• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2015

${\varepsilon}$-Polylysine (EPL) is used as a natural preservative in food. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the beneficial functions of dietary EPL. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inhibition of neutral and acidic sterol absorption and hepatic enzyme activity-related fatty acid biosynthesis following EPL intake. EPL digest prepared using an in vitro digestion model had lower lipase activity and micellar lipid solubility and higher bile acid binding capacity than casein digest. Male Wistar rats were fed an AIN-93G diet containing 1% (wt/wt) EPL or L-lysine. After 4 weeks of feeding these diets, the marked decrease in serum and liver triacylglycerol contents by the EPL diet was partly attributed to increased fecal fatty acid excretion. The activities of hepatic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, which are key enzymes of fatty acid biosynthesis, were enhanced in rats fed EPL diet. The increased fatty acid biosynthesis activity due to dietary EPL may be prevented by the enhancement of fecal fatty acid excretion. The hypocholesterolemic effect of EPL was mediated by increased fecal neutral and acidic sterol excretions due to the EPL digest suppressing micellar lipid solubility and high bile acid binding capacity. These results show that dietary EPL has beneficial effects that could help prevent lifestyle-related diseases such as hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2000

Atherosclerosis is emerging as one of the major causes of death in Korea as well as Western societies. In the present study; hypocholesterolemic and antiatherogenic effects of the ethanol extract of Allium victorialis Makino was investigated using the conventional rabbit and the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)-transgenic mouse model. Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding high cholesterol diet to the animals for 30 days and they were then fed with high cholesterol diet containing 0.5% of the A. victorialis extract for additional 30 (or 40) days. In the experiment using rabbits, treatment with the A. victorialis extract significantly decreased plasma total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride levels and lipid peroxidation compared to those in the control group. Total cholesterol contents in the liver and the heart were also significantly decreased. Lipid staining of the aorta isolated from the rabbits showed that treatment with the A. victorialis extract decreased formation of atheromatous plaques on the intima of the aorta. In the experiment employing CETP transgenic mouse model, treatment with the A. victorialis extract decreased the levels of plasma total cholesterol and the tissue triglyceride levels in the heart. These results demonstrated that the ethanol extract of A. victorialis lowered serum cholesterol levels, tissue lipid contents and accumulation of cholesterol in the artery.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.133-138
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• 2002

To examine the cholesterol-towering effects of extruded products made with cassava starch (CS) and blends of cassava starch with either resistant starch (CS-RS) or oat fiber (CS-OF) hamsters were fed with diets containing a high-cholesterol (2%) and high-fat (17%) diet for 20 days. Hamsters fed with a diet containing no cholesterol were used as a control. Total cholesterol (TC) levels in the CS-RS and CS-OF groups were significantly (p>0.05) lower compared to the CS group by 11.5% and 8.5%, respectively. Also, the diets containing fibers decreased the value of low-density lipoproteins plus very low-density lipoproteins fraction by 32.4% (CS-RS diet) and 51.7% (CS-OF), respectively, as compared to the CS diet. Total lipid values were significantly (p<0.05) lower in hamsters fed the CS-RS diet (916 mg/dL) and CS-OF diet (964 mg/dL) as compared to those fed the CS diet (1661 mg/dL). The results obtained in this study suggest that extruded products containing cassava starch blended with either resistant starch or oat fleer, could prevent health problems associated with high levels of cholesterol and hypertriglyceridemia induced by a high cholesterol and fat diet.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.37-47
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• 1984

