• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.30 no.3 s.47
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• pp.405-408
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• 2004

Several hydroxamic acid derivatives are synthesized to observe retinoidal effect and transactivation potential for $RAR{\alpha}/{\gamma]$ is screened. Among the synthesized compounds, N-(4-N-hydroxycarbamoyl )phenyl) [4-(tert-butyl )phenyl] carboxamide (2f) showed the best compatibility for potent $RAR{\alpha}/{\gamma].$ The acidic hydroxy of hydroxamic acid was easily deprotonated to form an enolate. A formed enolate has a similar role like that of all-trans-retinoic acid. This is the first example of the hydroxamic acid derivative with retinoidal activity. The retinoidal activity of 2f was further confirmed by enhancing activity for the expression of retinoid-responsive genes. To evaluate the possibility for anti.-aging agent, effect on the expression of MMP-1 was measured comparing with all-trans-retinoic acid and retinol. At 10 uM treatment, compound 2f inhibited the expression of MMP-1. These results suggest that new hydroxamic acid derivative 2f could be used as a promising anti-aging agent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Fiber Society Conference
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• 1993.06b
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• pp.90-94
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• 1993

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.115-122
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• 2024

Heat shock protein (HSP) 90 is expressed in most living organisms, and several client proteins of HSP90 are necessary for cancer cell survival and growth. Previously, we found that HSP90 was cleaved by histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and proteasome inhibitors, and the cleavage of HSP90 contributes to their cytotoxicity in K562 leukemia cells. In this study, we first established mouse xenograft models with K562 cells expressing the wild-type or cleavage-resistant mutant HSP90β and found that the suppression of tumor growth by the HDAC inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) was interrupted by the mutation inhibiting the HSP90 cleavage in vivo. Next, we investigated the possible function of thioredoxin interacting protein (TXNIP) in the HSP90 cleavage induced by SAHA. TXNIP is a negative regulator for thioredoxin, an antioxidant protein. SAHA transcriptionally induced the expression of TXNIP in K562 cells. HSP90 cleavage was induced by SAHA also in the thymocytes of normal mice and suppressed by an anti-oxidant and pan-caspase inhibitor. When the thymocytes from the TXNIP knockout mice and their wild-type littermate control mice were treated with SAHA, the HSP90 cleavage was detected in the thymocytes of the littermate controls but suppressed in those of the TXNIP knockout mice suggesting the requirement of TXNIP for HSP90 cleavage. We additionally found that HSP90 cleavage was induced by actinomycin D, β-mercaptoethanol, and p38 MAPK inhibitor PD169316 suggesting its prevalence. Taken together, we suggest that HSP90 cleavage occurs also in vivo and contributes to the anti-cancer activity of various drugs in a TXNIP-dependent manner.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.8
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• pp.1273-1276
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• 2004

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.176-181
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• 2011

Inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity modulates the epigenetic status of cells, resulting in an alteration of gene expression and cellular function. Here, we investigated the effects of HDAC inhibitors on mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. The HDAC inhibitors trichostatin A, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid, sodium butyrate, and valproic acid induced early differentiation of mouse ES cells and triggered induction of heat-shock protein (HSP)70. In contrast, class III HDAC inhibitors failed to induce differentiation or HSP70 expression. Transcriptional upregulation of HSP70 was confirmed by mRNA expression analysis, an inhibitor study, and chromatin immunoprecipitation. HSP70 induction was dependent on the SAPK/JNK, p38, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Differentiation and induction of HSP70 by a subset of HDAC inhibitors was also examined in human ES cells, which suggests that the phenomenon generally occurs in ES cells. A better understanding of the effects of HDAC inhibitors may give more insight into their application in stem cell biology.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.247-259
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• 2022

Immunotherapy, which uses an immune mechanism in the body, has received considerable attention for cancer treatment. Suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), also known as a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), is used as a cancer treatment to induce active immunity by increasing the expression of T cell-induced chemokines. However, this SAHA treatment has the disadvantage of causing PD-L1 overexpression in tumor cells. In this study, we prevented PD-L1 overexpression by blocking the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway using PD-L1 siRNA. We designed two types of liposomes, the neutral lipid 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholin (POPC) for SAHA, and 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammoniumpropane (DOTAP) for siRNA. To effectively target PD-L1 in cancer cells, we conjugated PD-L1 antibody with liposomes containing SAHA or PD-L1 siRNA. These immunoliposomes were also evaluated for cytotoxicity, gene silencing, and T-cell-induced chemokine expression in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. It was confirmed that the combination of the two immunoliposomes increased the cancer cell suppression efficacy through Jurkat T cell induction more than twice compared to SAHA alone treatment. In conclusion, this combination of immunoliposomes containing a drug and nucleic acid has promising therapeutic potential for non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC).

