고 항암작용으로 잘 알려져 있다. 알긴산 등 유용성분이 함유된 것으로 알려진 미역귀의 유용성분을 분석하여, 향후 미역귀를 활용한 제품개발의 기초자료를 제공하고자 본 연구를 수행하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 미역귀는 2015년 12월 완도 금일수산에서 제공받아 연구재료로 활용하였다. AOAC방법에 따라 분석한 미역귀의 일반성분은 수분이 대부분을 차지하였으며, 조섬유와 가용성 무질소물 함량이 높게 나타났다. 이는 시료로 사용한 미역귀가 수확 후 바로 냉동보관 되어서 수분함량이 높은 것으로 보여진다. 유리당은 미역귀 1g에 증류수를 가하여 $60^{\circ}C$에서 4시간 추출 한 후, 원심분리(3,000 rpm, 30 min)하여 $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane filter (Millipore Co., USA)로 여과한 여액을 HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)를 이용하여 분석한 결과, 미역귀의 유리당은 Galactose 1종만이 검출되었다. 미역귀의 구성아미노산과 유리아미노산은 $0.45{\mu}m$ membrane filter로 여과하여 얻은 여액을 일정량 취하여 AccQ-Tag 시약을 사용하여 유도체화 시킨 후 HPLC로 분석하였다. 미역귀의 구성아미노산은 glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, lysine, threonine, valine, arginine 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었으며, 유리아미노산은 glutamic acid, alanine, threonine, arginine, lysine 순으로 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 미역귀의 유리아미노산함량은 표고에 비하여 현저히 낮은 함량이 나타났으며, 주요아미노산은 해조류의 풍미를 대표하는 아미노산인 glutamic acid와 alanine으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Data and Information Science Society
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.1375-1387
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on cognitive function in the elderly through a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. For the study purpose, 14 studies were selected through a systematic process of using several databases and 11 studies were used to estimate the effect size of exercise on cognitive function. Meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, and the effect size on cognitive function was calculated. The effect size for cognitive function of exercise intervention was Hedges' g=1.05 (95% CI: 0.61~1.50), indicating a large effect size. For heterogeneity, moderator analysis was performed using intervention, number of times per week, intervention duration, and cognitive function measurement. Cognitive function measurement was statistically significant, the other moderators did not significant difference. Results support that exercise has significant positive effects on cognitive function in elderly in korea. It also provided a basis that can be applied to exercise intervention design for cognitive function.

• Korea Journal of Hospital Management
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.61-73
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• 2017

Purposes : The purpose of this study is to identify factors that have effects on safety activities of hospital personnels by investigating causality between patient safety culture, job stress, safety system and safety activities of faculty and staff member who are working for oriental medicine hospital of university. Methodology : The subjects were 246 employees working in 4 oriental medicine hospitals of university in Daejeon and Chungcheongnam-do. The data were collected from January 16 to January 25, 2017 using a structured questionnaire. For data analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA and Duncan test with SPSS 22.0 were used. Findings : The activity score for patient safety of faculty and staff member, who were experienced at job training program after joining a company and regular training course for qualification or license, was meaningfully higher than that of group who had no job training experience. The result indicated that the higher there is level of safety culture and safety system and the lower there is work stress, the more the activity has positive effect on patient safety. The level score of awareness for safety culture of faculty and staff member in C hospital, which is facing financial crisis in business circumstances recently, showed average value of 3.29. It was significantly lower than that of the other three hospital. Also, The activity score for patient safety was markedly lower than that of the other three hospital. This result become interested in the process of linking non-financial performance and financial performance. The level score of safety activity in A hospital which obtained healthcare accreditation was remarkably higher than that of the other three hospital which didn't certify healthcare accreditation. Pratical Implications : Subjects about Q.I or patient's experience management must be included in curriculum of Oriental medicine. It is necessary to get the effect of job training program for faculty and staff member through the process of preparation for obtaining healthcare accreditation. When the hospital director is appointed, it must be considered that he/she has the ability to attach importance to analysis and management of the factors creating safety accident, and has business mindset for healthcare delivery of customer- centricity. This research showed that financial performance of hospital, which of business environment is favorable; located in metropolitan city and having large scale of hospital and quality of residence rating but low-level of safety culture and safety activity, was lower than that of general hospital situated in small and medium-sized cities. More research needs to be done for answering this result.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.64-80
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• 1992

