• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제24권11호통권210호
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• pp.919-922
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• 1986

hypnosis(최면<술>)는 문자기록의 역사만큼이나 오래되었다. 1773년 Franz A.Mesmer는 의학분야에서 ‘최면술(mesmerism)'이란 용어를 사용하였으며, James Braid는 'hypnosis'란 용어를 최초로 사용하였고, Sigmund Frend는 치료의 한 형태로서 최면상태(hypnotic trance)를 연구하였으며, Hennon은 최과임상에서 사용되어지는 Hypnosis를 Hypnodontics라고 기술하였고, 실제 임상에 Hypnosis를 적용시키기 위해서는 따로 최면요법에 대한 수련을 쌓아야 한다고 하였다. 현재 임상에서 최면요법을 이용하고 있는 임상가는 그리 흔하지 않는 것 같으나 만약 습득만 한다면 행동조절의 한 방법으로서 유요하게 이용될 수 있으리라고 생각한다.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제63권2호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2020

Objective : We investigated the effect of hypnotics on sleep quality, cognitive function, and depressive mood in patients with insomnia following brain tumor resection. Methods : From patients who underwent brain tumor resection, we recruited 10 patients with insomnia who received hypnotics for more than 1 week during a 3-week follow-up period (insomnia group). We also recruited 12 control patients with brain tumors but without insomnia (control group). We evaluated sleep quality at baseline and 3 weeks later using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS), and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and investigated cognitive function and depression using the Computerized Neuropsychological Test and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Results : At baseline, SSS, ISI, PSQI, and BDI scores were significantly higher and visual continuous performance test (VCPT) and auditory continuous performance test (ACPT) scores were significantly lower in the insomnia than in the control group. Three weeks later, the patients who had received hypnotics had significantly higher ISI, PSQI, ESS, VCPT, ACPT, visual span forward and backward, and visual recognition test scores, and significantly lower BDI scores. Conclusion : Quality of sleep in patients with insomnia following brain tumor resection was initially poor but improved significantly after taking hypnotic medication. Further, the hypnotic medications appeared to contribute to the amelioration of cognitive impairments and depressive moods in patients who previously underwent brain tumor resection. We thus recommend the use of hypnotics for patients with brain tumors with insomnia.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.88-96
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• 2020

Stauntonia hexaphylla (SH) and Vaccinium bracteatum (VB) are herbal extracts widely used in food and traditional herbal medicine, and have the ability to perform a wide range of biological activities. We aimed to investigate the effects of the SH and VB combination (SHVB) on mice models of chronic restraint stress (CRS) and pentobarbital-induced sleeping behaviors to elucidate its possible mechanisms of action. CRS-exposed mice treated with SHVB showed significantly decreased immobility time, increased swimming and climbing times in the forced swim test (FST), and increased locomotor activity in the open field test (OFT). SHVB decreased serum CORT levels, but enhanced brain monoamine neurotransmitters. SHVB significantly decreased the sleep latency and increased total sleep duration in pentobarbital-induced sleeping behavior in mice. SHVB showed inhibitory effect on 5-HT_2A receptor-mediated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These results suggest that SHVB has antidepressant and hypnotic effects by regulating the 5-HT_2A receptor.

• 한국응용약물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국응용약물학회 2008년도 Proceedings of the Convention
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• pp.119-142
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• 2008

Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (ZSS) has been widely used for the treatment of anxiety and insomnia in Korea and China. This experiment was performed to know whether sanjoinine A, one of major alkaloid compounds of ZSS has anxiolytic and hypnotic effects through the GABAergic systems. Our results showed that administration of sanjoinine A increased open arm entries and spent time in open arm in the elevated plus-maze and increased head dips in hole board test. Different from traditional anxiolytic, diazepam, sanjoinine A itself did not decrease locomotor activity and strength level in mice. Furthermore, Sanjoinine A (0.5-2.0 mg/kg) prolonged sleeping time and reduced sleeping latency induced by pentobarbital in a dose-dependent manner similar to muscimol, a $GABA_A$ receptor agonist. Sanjoinine A (0.25-1.0 mg/kg) also increased sleeping rate and sleeping time in the combined administration at the sub-hypnotic dose of pentobarbital and showed synergic effects with muscimol in potentiating sleeping onset and enhancing sleeping time induced by pentobarbital. However, sanjoinine A itself did not induce sleeping at the higher dose. In addition, both of sanjoinine A and pentobarbital increased chloride influx in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells. Sanjoinine A decreased the $GABA_A$ receptor ${\alpha}$-subunit expression and increased ${\gamma}$-subunit expression, and had no effects on abundance of ${\beta}$-subunit in primary cultured cerebellar granule cells, showing different expression of subunits from pentobarbital. In conclusion, sanjoinine A shows anxiolytic-like effects and augments pentabarbital-induced sleeping behaviors through the modification of GABAergic systems. [This work was supported by the Korea Research Foundation Grant funded by the Korean Government (MOEHRD) (The Regional Research Universities Program/Center for Healthcare Technology Development)].

