• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.49-55
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• 2016

A ketone body (acetoacetic acid, β-hydroxybutyric acid, and acetone) increases from blood or urine when bio-energy dependence pays more fatty acid than glucose. However, in case oxidation of fat is greater than the capacity of the citric acid cycle the fatty acid oxidation is made from acetoacetyl CoA to acetoacetate then, again form β-hydroxyburytic acid to acetone, the diffusion take place into the blood. Enzymes that oxidize ketone body in the brain and nerve tissue blood ketone dody is increased during prolonged fasting, brain used it as energy. In this study, we developed the rapid two step derivatization method for sensitive detection of the ketone body by GC-MS/SIM. The plasma was deproteinized and then the hydroxy and carboxyl groups of ketone body are subjected to extraction and drying then, keto-group were derivatized with hydoxylamine at 60℃ for 30 min for oximation. Then it was trimetyl-silylated with BSTFA at 80℃ for 30 min and analyzed using a GC-MS. The linear ranges were in between 0.001 μg/mL and 250 μg/mL for β-hydroxy butyrate, and acetoacetate. The method detection limits were below 0.1 pg over each target compound determined. The mean recoveries (%) of target compounds were ranged from 88.2 % to 92.3 % at 1 µg/mL, from 89.5 % to 94.8 % at 10 μg/mL, with RSD of 6.3-9.4 %. This method could be applied to quantification of ketone bodies which are seen in the keto-acidosis in children and adults from a variety of diseases that cause ketones in the blood and urine.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2020

Phytochemical investigation of leaves, barks and roots of Nauclea vanderguchtii led to the isolation of sixteen compounds, which includes one citric acid derivative (2), one alkaloid (16), one peptide derivative (3), and twelve triterpenes (1, 4 - 13). These compounds were identified as rotundanonic acid (1), 2-hydroxy-1,2,3-propanetricarboxylic acid 2-methyl ester (2), asperphenamate (3), lupeol (4), stigmasterol (5), betulin (6), betulenic acid (7), stigmasterol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), quinovic acid 3β-O-α-L-rhamnoside (9), α-amyrin (10), 3-oxoquinovic acid (11), ursolic acid (12), hederagenin (13), rotundic acid (14), clethric acid (15), and naucleficine (16) by the analysis of their NMR spectroscopic data including 2D NMR spectra and by comparison of their spectroscopic data reported in the literature. Compounds 1 and 3 were isolated for the first time in the genus Nauclea, and compound 2 was isolated for the first time from the Rubiaceae family. Complete NMR assignations for 1 have been published for the first time.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.776-783
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• 2005

To develop functional kimchi which had anti-obesity effect, garcinia cambogia extract containing $51.46\%$ hydroxy citric acid (HCA) was used as a sub-ingredient of American preferred kimchi (APK). The APK added to garcinia cambogia extracts of 0.5$\%,\;1.0\%,\;1.5\%\;and\;2.0\%$ were prepared, and fermentation characteristics and anti-obesity effect of those kimchi were investigated. The pH of APK added to garcinia cambogia extracts (APKH) was low as the amount of garcinia cambogia extract increased at initial stage of fermentation but the pH of those kimchi showed similar values after optimum ripened stage. The number of Lactobacillus sp. and Leuconostoc sp. were small as the amount of garcinia cambogia extract increased while the period was delayed that the number of Lactobacillus sp. and Leuconostoc sp. attained to maximum. In Hunter's color values of APKH, lightness and redness decreased as the amount of garcinia cambogia extracts increased while yellowness increased. Sensory scores in overall acceptance, taste and texture of APKH evaluated by Americans as sensory panels were similar until the addition amount of garcinia cambogia extract was $1.5\%$, therefore the garcinia cambogia extract of $1.5\%$ was determined as tile amount adding to APK. The secretions of glycerol and leptin as a key signalling factor for anti-obesity effect were examined in APK and APKH added to garcinia cambogia extract of $1.5\%$. There were no significant differences in the glycerol secretion when adipocytes were treated with APK and APKH extracts. However, leptin secretion in the adipocytes treated with APKH extract was significantly decreased compared to that of control (p<0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Journal of Food and Nutrition Conference
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• 2000.12a
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• pp.53-53
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• 2000