Effects of garlic on hypocholesterolemia, anticoagulation and hypoglycemia were studied in the present experiments using male rats. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The supplementation of $2{\sim}4%$ garlic to 2% cholesterol diets did not affect food intake and weight gain in male rats. 2. Rat's groups fed the diets supplemented with $2{\sim}3%$ garlic (C.D.E.F) to 2% cholesterol diet (B) decreased serum total cholesterol levels by $16{\sim}32%$, triglyceride levels by $18.6{\sim}26.8%$ and ${\beta}/{\alpha}-lipoportein$ rations by $42{\sim}58%$, but increased HDL-cholesterol levels by $29{\sim}65%$ as compared to B group, and so the author assumes that garlic supplementation exerts hypocholesterolemic effect on cholesterol - fed rats because of the increase of HDL and HDL - cholesterol levels. 3. Rat's groups fed the diets supplemented with $2{\sim}4%$ garlic (C.D.E.F) to 2% cholesterol plus 0.25% bile salt diet (B) increased whole blood coagulation times, prothrombin times and fibrinolytic activities, but decreased plasma fibrinogen levels as compared to B group, and so the author assumes that garlic supplementation exerts anticoagulative effect because of the inhibition of fibrinogen synthesis in male rat's liver. 4. Rat's groups fed the diets supplemented with $2{\sim}4%$ garlic (B.C.D.E) to standard diet (A) decreased serum glucose levels by $1{\sim}24%$, but increased serum insulin concentrations by $0.5{\sim}3.0$ times as compared to A group, and so the author assumes that garlic supplementation exerts hypoglycemic effect because of the increase of serum insulin levels by stimulation pancreatic secretion of insulin from ${\beta}-cells$ in the islets of Langerhans.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.655-662
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• 2007

This study examined the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus ATCC 43121 (LAB) on cholesterol metabolism in hypercholesterolemia-induced rats. Four treatment groups of rats (n=9) were fed experimental diets: normal diet, normal $diet+LAB(2{\times}10^6\;CFU/day)$, hypercholesterol diet (0.5% cholesterol, w/w), and hypercholesterol diet+LAB. Body weight, feed intake, and feed efficiency did not differ among the four groups. Supplementation with LAB reduced total serum cholesterol (25%) and VLDL+IDL+LDL cholesterol (42%) in hypercholesterol diet groups, although hepatic tissue cholesterol and lipid contents were not changed. In the normal diet group, cholesterol synthesis (HMG-CoA reductase expression), absorption (LDL receptor expression), and excretion via bile acids (cholesterol $7{\alpha}-hydroxylase$ expression) were increased by supplementation with LAB, and increased cholesterol absorption and decreased excretion were found in the hypercholesterol diet group. Total fecal acid sterols excretion was increased by supplementation with LAB. With proportional changes in both normal and hypercholesterol diet groups, primary bile acids (cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids) were reduced, and secondary bile acids (deoxycholic and lithocholic acids) were increased. Fecal neutral sterol excretion was not changed by LAB. In this experiment, the increase in insoluble bile acid (lithocholic acid) reduced blood cholesterol level in rats fed hypercholesterol diets supplemented with LAB. Thus, in the rat, L. acidophilus ATCC 43121 is more likely to affect deconjugation and dehydroxylation during cholesterol metabolism than the assimilation of cholesterol into cell membranes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.337-343
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• 2020

Activation of osteoclast and inactivation of osteoblast result in loss of bone mass with bone resorption, leading to the pathological progression of osteoporosis. The receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is a member of the TNF superfamily, and is a key mediator of osteoclast differentiation. A flavanone glycoside isolated from the fruit of Poncirus trifoliata, poncirin has anti-allergic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory and anti-platelet activities. The present study investigates the effect of poncirin on osteoclast differentiation of RANKL-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. We observed reduced formation of RANKL-stimulated TRAP-positive multinucleated cells (a morphological feature of osteoclasts) after poncirin exposure. Real-time qPCR analysis showed suppression of the RANKL-mediated induction of key osteoclastogenic molecules such as NFATc1, TRAP, c-Fos, MMP9 and cathepsin K after poncirin treatment. Poncirin also inhibited the RANKL-mediated activation of NF-κB and, notably, JNK, without changes in ERK and p38 expression in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, we assessed the in vivo efficacy of poncirin in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced bone erosion model. Evaluating the micro-CT of femurs revealed that bone erosion in poncirin treated mice was markedly attenuated. Our results indicate that poncirin exerts anti-osteoclastic effects in vitro and in vivo by suppressing osteoclast differentiation. We believe that poncirin is a promising candidate for inflammatory bone loss therapeutics.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.824-827
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• 1990

