• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2006

Lean premixed combustion is a well known method for low $NO_x$ gas turbine combustor. But lean combustion is usually accompanied by flame instability. To overcome this problem, the hydrogen ($H_2$) was added to main fuel methane to increase flammable limit. In this paper, the effects of hydrogen addition on lean premixed combustion of methane ($CH_4$) were investigated numerically. Results showed that the extinction stretch rate increases and the extinction temperature constant with relatively small amount of $H_2$ addition. The flame temperature and NO emission increase with $H_2$ addition at the same stretch rate and equivalence ratio but it could increase the range of lean extinction and extinction equivalence ratio limit. Eventually, the $H_2$ addition case showed almost same or lower NO emission than no addictive $CH_4$ case in the extinction condition.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.313-318
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• 2011

This study is about characteristics of generating efficiency and $NO_x$ emissions of a 30 kW gas engine generator in case of using model biogas with hydrogen addition. In this case, both generating efficiency and $NO_x$ emissions are lower than the case of using urban gas (LNG). However, generating efficiency and $NO_x$ emissions are higher than the case of using model biogas only. It means that adding hydrogen which has a high flame propagation velocity has the possibility to improve the generating efficiency, but simultaneously it is also able to increase the $NO_x$ emissions of a gas engine generator.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.524-534
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• 2013

Gasoline direct injection(GDI) engine has a high thermal efficiency, but it has a problem to increase carbon emissions such as soot and $CO_x$. In this study, the objective is to analyze numerically a problem for adding the hydrogen during the intake stroke so as to reduce the injected amount of gasoline in GDI engines. For selection of the base model, the cylinder pressure of simulation is matched to experimental data. The numerical analysis are carried out by a CFD model with the hydrogen addition of 2%, 3% and 4% on the volume basis. In the case of 3% hydrogen addition, the injected gasoline amount is only changed to match the maximum pressure of simulation to that of the base model for additional study. It is found that the combustion temperature and pressure increase with the hydrogen addition. And NO emission also increases because of the higher combustion temperature. $CO_x$ emissions, however, are reduced due to the decrease of injected gasoline amount. Also, as the injected gasoline amount is reduced for the same hydrogen addition ratio, the gross indicated work is no significant, But NO and $CO_x$ emissions are considerably decreased. On the order hand, $CO_x$ emissions of two cases are more decreased and their gross indicated works are higher obtained than those of the base model.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.581-587
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• 2012

Thermal aging effect on NSR kinetics was studied over Pt/Co/Fe/Ba/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst. The amount of $NO_x$ uptake over Pt/Co/Fe/Ba/$Al_2O_3$ calcined at $400^{\circ}C$ increased with increasing NSR temperature from $200^{\circ}C$ to $400^{\circ}C$, where amount of $NO_x$ uptake is the highest at $400^{\circ}C$ with mol ratio of $NO_x$/Ba = 0.5. Thereafter, the amount of $NO_x$ uptake at $400^{\circ}C$ decreased with the higher calcination temperature, where Pt/Co/Fe/Ba/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst calcined at $700^{\circ}C$ showed an amount of $NO_x$ uptake with the mol ratio of $NO_x$/Ba=0.062. Result of XRD and NSR showed that Fe addition into Pt/Co/Fe/Ba/$Al_2O_3$ suppressed sintering of Pt crystallites and make $NO_x$ uptake larger, compared to no addition of Fe into Pt/Co/Fe/Ba/$Al_2O_3$ catalyst. From BET result, it was found that the change of specific surface area was relatively small by the thermal aging process. Therefore, it was found that the sintering of Pt crystallites caused the decrease of $NO_x$ uptake during NSR reaction and Fe played a role to suppress the sintering process of Pt crystallites caused by thermal aging.