최근 복분자(산딸기)의 효능을 이용한 일반식품 및 기능성 식품 등의 제품 개발이 활발히 추진되고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 식품차원의 연구분야 일환으로서 먼저 복분자의 일반성분, 유리당, 유리아미노산, 무기성분 및 향기성분 등을 보고한 후 앞으로 생리 활성 연구 분야에 초점을 두고 연구를 진행할 하여 학문적 자료 및 산업에 응용할시 기초자료로 활용하고자 한다. 복분자의 수분은 5.39%, 총당은 17.3%, 환원당은 8.6%, 조단백질 10.6%, 조회분은 4.5%, 조지방은1.7%, 조섬유는 3.9%이고, 유리당 함량은 sucrose 1.52%, fructose 3.98%, glucose 1.24%이고, 유기산 함량은 citric acid 10.2%, oxalic acid 6.29%로 가장 많이 함유하고 있었고, 그 다음은 malic acid 1.94%였다. 총 아미노산은 7914.1mg%이고, 필수아미노산 함량은 2622.5mg%로 나타났다. 복분자에 가장 많이 함유되어 있는 아미노산은 aspartic acid 1260.3%, 그 다음은 glutamic acid 1054.3% 순으로 함유하고 있었다. 무기성분 K가 387mg으로 가장 많이 함유되어 있었고, 복분자에서 총 52종의 성분이 화인되었는데 확인된 성분들은 관능기별로 분류하면 amylalcohol를 포함한 alcohol류 11종, valeric acid를 포함한 acid류 13종, hexanal를 포함한 carbonyl류 20종, 2-heptanone를 포함한 hydrocabon류 5종 그리고 methyl palmitate를 포함한 ester류가 3종 이었다. 관능기별로 확인된 성분들의 총 peak area%를 살펴보면 alcohol류 11.56%, acid류 38.87%, hydrocarbon류 2.89%, ester류 0.80%, 총 70.32%가 확인되었다. Alcohol류에서 linalool가 3.78%, acid류에서는 caproic acid류가 14.40%, carbonyl류에서 2-hydroxy-4-methoxyacetophenone이 2.99%, hydrocabon류에서는 aromadendrene가1.59% 그리고 ester류에서는 methyl palmitate가 0.43%으로 가장 많이 함유하고 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.367-372
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• 2002

In order to utilize safflower seed effectively as a food material, it was processed at the conditions including roasting temperature/time of 170$\^{C}$/10 min to 210$\^{C}$/30 min, ethanol concentration of 0 to 100% (V/V) and enzyme hydrolysis with $\alpha$-amylase, $\beta$-amylase, amyloglucosidase and cellulase. Safflower seed extracts had the highest soluble solid content at the condition of 60% ethanol concentration, roasting at 190$\^{C}$ for 20 min and hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase. Total phenolic compounds increased with the ethanol concentration, showing the highest at the condition of 80% ethanol, roasting at 170$\^{C}$ for 30 min and hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase. High level total flavonoid was observed at the condition of 80% ethanol, roasting at 210$\^{C}$ for 30 min and hydrolysis with amyloglucosidase. Safflower seed had sucrose as major free sugar as well as xylose and arabinose as minor free sugars. Organic acids in safflower seed included oxalic, citric, magic and fumaric acid. Serotonin I (N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indo-1-3-yl)ethyl]ftrulamide) and serotonin II (N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide) as antioxidant compounds increased with ethanol concentration, showing the highest revel at 60% ethanol. Acacetin content increased with temperature and roasting time, with a maximum of 69.47 mg% at 210$\^{C}$ for 30 min.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09b
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• pp.519-523
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• 2003

Alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) includes a group of organic acids found in natural foods such as sugarcane (glycolic acid), milk (lactic acid), apples (malic acid) and oranges (citric acid). Earlier studies demonstrated the effect of AHAs on the skin by diminishing the adhesiveness of the corneal layer and increasing the viable epidermal thickness. Recent data suggest that AHAs have some effects on the dermal component of skin and even affect the aging process of the skin. A previous study revealed increased collagen production by treatment with glycolic acid among AHAs in vitro. However, the mechanism of the regulation of collagen production by glycolic acid was unclear. In present study, we tried to demonstrate the effect of glycolic acid on human dermal fibroblasts and to unveil the mechanism of regulation of collagen production by glycolic acid in human dermal fibroblasts: proliferation of fibroblasts and collagen synthesis and degradation by collagenases in fibroblasts. Our results suggested that glycolic acid had no effect on proliferation and cytotoxicity of adult human dermal fibroblasts. However, glycolic acid not only induced the increase of the collagen synthesis in human dermal fibroblasts at lower concentration than 0.1 % but also inhibited MMP-2 activity of human dermal fibroblast in the range between 0.01 and 0.4% and MMP-9 activity of human dermal fibroblast in the range between 0.06 and 0.09%. In summary, our results suggest that glycolic acid may increase wrinkle reduction partially by both increase in collagen synthesis and decrease in collagen degradation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.1039-1045
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• 2003

