• Title/Summary/Keyword: Hyperglycaemia

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Diabetes, Glucose Transport and Hypoglycaemic Agents

  • Khil, Lee-Yong
    • Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.202-208
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    • 2004
  • Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic derangement with hyperglycaemia being the most characteristic symptom of diabetes. Hyperglycaemia can be caused by an increase in the rate of glucose production by the liver or by a decrease in the rate of glucose use by peripheral tissues. Impaired glucose transport is one of the major factors contributing to insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic patients. The ability of insulin to mediate tissue glucose uptake is a critical step in maintaining glucose homeostasis and in clearing the post-prandial glucose load. Glucose transport is mediated by specific carriers called glucose transporters (GLUTs). In this article, the functional importance and molecular mechanisms of insulin-induced glucose transport and development of hypoglycaemic agents which increase glucose transport are reviewed.

Evaluation of the Antidiabetic, Islet Protective and Beta-Cell Regenerative Effects of Tinospora crispa (L.)

  • Yusof, Norafiqah;Goh, May P. Y.;Ahmad, Norhayati
    • Natural Product Sciences
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.105-114
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    • 2022
  • Tinospora crispa (L.) is a medicinal plant traditionally used to treat various ailments including diabetes. The stem has been widely studied for its antidiabetic properties, however the antidiabetic potential of its leaves has not been explored. This study investigates the antidiabetic properties of methanolic T. crispa stem and leaves extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. The stems and leaves were extracted using Soxhlet extraction with methanol as solvent. Crude extracts were administered at 500 mg/kg body weight (BW) (high dose) and 250 mg/kg BW (low dose) via oral route to alloxan induced diabetic rats. T. crispa stem and leaves extracts was found to significantly reduce blood glucose following a twelve-week treatment period. The highest mean difference in blood glucose level was exhibited by animals in the high dose treated stem and low dose leaf extracts. Both extracts showed approximately 75% percentage recovery from hyperglycaemia. The highest regenerative capacity was observed in animals treated with the low dose leaf extract.

Aristolochia ringens extract ameliorates oxidative stress and dyslipidaemia associated with streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia in rats

  • Sulyman, Abdulhakeem Olarewaju;Akolade, Jubril Olayinka;Aladodo, Raliat Abimbola;Ibrahim, Rasheed Bolaji;Na'Allah, Asiat;Abdulazeez, Azeemat Titilola
    • CELLMED
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.12.1-12.7
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    • 2018
  • The study was designed to assess antioxidant and antidyslipidaemic effects of terpenoid-rich extract from the root of Aristolochia ringens V. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and dyslipidemia were established in rats by single intraperitoneal administration of 65 mg/kg bw streptozotocin. Based on therapeutic dose determined in previous study, streptozotocin-induced rats were orally administered with 75 and 150 mg/Kg bw of A. ringens extract for 14 days. Total protein, serum lipid profiles and biomarkers of oxidative stress in liver and kidney of the experimental rats were determined. Atherogenic and cardiovascular disease risk indices were computed. Streptozotocin-induced hyperglycaemia significantly (p < 0.05) decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione transferase as well as the amount of reduced glutathione in both tissues indicating oxidative stress induced kidney and liver injury due to glucotoxicity. In comparison to non-treated hyperglycaemic rats, activities of the antioxidant enzymes and concentration of glutathione-H were significantly (p < 0.0001) increased, whereas malondialdehyde was reduced in the tissues of rats treated with both 75 and 150 mg/Kg bw of the extract. The extract also caused significant (p < 0.001) reduction in elevated levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol levels, whereas concentration of the attenuated high density lipoprotein-cholesterol was increased in serum of the treated rats. Reduced atherogenic and cardiac risk indices were projected for the A. ringens extract-treated groups. Results from this study showed that extract from A. ringens root was rich in terpenoids and may reduce risks of complications associated with hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress and dyslipidemia.