Considerable interest has been generated in age-related non-enzymatic glycosylation and crosslinking of collagen in view of its extracellular nature, and its long biological half-life. The effects of UVA, which penetrates deep in dermis, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) on age- related changes of dermal collagen were studied. The amount of nonenzymatic glycosylation, fragmentation, and crosslinking of collagen were monitored from the mixtures of Type I collagen from calf skin and glucose, irradiated by UVA, with or without scavengers of ROS. At both high and low glucose dosages, non-enzymatic glycosylation was not affected by UVA irradiation. At high glucose dosage, however, glycosylation was reduced by the scavengers of superoxide radical and singlet oxygen, bolt not by hydroxyl radical scavengers. Fragmentation was increased by UVA and decreased by all ROS scavengers. Crosslinking was also enhanced by UVA, and effectively blocked crosslinking. Superoxide radical and singlet oxygen, which were produced by autoxidation of glucose independently to UVA, may encounter the initial phase of glycation. ROS generated from Amadory compounds by UVA enhanced fragmentation and crosslinking Hydroxyl radical was thought to be a major ROS affecting crosslinking. These results suggest that UVA and ROS are able to enhance age-related structural changes of collagen, as affecting many other tissue and cellular components.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2005

The study shows the possible use of the index flood frequency curves for an estimation of flood quantiles at ungauged locations. Flood frequency analysis were made for the annual maximum flood data series at 9 available stations in the Han river basin. From the flood frquency curve at each station the mean annual flood of 2.33-year return period was determined and the ratios of the flood magnitude of various return period to the mean annual flood at each station were averaged throughout the Han river basin, resulting mean flood ratios of different return periods. A correlation analysis was made between the mean annual flood and physiographic parameters of the watersheds i.e, the watershed area and mean river channel slope, resulting an empirical multiple linear regression equation over the whole Han river basin. For unguaged watershed the flood of a specified return period could be estimated by multiplying the mead flood ratio corresponding the return period with the mean annual flood computed by the empirical formula developed in terms of the watershed area and river channel slope. To verify the applicability of the methodology developed in the present study the floods of various return periods determined for the watershed in the river channel improvement plan formulation by the Ministry of Construction and Transportation(MOCT) were compared with those estimated by the present method. The result proved a resonable agreement up to the watershed area of approximately 2,000k $m^2$. It is suggested that the practice of design flood estimation based on the rainfall-runoff analysis might have to be reevaluated because it involves too much uncertainties in the hydrologic data and rainfall-runoff model calibration.

• Archives of design research
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• v.19 no.2 s.64
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• pp.151-162
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• 2006

The purpose of this thesis is to upgrade brand logo's equity by objective and professional evaluating tool. A brand logo is the main factor in making brand equity, but many times a brand logo is decided without objective judgment because making a logo is considered an intuitive process. To minimize the poor judgment by non-experts, a brand logo needs objective numerical grading tool. Thus, a brand logo is a factor in making a brand identity, not only brand image. That is why brand logo must be chosen by an expert's object judgment. The concrete method to obtain a objective, and at the same time professional grading tool which can De used for the developing and verifying process for a brand logo is as below-first, considering brand judgment from various angles through existing literature, I found various logo grading factors and then extracted them with professional identity designer's subjective consideration. second, applying extracted factors to actual logo grading, verify as a efficient design management tool

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2005

Intramuscular fat content(lMF) is considered as one of major economic traits in the pig breeding and industry. In general, high IMF results in better meat quality. Several approaches to detect quantitative trait 10ci( QTL) for IMF indicated a strong possibility of the existence of a QTL related to IMF between the microsatellite marker SW71 and SW1881 on SSC6q. Porcine FABP3 has been considered as a candidate gene affecting IMF due to its physiological roles and position on the pig genome. Two novel mutations, g.-114T> C and g.-158T>G were detected by duplicate sequencing of the porcine FABP3 promoter region. These two mutations were identified as absolute linkage disequilibrium. The g.-158T> G mutation was used for investigating relationships with growth and fat deposition traits. The GG genotype of the g.-158T> G polymorphism showed highly negative effects(P< 0.01) on body weights at 3 and 12 weeks of age, and a positive effect(P< 0.05) on IMF. However, backfat thickness(BF) and carcass fat(CF) content were not significantly associated with the genotype. The result indicates that the novel mutations, identified in this study, could be utilized as possible genetic markers to improve IMF, independent with BF.