Functional healthy drinks were processed with freeze dried powders of ethanol extract from of defatted safflower (Carthamus tinctorious L.) seed cake and some useful components of the drinks were investigated. Yield of freeze dried powder was the highest as 8.42% when it extracted with 60% ethanol (60% EFDP). Each drink contained 0.02% of freeze dried powder and ranged 10.6∼13.8% of soluble solid, 2.90∼3.68 of pH, 0.10∼0.83% of titratable acidity. ‘L’ value of drink-I (DSD-I) was the highest as 94.82$\pm$2.45, ‘b’ and ‘a’ value of drink-V (DSD-V) was highest as 27.15-2.65 and 28.67$\pm$2.69, respectively. Major free sugars of drink were 6015.3∼7918.2 mg% of glucose and 1511.4∼2091.0 mg% of sucrose. The content of citric acid was the highest as 179.2∼981.3 mg%. The content of total phenol in 60% EFDP was 99.17 mg% and that of drink-II(DSD-II) and DSD-V was 307.84 mg% and 224.06 mg%, respectively. Total flavonoid was contained as 50.29 mg% in 80% ethanol extract (80% EFDP) and 125.20 mg% in DSD-V. N-[2-(5-hydroxy-1H-indol-3-yl) ethyl] ferulamide (serotonin-I) was determined as high as 18.81 ppm in 80% EFDP and ranged 2.42∼2.89 ppm in drinks. N-[2-(5-hydroxy-lH-indol-3yl)ethyl]-p-coumaramide (serotonin-II) was determined as 30.17 ppm in 80% EFDP and ranged 3.79∼4.59 ppm in drinks. Acacetin, flavonoid compound were 9.83 ppm in amyloglucosidase hydrosis + 60% ethanol extract (A + 60% EFDP) and ranged 0.98∼1.26 ppm in drinks. Electron donating ability (EDA, %) was measured and compared with 100 ppm BHA as chemical antioxidant. EDA was 93.97$\pm$2.21% in A+60% EFDP, 94.79$\pm$2.26% in DSD-I, 94.69$\pm$1.37% in DSD-II, and 93.83$\pm$1.49% in BHA. DSD-II added with hot water extract solution from Korean ginseng and safflower yellow pigment recorded the highest sensory score.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 2003

Background: There is abundance of studies on the decrease in body fat through limited calorie intake or exercise; however, studies focusing simultaneously on functional foods and exercise are rare. This study was aimed to identify the effects of combination of a functional beverage and exercise on body composition and biochemical metabolic profiles. Method: Eighty-one healthy volunteers (69 females aged 19 to 50 years and 12 males aged 19 to 55 years), who maintained their body weight stable with 23 or higher in BMI (kg/$m^2$) and 25% or higher body fat for the last three months, were recruited in the study through written advertisement. All the subjects gave their informed consent, and the study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study design was a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled parallel group design. All participants were given 12-week programed-exercise, which was performed 3 times a week. One bottle (100 ml) of test (Garcinia cambogia 300 mg, L-carnitine 20 mg, Soy peptide 1,000 mg) or placebo solution was given daily 30 min before each session of programed-exercise. BMI (body mass index), %fat, local fat amount (visceral and mid-thigh), waist circumference, skin fold thickness and some biochemical metabolic parameters like glucose, insulin and free fatty acids, etc in the blood were measured and compared before and after 12-week intervention within groups as well as between groups according to the protocol Results: Twenty six volunteers were dropped out and fifty five volunteers completed the study. At the end of 4, 8, and 12 weeks, approximately 1.98%, 3.00% and 3.50% losses of initial body weight were observed, respectively, in the test group (P<0.01), and 0.29, % ,0.74%, 1.60%, respectively, in the placebo group (P>0.05). BMI changed by 2.40%, 3.41% and 4.46%, respectively, in the test group, and 0.38%, 0.95% and 1.75%, respectively, in the placebo group, at each period of time. The reductions of body weight and BMI were significantly higher in the test group than in the placebo group at each period of time (P<0.05). Conclusions: It is thought that the combination of functional beverage, which contains mostly garcinia cambogia, L-carnitine, and soy peptide, and exercise have synergy effects on reducing body fat.