Phenolic acids are widely distributed in all plant meterial. Most of these acids were combined with plant or grain cell wall. On the other hand, it had been reported that p-coumaric acid exhibited hypocholesterolemic activity in rats. We have undertaken a study of these compounds with regard to their effect on the rat. In this study, the effects of phenolic acid on the serum cholesterol level in rats fed with cholesterol free and cholesterol enriched diets were examined. The commercially available phenolic acid were purchased in the experiment. These compounds were incoporated in the diet at a level of 0.2%. These diets were fed for 21 days to male wistar strain rats with a body weight of 80 to 90g. It was found no significant change in serum cholesterol level in the phenolic acid fed rats in both cholesterol-free and cholesterol-enriched diet.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.169-175
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• 2012

Ginseng has been used as a traditional medicine for treatment of many diseases and for general health maintenance in people of all ages. Ginseng is also used to ameliorate menopausal systems. We investigated the estrogenic activity of Korean red ginseng (KRG) in a transient transfection system, using estrogen receptor (ER) and estrogen-responsive luciferase plasmids in MCF-7 cells. The extract activated both ER${\alpha}$ and ER${\beta}$. KRG modulated the mRNA levels of estrogen-responsive genes such as pS2 and ESR1 and decreased the protein level of ER${\alpha}$. In order to examine in vivo estrogenic activity of KRG, sixteen female Sprague-Dawley rats separated into four groups were studied for nine weeks: non-ovariectomized (OVX) rats treated with olive oil, OVX rats treated with olive oil, OVX rats treated with 17-${\beta}$-estradiol (E2) in olive oil, and OVX rats treated with KRG extract in olive oil. The experiments were repeated for three times and the data of twelve rats were combined. Body weight of OVX rats was greater than that of sham-operated control rats and was decreased by E2 treatment. Uterine weight increased after E2 treatment compared to OVX rats. However, no difference in body or uterine weight was observed with KRG intake. KRG induced reductions in total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein cholesterol/total cholesterol, and low density lipoprotein cholesterol/high density lipoprotein cholesterol, but not to the same degree as did E2 intake. These results show that KRG does contain estrogenic activity as manifested by in vitro study but the activity is not strong enough to elicit physiological responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.338-343
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• 1998

Artemisia iwayomogi(A. iwayomogi) is a major edible vegetable in Korea. A iwayomogi containing a strong bitter taste, particularly, is known to manifest an effect on cough, abdominal pain, indigestion and bleeding. In this experiment, ethanol extract of A. iwayomogi(50mg/kg body weight) was fed to growing male Sprague-Dawley rats for four weeks in order to examine the lipid lowering effect of A. iwayomogi in the live and serum. High fat diet included 10% lard, 1% cholesterol and 0.25% sodium cholate. The administration of A. iwayomogi extract decreased serum cholesterol compared with the control. At the same time, serum triglyceride(TG) was decreased to 25%. Although atherogenic index and HTR tended to decrease, phospholipid level in the serum was shown to increase by A. iwayomogi administration. At the same token, total liver lipids were decreased to 40%. The group fed both high fat and ethanol extract showed 28% decrease of liver lipids compared with the group fed only high fat diet. On the other hand, HDL cholesteol level of high fat and extract fed group was increased to 30% compared with the non-extract-fed control. Liver TG also was decreased to about 21% in the extract fed groups. Liver phospholipids, particularly, exceeded more than double of the level of high fat control. The above results indicate than A. iwayomogi exert a strong hypocholesterolemic and hypolipidemic effect which may lead to the protection from hypertention, obesity, stroke and many other circulatory diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.15 no.4 s.71
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• pp.619-625
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• 2005

The present study was undertaken to investigate the hypoglycemic effect of Hamcho yogurt fermented by lactic acid bacteria containing Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea) extract powder in streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats for 3 week period. The Hamcho yogurt given to the STZ-diabetic rats had significant effect in lowering the serum glucose concentrations and food intakes compared to the STZ-diabetic rats. The Hamcho yogurt administration increased the tolerance to oral glucose loading in the STZ-diabetic rats. The Hamcho yogurt and yogurt given to the STZ-diabetic rats were significantly decreased the serum total cholesterol concentration and the atherogenic index. Based on the beneficial effect against the blood glucose and cholesterol levels, we suggest the Hamcho yogurt can be used as functional food for the hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic effects.