• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.285-290
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• 2007

The occurrence of hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome was confirmed for the first time in Korea from chickens submitted for diagnosis to our laboratory from broiler and baeksemi farms. Clinical signs included depression, inappetence, ruffled feathers and an increase in mortality. At necropsy, severe hydropericardium and hepatic necrosis was characteristically found. The most remarkable microscopic changes were seen in the liver, including basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes, massive hemorrhages and necrosis in the liver parenchyma. Based on polymerase chain reaction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we could identify the fowl adenoviruses as the causative agent of the disease. In the TEM, we observed the presence of a large number of intranuclear virus particles in the hepatocytes. We could also find the PCR amplification of 700 bp DNA from purified hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome viral DNA.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.80-81
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• 2005

The occurrence of HHS was confirmed for the first time in Korea from chickens submitted for diagnosis to our laboratory from broiler and baeksemi farms. Clinical signs included depression, inappetence, ruffled feathers and a increase in mortality. At necropsy, severe hydropericardium and hepatic necrosis was founded characteristically and the most remarkable microscopic changes were seen in the liver. These included basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes, massive hemorrhages and necrosis in the liver parenchyma. We could also identify fowl adeno-virus(FAV) by polymerase chain reaction(PCR) and electro-microscopic confirmation. Abbreviation: HHS=hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome, EM=electron microscopy, FAV=fowl adenovirus, PCR=polymerase chain reaction.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.313-319
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• 2007

Avian adenoviruses are diverse group of pathogens and recently hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) Is an important, emerged disease of poultry. Particularly 2-3 weeks old age broilers increased mortality ranging from 20-30% and brown native chicken 3-7 weeks sudden onset with mortality 20-50%, typically development secondary infection. The infection chicken shows liver enlarged, pale and straw- colored fluid is present in the sac surrounding the heart. Histopathological positive samples have necrotic foci and basophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in the hepatocytes and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was useful for detect the fowl adenovirus (FAV) associated with HHS.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.323-328
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• 1998

The liver extract of chicks, Gallus domesticus, suffering from hydropericardium syndrome (HPS) was inoculated intraperitoneally into healthy chicks to produce HPS. After inoculation the blood serum and the pericardial fluid of the newly infected chicks were analyzed, at regular intervals for a total period of 72 hours for concentration of proteins, $K^+$ ions, $Na^+$ ions and the LDH activity. The protein content was significantly decreased both in the blood serum (30%) and the pericardial fluid (39%) within 24 hours of inoculation, which was then maintained during the subsequent period. The $K^+$ ions and the LDH activity, on the other hand, were significantly increased in the blood serum (26% and 169%, respectively) as well as the pericardial fluid (131% and 217%, respectively) within 24 hours of inoculation. After 72 hours this increase was, respectively, 43% and 191% in blood serum, and 153% and 200% in the pericardial fluid. Accumulation of $K^+$ ions, and decrease of protein and $Na^+$ ions in the pericardial fluid indicate homoestatic imbalance, which may prove fatal. The increased LDH activity is indicative of heptocytic damage.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.325-328
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• 1995

The experiment was conducted to study the comparative pathology of hemic system among three different broiler chicken strains i.e. Hubbard (H), Lohmann (L) and Indian River (IR) suffering from experimentally induced Hydropericardium Syndrome (HPS). For this 50 chicks of each strain were inoculated with HPS inoculum at the age of 21 days and other 50 chicks of each broiler strain were kept as uninoculated control. After slaughtering each bird of both groups was subjected to pathological examination of heart, spleen and aorta and also for determining routine haematological parameters. The maximum values of Total Erythrocyte Count (TEC), heterophils and thrombocytes and the minimum values of Total Leukocyte Count (TLC) and Hemoglobin (Hb) content were found in H broiler strain. Percentage of monocytes, basophils and eosinophils also showed maximum decrease in H broiler chicken strain. Gross pathological lesions in the inoculated birds revealed that the heart showed ballooning due to distention of pericardial sac with pericardial fluid. Haemorrhages on the epicardium and flabbiness of the myocardium. Under the microscope, degenerative changes in myocardial tissue were seen. Lesions in the spleen included splenomegaly and haemorrhagic spots. Aorta showed flabbiness of the wall and disruption of endothelium. It is concluded that there is a marked difference in susceptibility of HPS among three different commercial broiler strains. The Hubbard broiler strain is more susceptible which is followed by the Indian River and Lohmann respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2011