Synergistic interactions of Aegle marmelos leaf, Emblica officinalis fruit and Ocimum sanctum leaf extracts in the regulation of hyperthyroidism and / or hyperglycaemia

  • Panda, Sunanda;Kar, Anand
    • Advances in Traditional Medicine
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    • v.4 no.1
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    • pp.37-43
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    • 2004
  • The effects of Aegle marmelos (Rutaceae) leaf, Emblica officinalis (Euphorbiaceae) fruit and Ocimum sanctum. (Labiateae) leaf extracts were studied in L-thyroxine (0.5 mg/kg) induced hyperthyroidic mice. Separately combined effects of these three plant extracts and of a commonly used antithyroidic drug, Propyl thiouracil (PTU) were investigated for comparison. Serum concentration of thyroxine $(T_4)$, triiodothyronine $(T_3)$, glucose and the activity of hepatic Glucose 6-Phosphatase (G-6-Pase) were considered as main parameters. Hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activities were also studied to reveal the toxic effect of the plant extracts, if any. While exogenous $T_4$ enhanced serum concentration of $T_4$, $T_3$, glucose and the activity of hepatic G-6-Pase, a simultaneous administration of either A. marmelos leaf (1.0 mg/kg), E. officinalis fruit( 30 mg/kg) and O. sanctum leaf (50 mg/kg) extracts, to hyperthyroidic animals decreased all these parameters. However, the effects were more pronounced, as nearly normal thyroid function and serum glucose concentration were exhibited when all three plant extracts were administered together. A decrease in LPO and a concomitant increase in SOD and the CAT activities indicated the safe and antiperoxidative nature of the plant extracts, administered either alone or in combination. Our findings reveal that the three test plant materials exhibit synergistic effects without any hepatotoxicity, suggesting their potential use in the amelioration of hyperthyroidism and/ or hyperglycaemia.

Dietary Nigella sativa and Peganum harmala Oils Reverses Hyperglycaemia, Hepatotoxicity, and Metabolism in Rats

  • Hamden, Khaled;Carreau, Serge;Jamoussi, Kamel;Ayadi, Fatma;Garmazi, Fadhel;Elfeki, Abdelfattah
    • Food Science and Biotechnology
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.739-744
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    • 2009
  • This study aims to evaluate the therapeutic action of administration of Nigella sativa (NS) and Peganum harmala (PH) oils in diabetes and hepatic toxicity. Results show that treatment of diabetic rats with NS oil or PH oil ameliorate hyperglycaemia induced stress oxidative and hepatic dysfunction in diabetic rats. Administration of NS or PH oil to diabetic rats caused an anti-diabetic and antioxidant activities by the decrease in plasmatic glucose level and increase in hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activities, reduced glutathione (GSH) and glycogen contents compared to untreated diabetic rats. Besides, NS and PH oils protect the hepatic function observed by decrease of triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TCh), and increase of high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-Ch) levels in serum and hepatic tissues. Moreover, a diminution in the bilirubin, transaminase glutanic pyruvic (TGP), and transaminase pyruvic oxaloacetic (TPO) contents in serum and the thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances levels (TBARs) in hepatic tissues are also detected.

Case of hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state by a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor

  • Nho, In-Young;Kim, Hae-Sung;Kang, Nam-Kyu;Lee, Myung-Won;Kim, Soo-Kyung;Park, Seok-O
    • Kosin Medical Journal
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    • v.33 no.3
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    • pp.402-408
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    • 2018
  • Inhibitors of sodium-glucose cotransporters type 2 (SGLT2) are proposed as a novel approach for the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. SGLT2 cotransporters are responsible for reabsorption of 90 % of the glucose filtered by the kidney. The glucuretic effect resulting from SGLT2 inhibition contributes to reduce hyperglycaemia and also assists weight loss and blood pressure reduction. In this study, we presented the case of a 59-year-old male who developed hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS), possibly caused by a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, a novel class of antihyperglycemic agents. This case highlights that HHS can develop in patients with diabetes treated with SGLT2 inhibitors.