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.879-887
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• 2017

It is well established that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed not only in the brain but also in skeletal muscle, and is required for normal neuromuscular system function. Histone deacetylases (HDACs) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) are potent regulators of skeletal muscle myogenesis and muscle gene expression, but the mechanisms of HDAC and IGF-I in skeletal muscle-derived BDNF expression have not been examined. In this study, we examined the effect of IGF-I and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), a pan-HDAC inhibitor, on BDNF induction. Proliferating or differentiating C2C12 skeletal muscle cells were treated with increasing concentrations (0-50 ng/ml) of IGF-I in the absence or presence of $5{\mu}M$ SAHA for various time periods (3-24 hr). Treatment of C2C12 cells with IGF-I resulted in a dose- and time-dependent decrease in BDNF mRNA expression. However, inhibition of HDAC led to a significant increase in the expression of BDNF mRNA levels. In addition, immunocytochemistry revealed high BDNF protein levels in undifferentiated C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, whether untreated, IGF-I-treated, or exposed to SAHA. These results represent the first evidence that IGF-I can suppress the mRNA and protein expression of BDNF; conversely, SAHA attenuates the effects of IGF-I. Consequently, SAHA upregulates BDNF expression in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.10
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• pp.4331-4338
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• 2014

$N^1$-(2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-$N^8$-hydroxyoctanediamide (N25) is a novel SAHA cap derivative of HDACi, with a patent (No. CN 103159646). This invention is a hydroxamic acid compound with a structural formula of $RNHCO(CH_2)6CONHOH$ (wherein R=2, 5dimethoxyaniline), a pharmaceutically acceptable salt which is soluble. In the present study, we investigated the effects of N25 with regard to drug distribution and molecular docking, and anti-proliferation, apoptosis, cell cycling, and $LD_{50}$. First, we designed a molecular approach for modeling selected SAHA derivatives based on available structural information regarding human HDAC8 in complex with SAHA (PDB code 1T69). N25 was found to be stabilized by direct interaction with the HDAC8. Anti-proliferative activity was observed in human glioma U251, U87, T98G cells and human lung cancer H460, A549, H1299 cells at moderate concentrations ($0.5-30{\mu}M$). Compared with SAHA, N25 displayed an increased antitumor activity in U251 and H460 cells. We further analyzed cell death mechanisms activated by N25 in U251 and H460 cells. N25 significantly increased acetylation of Histone 3 and inhibited HDAC4. On RT-PCR analysis, N25 increased the mRNA levels of p21, however, decreased the levels of p53. These resulted in promotion of apoptosis, inducing G0/G1 arrest in U251 cells and G2/M arrest in H460 cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. In addition, N25 was able to distribute to brain tissue through the blood-brain barrier of mice ($LD_{50}$: 240.840mg/kg). In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that N25 will provide an invaluable tool to investigate the molecular mechanism with potential chemotherapeutic value in several malignancies, especially human glioma.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2503-2508
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• 2013

Histone deacetylation mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been reported as one of the epigenetic mechanisms associated with tumorigenesis. The poor responsiveness of anticancer drugs found with cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) leads to short survival rate. We aimed to investigate mRNA expression of HDACs class I and II, and the effect of HDAC inhibitors, suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) and valproic acid (VPA), in CCA in vitro. Expression of HDACs was studied in CCA cell lines (M213, M214 and KKU-100) and an immortal cholangiocyte (MMNK1) by semi-quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. SAHA and VPA, as well as a classical chemotherapeutic drug 5 -fluorouacil (5-FU) were used in this study. Cell proliferation was determined by sulforhodamine assay. $IC_{50}$ and $IC_{20}$ were then analyzed for each agent and cell line. Moreover, synergistic potentional of VPA or SAHA in combination with 5-FU at sub toxic does ($IC_{20}$) of each agent was also evaluated. Statistic difference of HDACs expression or cell proliferation in each experimental condition was analyzed by Student's t-test. The result demonstrated that HDACs were expressed in all studied cell types. Both SAHA and VPA inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, KKU-100 which was less senstitive to classical chemotheraoeutic 5-FU was highly was sensitive to HDAC inhibitors. Simultaneous combination of subtoxic doses of HDAC inhibitors and 5-FU signiicantly inhibited cell proliferation in CCA cell lines compared to single sgent treatment($P{\leq}0.01$), while sequentially combined treatments were less effective. The present study showed inhibitory effects of HDACIs on cell proliferation in CCA cell lines, with synergistic antitumor potential demonstrated by simultaneous combination of VPA or SAHA with 5-FU, suggesting a novel alternative therapeutic strategy in effective treatment of CCA.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7095-7100
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• 2013

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors of cyclic peptide have been proved to be the most complex but the most stable and relative efficient inhibitors because of their large cap region. In this paper, a series of studies were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of synthetic bicyclic tetrapeptide inhibitors 1-5 containing hydroxamic acid referring molecular docking, anti-proliferation, morphology and apoptosis. Docking analysis, together with enzyme inhibitory results, verified the selective capability of inhibitor 4 to HDAC4, which might closely related to haematological tumorigenesis, with Phe227, Asp115, Pro32, His198 and Ser114 participating into hydrophobic interactions and Van der Waals force which was familiar with former study. Moreover, inhibitor 4 inhibited K562 cell line at the $IC_{50}$ value of 1.22 ${\mu}M$ which was 51-67 times more efficient than that for U937 and HL60 cell lines. Inhibitor 4 exhibited the cell cycle-arrested capability to leukemia at S phase or G2/M phase as well as apoptosis-induced ability in different degrees. Finally, we considered that bicyclic tetrapeptide inhibitors were promising inhibitors used in cancer treatment and inhibitor 4 could prevent K562 cell line well from proliferation, arrest cell cycle and induce K562 towards apoptosis to achieve the goals of reversing cancer cells which could become a potential leukemia therapeutic agent in the future.