• 융합정보논문지
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• 제10권7호
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• pp.116-121
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• 2020

본 연구는 불안, 불면증, 우울증 또는 삶의 질에 대하여 지치(Lithospermum erythrorhizon) 유래 naphthoquinone, 즉 shikonin의 영향을 고찰하고, 확실히 밝혀지지 않은 메카니즘을 규명하고자한다. 우리는 지치의 주요성분인 naphthoquinone이 스트레스에 의한 수면장애, 강제수영에 의한 우울, 미로에 의해 유발된 불안현상 등의 조절에 영향을 미칠 것이라고 가설을 세웠다. 수컷 쥐를 이용하여 부동 혹은 수영시간, 수면시간, open arms으로 지속시간 및 진입빈도를 측정하고 기록하였다. Naphthoquinone(10, 30 & 100mg/kg)의 투여군에서 GABAA receptor의 활성으로 일어나는 barbiturate-유도 수면을 증가시켰다. 미로에서 open arms 상태로 지속되는 시간이 증가되고, 강제수영에서 부동시간이 줄었다. 결과적으로 naphthoquinone은 불안을 완화, 수면과 항우울경향이 있고, 불안, 불면과 우울증에서 효과적인 치료효과가 있었다.

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.54-62
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare prescription patterns and clinical features according to clinical departments in sedative-hypnotic intoxication. Methods: This was a retrospective study of histories, substances of poisoning, acquisition routes, clinical courses, and outcomes of patients treated for acute intoxication in a single emergency medical center from January, 2011 to December, 2013. Results: A total of 769 patients were treated for acute intoxication, 281 patients ingested sedative hypnotics during the study period. Among 281 patients, 155 patients were prescribed by psychiatric department and 80 patients were prescribed by non-psychiatric department. Benzodiazepines were more likely to be prescribed by psychiatrists, and zolpidem was preferred by non-psychiatrists (p<0.001). Non-psychiatrists were more likely to prescribe short acting benzodiazepines than psychiatrists (p<0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the clinical outcomes, including prevalence of admission to ICU, ventilator care, and length of stay in ICU. In patients prescribed by non-psychiatrists, there were more patients prescribed without psychiatric diagnosis and diagnosed as major depression disorder after hospitalization. Conclusion: To promote rational prescribing of sedative hypnotics, proper psychiatric evaluation should be performed before prescribing, and educational programs including the contents of interactions and side effects of sedative hypnotics are needed.

• 사상체질의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1997

Authors tried to investigate the relationship between sasang constitutions and hypnotizability in this study for the first time. HGSHS-K(Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility-Korean Version) were administered to 121 male soldiers(21.8 65yr) in the army. And then 63 of them completed QSCC II(Questionnaire for the Sasang Constitution Classification II). The results were as follows ; 1) The mean score of HGSHS-K was 7.39 1.77. 2) There were 32 high hypnotizable subjects(HGSHS-K score 8), and 29 low hypnotizable subjects(HGSHS-K score 7). 3) There were 22 So-Yang, 19 So-Eum, 22 Tae-Eum, no Tae-Yang subjects according to classification of QSCC II 4) There were no statistically significant differences in hypnotizability between So-Yang, So-Eum, and Tae-Eum groups(p=0.549).

• 대한임상독성학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.45-48
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• 2008

A 57-year-old man was transferred to our emergency department with decreased mental status after organophosphate intoxication. He had a four year history of benzodiazepine and hypnotic medication use for chronic insomnia and a depressive mood disorder. He had no previous history of seizures, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension. By hospital day 5, the patient was noted to be awake and to have repetitive jerking movements involving the left upper extremity, and appeared apathetic, depressed and less responsive to external stimuli. A benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome was subsequently apparent when he developed several generalized tonic clonic seizures and status epilepticus. Using a continuous midazolam intravenous infusion, we successfully controlled the refractory seizure without complications. We present a rare case of status epilepticus from a benzodiazepine withdrawal that developed during the treatment for organophosphate intoxication.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.179-185
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• 2013

Polygalae radix (PR) has traditionally been used as a sedative and anti-stress agent in oriental countries for a long time. PR which contains many ingredients is especially rich in saponins. This study was performed to investigate whether ethanol extract of PR enhances pentobarbital-induced sleep behaviors. In addition, possible mechanisms also were investigated. PR inhibited locomotor activity in mice. PR increased sleep rate and sleep time by concomitant administration with sub-hypnotic dose of pentobarbital (28 mg/kg). PR prolonged total sleeping time, and shortened sleep latency induced by pentobarbital (42 mg/kg). In addition, PR increased intracellular chloride concentration in primary cultured neuronal cells. The expression level of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were increased, and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid $(GABA)_A$ receptors subunits were modulated by PR, especially increasing ${\gamma}$-subunit expression. In conclusion, PR augments penobarbital-induced sleep behaviors through activation of $GABA_A$ receptors and chloride channel complex.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.296-304
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• 2009

The nutritional significance of essential amino acids, as well as non-essential amino acids, is well documented in poultry production with regards to growth performance and protein accretion. However, the function of amino acids in the stress response is still unclear. L-Pipecolic acid, a L-lysine metabolite in the brain, induced a hypnotic and sedative effect acting via the ${\gamma}$- aminobutyric acid receptors. L-Arginine also induced a sedative effect via its metabolism to L-ornithine. In addition, three-carbon nonessential amino acids like L-alanine, L-serine and L-cysteine also induced sedative effects. These facts suggest that the requirement for amino acids in both essential and non-essential types may require reconsideration to add the concept of stress amelioration in the future.