• 청정기술
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.96-108
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• 1996

질산과 불산의 혼산용액을 사용하는 스테인레스 산세 공정에서 많은 $NO_x$가 발생하고 이로 인한 주위환경의 피해가 우려되어 왔다. 본 연구는 이미 생성된 $NO_x$를 제거하는 기존의 환경공학 연구와 달리, 청정기술 개발의 일환으로 기존 산세 공정을 일부 변경하여 $NO_x$ 생성을 저감하기 위한 연구이다. 연구내용은 크게 둘로 나누어지는데, 첫째로 산세 공정의 다양한 공정 변수가 $NO_x$ 생성에 어떻게 영향을 주는 가를 파악하였고 둘째로 $NO_x$ 생성 억제제인 과산화수소가 $NO_x$ 발생량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 중요 결과로는 산세 공정에서 $NO_x$ 생성에 영향을 미치는 주요 산세공정 변수는 불산 농도, 반응 온도이며 $NO_x$ 발생의 원인 물질인 질산 농도의 영향은 불산 농도에 비하여 크지 않다. 합성 혼산의 경우 산세를 하지 않는 동안에도 $NO_x$를 발생시키나 그 양은 무시할 정도이다. 그러나, 산세 현장의 산세 용액은 산세를 하지 않는 상태에서도 $NO_x$ 발생은 크다. 산세 공정에서 과산화수소 첨가에 따른 $NO_x$ 생성의 저감은 매우 효과적이어서 과산화수소의 농도가 스테인레스 시편 면적에 대하여 $9.51{\times}10^{-2}\;mole/m^2$ 이상일 때 $NO_x$ 발생이 약 80%까지 저감이 되었다. 이러한 결과는 실공정으로 운영되는 스웨덴 AVESTA 산세공정에서 비슷한 정도의 $NO_x$ 생성 저감률을 가져오기 위한 단위산세면적당 과산화수소 주입량의 1/6 정도이다. 실험실에서 행해진 과산화수소 주입에 따른 $NO_x$ 생성저감 결과를 이용하여 단위 산세면적에 대한 경제적인 과산화수소 주입양을 나타내는 영역을 설정하였다.

• Journal of Magnetics
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.155-158
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• 2010

The HDDR (hydrogenation, disproportionation, desorption, and recombination) process can be used as an effective way of converting a no coercivity Nd-Fe-B ingot material, with a coarse $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ grain structure, to a highly coercive one with a fine grain structure. Careful control of the HDDR process can lead to an anisotropic powder with good $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ grain texture; the most critical step for inducing texture is disproportionation. The critical conditions (hydrogen pressure and temperature) for the disproportionation reaction of fully hydrogenated $Nd_{12.5}Fe_{81.1-(x+y)}B_{6.4}Ga_xNb_y$ (x = 0 or 0.3, y = 0 or 0.2) alloys, in different atmospheres of pure hydrogen and a mixed gas of hydrogen and argon, was investigated with TPA (thermopiezic analyser). From this, the hydrogen pressure-temperature diagram showing the critical conditions was established. The critical disproportionation temperature of the fully hydrogenated $Nd_{12.5}Fe_{81.1-(x+y)}B_{6.4}Ga_xNb_y$ alloys was slightly increased as the hydrogen pressure decreased in both pure hydrogen and mixed gas. The critical disproportionation temperature of the hydrogenated alloys was higher in the mixed gas than in pure hydrogen. Addition of Ga and Nb increased the critical disproportionation temperature of the fully hydrogenated Nd-Fe-B alloys.

• 한국연소학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.28-34
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• 2004

Numerical simulations of freely propagating flames burning $H_2/HCl/Air$ Air mixtures were performed at atmospheric pressure in order to understand the effect of hydrogen chloride on flame structures. The chemical and physical effects of hydrogen chloride on flame structures were observed. A chemical kinetic mechanism was developed, which involved 26 gas-phase species and 198 forward elementary reactions. Under several equivalence ratios the flame speeds were calculated and compared with those obtained from the experiments, the results of which were in good agreement. As hydrogen chloride as additive was added into $H_2/Air$ flame, the flame speed, radical concentration and NO production rate were decreased. The chemical effect of hydrogen chloride caused the reduction of radical concentration, and then the decrease of the net rate of NO production. It was found that the influence in the reduction of $EI_{NO}$ with the addition of hydrogen chloride was attributed more due to the chemical effect than the physical effect.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.170-177
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• 2006