The Antidiabetic Effect of Gamiyookmijihwangtang on Diabetes-prone BB Rats (Diabetes-prone BB Rat을 이용한 가미육미지황탕의 항당뇨 효과)

  • Lee, Yoon-Gyeong;Kim, Soon-Dong
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.32 no.5
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    • pp.1206-1212
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    • 2000
  • This study was conducted to know whether Gamiyookmijihwangtang(GY) which is Yookmijihwang added with Liriopis tuber, Anemarrhenae rhizoma and Phellodendri cortex can remedy the overt diabetes in diabetes-prone BB(BBDP) rats. The rats were given GY through the mother from the fetal stage until birth. After birth they received GY through breast feeding until 20 days old. From 21 days old which is the beginning of the weaning period 60 BB rats(30 males and 30 females) were divided into 2 experimental groups(BBDP and BBDP-GY) and placed individually in metabolic cages. BBDP was the control group which didn't receive any GY and BBDP-GY received 16 mL/㎏ B.W./day of GY until 120 days old. The antidiabetic effects of GY were characterized by the clinical features such as polyurea, polydipsia, hyperglycaemia and the rapid loss of body weight. Body weight, water consumption, urine volume and blood glucose level showed no signs of impending diabetes but after onset there were big changes in those parameters. The onset of diabetes was delayed and the incidence of diabetes was also much decreased with GY but after onset there were no beneficial effects from it.

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Effects of Ephedra Herba ethyl-acetate fraction on high fat diet induced hyperlipidemic mice (마황 에틸아세테이트 분획물이 고지방 식이로 유발된 생쥐의 지질대사에 미치는 영향)

  • Ha, Tae-Hoon;Kwon, Tae-Woo;Kim, Young-Kyun
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.101-113
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    • 2014
  • Objective : Ephedra Herba has been widely used for patients with common cold, asthma in eastern countries, especially china japan and korea. Recently it has been also used for obesity in clinic with high frequency. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Ephedra Herba ethyl-acetate fraction (EEAF) on hyperlipidemic mice. Method : Effects on total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, AST, ALT, fasting blood glucose in serum were measured in this experiment, and in addition, histopathological and gene expression changes in liver tissue was also observed. Results : In our study, EEAF did not affect weight gain in hyperlipidemic mice. Oral administration of EEAF lowered levels of total cholesterol which were elevated by induction of hyperlipidemia. And administration of EEAF lowered fasting blood glucose significantly. By carrying out ontological analysis, large numbers of genes were identified in up or down regulated genes. The expression of the genes that were altered in response to high-fat diet was restored to normal levels in EEAF treated mice, with a recovery rate of 49%. And it was considered that fatty acid metabolism was one of important key pathway of the recovery. Conclusion : Results in our study suggest that EEAF can prevent obese and through regulation of dyslipidemia and hyperglycaemia.

Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults: A Review on Clinical Implications and Management

  • Pieralice, Silvia;Pozzilli, Paolo
    • Diabetes and Metabolism Journal
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    • v.42 no.6
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    • pp.451-464
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    • 2018
  • Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) is a heterogeneous disease characterized by a less intensive autoimmune process and a broad clinical phenotype compared to classical type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), sharing features with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and T1DM. Since patients affected by LADA are initially insulin independent and recognizable only by testing for islet-cell autoantibodies, it could be difficult to identify LADA in clinical setting and a high misdiagnosis rate still remains among patients with T2DM. Ideally, islet-cell autoantibodies screening should be performed in subjects with newly diagnosed T2DM, ensuring a closer monitoring of those resulted positive and avoiding treatment of hyperglycaemia which might increase the rate of ${\beta}-cells$ loss. Thus, since the autoimmune process in LADA seems to be slower than in classical T1DM, there is a wider window for new therapeutic interventions that may slow down ${\beta}-cell$ failure. This review summarizes the current understanding of LADA, by evaluating data from most recent studies, the actual gaps in diagnosis and management. Finally, we critically highlight and discuss novel findings and future perspectives on the therapeutic approach in LADA.