Four strains of fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were isolated from 4 flocks of broiler or layer chickens affected by hydropericardium syndrome in Korea. These FAdVs were classified as serotype 4 by restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of hexon genes and whole genomes. The virus exhibited cytopathic effects consisting of rounding, ballooning and clustering in primary chicken embryo liver cell cultures. In transmission electron microscopy, virus particles in hexagonal shape aggregated exclusively in the nuclei of hepatocytes of the chickens as the typical appearances in adenovirus infections. Buoyant density of the virus in cesium chloride (CsCl) was 1.34 g/mL. The virus was stable to chloroform, ether, 50~70% ethanol, acidic condition at pH 3, 0.25% trypsin (1 : 250), heat at $50^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, but labile to 100% ethanol, heat at $52{\sim}60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, 1 M $MgCl_2$ at $50^{\circ}C$ for 1 h, 1 : 2,000 formalin (37%). All of the physicochemical properties pertained to the characteristics of adenoviruses. Eight viral polypeptides were determined in CsCl-purified virus by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.139-148
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• 2011

Avian reovirus (ARV) and fowl adenovirus (FAdV) were evaluated for pathogenicity in specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens. ARV was isolated from the broilers with history of malabsorption syndrome (MAS). FAdV was isolated from the layer breeders with inclusion body hepatitis and hydropericardium syndrome. Total 6 inoculated groups including 1 un-inoculated group were organized and inoculated with the ARV and/or FAdV by oral route. The minimal pathological lesions and lower viral gene detection rates were present in the ARV inoculated groups compared to those of FAdV or ARV/FAdV inoculated groups. Common gross lesions in the ARV inoculated group were distended intestine with foamy contents and in the FAdV group there were foamy cecal contents and hydropericardium among the evaluation methods such as gross and histological lesion, viral gene detection, body weight and serum chemistry, histopathological lesion score was reliable especially in the liver lesions such as hepatic necrosis and lymphocytic infiltration. However, we did not success to evaluate the synergetic effect of mixed infection of ARV and FAdV in this study. Therefore, we need further study to reproduce malabsorption syndrome of ARV infection using different viral agent such as rotavirus and using different dose of virus.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.97-97
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.255-263
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• 2010

Inclusion body hepatitis-hydropericardium syndrome (IBH-HPS) is an acute viral disease usually found in broilers aged from 3 to 5 weeks and causes up to 75% mortality. Among the 12 serotypes of fowl adenovirus group 1, serotype-4 (FAdV-4) was identified as a primary agent of IBH-HPS and was usually isolated in IBH-HPS cases in Korea since 2007. To prevent these IBH-HPS outbreaks in Korea, we developed the FAdV-4 inactivated vaccine using Korean isolate (ADL070244) and evaluated the efficacy of this vaccine. For the efficacy test, 2-week-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens intramuscularly inoculated with 1 or 2 dose of inactivated vaccine were used and challenged with FAdV-4 through either intramuscular or oral route at 2 weeks after vaccination. The vaccine induced good seroconversion which was confirmed by agar gel precipitation (AGP) test. In addition, the vaccine could decrease the FAdV-4 detection rate and histological lesion severity such as lymphocyte infiltration and necrosis in the liver comparing with those of non-vaccination group. Based on the current results, the developed FAdV-4 inactivated vaccine in this study was effective in the terms of reduction of virus detection rate and histological lesions severity. However, it was difficult to confirm the efficacy of the vaccine clearly because of no mortality and clinical signs in the non-vaccinated group after challenge. Therefore, we need further study to develop a standard challenged model system which could clearly evaluate the efficacy of the vaccines for FAdV-4.