Hydrogen can extend the lean misfire limit to a large extent when it is mixed with conventional fuels for a spark ignition engine. In this study, hydrogen-enriched gaseous fuels by reforming process were simulated according to their proportions of $H_2$, CO, $CO_2$ and $N_2$ gases. Pure hydrogen and two different hydrogen-enriched gaseous mixtures(A-, B-composition) were tested for their basic effects on the engine performances and emissions in a single cylinder research engine. A- and B-composition showed different results from 100% $H_2$ addition because air/fuel mixtures were more diluted by their additions. Even though the energy fraction of reformed gases was increased, combustion stabilities and lean misfire limits were not sensitively improved. It means that combustion augmentation by $H_2$ addition was offset by the charge dilution of $N_2$ and $CO_2$. In addition, the low flammability of CO gas deteriorated thermal efficiencies. CO emission was drastically increased with B-composition which included higher CO component. However, $NO_x$ was reduced as energy fraction($X_e$) rised except for the case of 100% $H_2$ addition at $\lambda=1.2$ and was, for A-composition, lowered to a factor of ten when compared with that of $H_2$ addition. HC emissions were largely influenced by $COV_{imep}$ due to misfire and partial burns.

• 청정기술
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.271-277
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 효율적인 광 전기화학적 수소제조를 위하여 광촉매로써 상용화 촉매인 P25-티타니아와 합성한 Ag_xO를 적정 질량비로 혼합한 촉매를 사용하였다. Ag_xO는 일반적인 솔-젤법으로 합성하였으며, 은 용액의 안정화를 위해 합성과정 중에 수산화테트라메틸암모늄을 첨가하고 열처리 온도를 -5, 25, 50 ℃로 다양화시켜 세 가지 형태의 산화은을 얻었다. 합성한 Ag_xO의 물리화학적 특성은 X-선 회절분석법(XRD), 주사전자현미경(SEM), 자외선-가시선 분광광도계(UV-Visible spectroscopy), X-선 광전자 분광법(XPS)을 이용하여 확인하였다. 물/메탄올(무게 비 1:1) 혼합용액을 광분해 한 결과, 순수 P25-티타니아보다 Ag_xO가 첨가된 혼합촉매에서 현저히 높은 양의 수소가 발생하였다. 보조 산화제로써 H₂O₂를 첨가한 경우 그리고 Ag_xO의 합성온도가 50 ℃일 때 가장 높은 수소 제조효율을 나타내었다. 특히, 0.9 g의 P25-티타니아와 0.1 g의 Ag_xO (50 ℃)를 혼합한 촉매를 사용하였을 때 8시간 반응하는 동안에 13,000 μmol의 수소가 발생하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.649-655
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• 2011

Methane direct cracking can be utilized to produce $CO_x$ and $NO_x$-free hydrogen for PEM fuel cells, oil refineries, ammonia and methanol production. We present the results of a systematic study of methane direct cracking using a mixed conducting oxide, Y-doped $BaZrO_3$ ($BaZr_{0.85}Y_{0.15}O_3$), membrane. In this paper, dense $BaZr_{0.85}Y_{0.15}O_3$ membrane with disk shape was successfully sintered at $1400^{\circ}C$ with a relative density of more 93% via addition of 1 wt% ZnO. The ($BaZr_{0.85}Y_{0.15}O_3$) membrane is covered with Pd as catalyst for methane decomposition with an DC magnetron sputtering method. Reaction temperature was $800^{\circ}C$ and high purity methane as reactant was employed to membrane side with 1.5 bar pressure. The $H_2$ produced by the reaction was transported through mixed conducting oxide membrane to the outer side. In addition, it was observed that the carbon, by-product, after methane direct cracking was deposited on the Pd/ZnO-$BaZr_{0.85}Y_{0.15}O_3$ membrane. The produced carbon has a shape of sphere and nanosheet, and a particle size of 80 to 100 nm.