• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the humification grade of compost, based on physico-chemical property and phyto-toxicity during the composting with three kinds of livestock manures and saw dust. The ratios of the compost, which was mixed with pig manure(P) and sawdust(S) were 4 : 6(PS-1), 5 : 5(PS-2) and 6 : 4(PS-3); poultry manure(PO) and sawdust(S) were 4 : 6(POS-1), 5 : 5(POS-2) and 6 : 4(POS-3); cow manure(C) and sawdust(S) were 4 : 6(CS-1), 5 : 5(CS-2) and 6 : 4(CS-3) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the temperature in all treatments during composting rapidly increased above $65.4^{\circ}C$, and then gradually decreased to around $40^{\circ}C$. At 60 day, after the treatment, pH 5.9 ~ 8.0 at the incipient stage increased to 7.6 ~ 8.5, and the C/N ratio was 13.8 ~ 21.1 at the final composting stage. Germination Index(G.I.) showed in the range of 75.1 ~ 94.6 in all treatments at day 60. Therefore, it is likely recommended to take the best humification grade when the temperature maintains above $65^{\circ}C$ longer than a day at minimum, in the range of pH 6.5 ~ 8.5 for the final compost, under 20 of C/N ratio, and G.I. above 80. The level of G.I. above 80 should be the mature compost which could be used in the field without gas demage to crops.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.73-80
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• 2000

본 연구의 목적은 톱밥을 공극개량제로 사용한 음식쓰레기 퇴비화시 숙성도 지표의 적합성을 평가하는 것이었다. 실험에 사용된 재료는 평균조성의 음식쓰레기(G20)였으며 여기에 톱밥을 첨가하여 초기 C/N비를 각각 30(GS30)과 50(GS50)으로 조절하였다. 또한 톱밥과 과량의 곡류를 첨가하여 초기 C/N비를 30(GSC30)으로 조절한 실험도 병행하였다. 숙성도 평가에 이용된 항목은 유기물 감소율, 물용출액 TOC, 수용성 당함량, 부식도 지표, 부식질 흡광도비 등이었다. 실험결과 유기물 감소율은 과량의 톱밥이 첨가된 GS50을 제외한 나머지 음식 쓰레기에서 적합한 퇴비숙성도 판단지표였다. 물용출액 TOC는 퇴비화기간 동안 뚜렷이 감소한 후 숙성단계에서 완만히 감소하여 적합한 퇴비숙성도 판단지표였다. 수용성 당함량은 톱밥과 과량의 곡류가 첨가된 음식쓰레기의 경우 숙성도 지표로 고려할 수 있었다. 부식도 지표와 부식질 흡광도비의 경우 일부 음식물쓰레기에 적용가능한 것으로 판단되었으나 모든 대상 음식쓰레기에 적용하기에는 추가적인 연구가 필요하였다. 상관분석 결과 과량의 곡류가 포함되고 공극개량제로 톱밥이 첨가되어 C/N비가 30정도로 제어된 음식쓰레기의 숙성도 여부를 판정하기 위한 지표로는 유기물 감소율, 물용출액 TOC, 수용성 당함량 그리고 부식질 흡광도비 등이 추천되었다.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.25-32
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• 2008

This study was conducted to find an optimal combination rate of castor meal for the good qualitative compost and to estimate the humification grade by physico-chemical characterization and phyto-toxicity test during composting of the mixture with cow manure and castor meal. The material ratios of the compost which was mixed with cow manure(C), castor meal(C), and saw dust(S) were 5 : 1 : 4(CCS-1), 5 : 2.5 : 2.5(CCS-2) and 5 : 4 : 1(CCS-3) by volume to volume, and they were decomposed for 60 days. In the result, the changes of temperature in all treatments during composting radically increased more than $63.6^{\circ}C$ at the incipient stage, and gradually decreased around $42^{\circ}C$. At the 60 days after the treatment, pH was slowly increased from 7.0 to 8.0, and the C/N ratio was 12.3~13.8 at the final composting stage. The low C/N ratio value was caused by the castor meal with high nitrogen level(T-N 5.7%). G.I.(germination index) showed in the range of 77.5 to 82.6 in all treatments. Among all treatments CCS-1 was appeared to be the best condition for composting. Therefore, the combination rate of castor meal which was used for compost humification improvement could be recommended 10% to manufacture the good qualitative cow manure compost.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.560-567
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• 2009

Treated or untreated wastewater may be a major source of refractory organic matters (R-OM) in drinking water sources. For this study, spectroscopic characteristics of wastewater OM were investigated using the samples from 20 wastewater treatment plants, which are located at the upstream of the lake Paldang, to suggest a estimate index for R-OM in wastewater. R-OM was quantified by measuring total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the wastewater samples remaining after 28-day dark incubation. Among the traditional OM indices such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and initial TOC, CODMn showed the lowest correlation coefficients with R-TOC of the samples. The ratios of carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD) to $COD_{Cr}$ had a better correlation with the percent distribution of R-OM than $BOD/COD_{Cr}$ ratios. terrestrial humic-like fluorescence (THLF) exhibited the highest correlation coefficient with R-TOC among the indices obtained from the synchronous fluorescence spectra of the samples. Milori index, one of the humification indices, showed a good correlation with the percent distribution of wastewater. This study demonstrated that fluorescence properties might be a better indices to estimate the concentrations and the distributions of wastewater OM compared to the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values. Some useful formulas based on OM spectroscopic characteristics were finally suggested to predict R-OM in wastewater.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2023

To evaluate the impact of effluents from land-based fish farms on the coastal ocean of Wando, Korea, we analyzed inorganic nutrients, particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) in the effluent and influent of land-based fish farms during the summer (July) of 2021. The average concentrations of nutrients (Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and silicate; DIN, DIP, and DSi, respectively) in the effluents of this study area were 17±3.7 μM, 1.4±0.7 μM, and 14±1.6 μM, respectively. The average concentrations of POC and DOC were 37±22 μM and 81±13 μM, respectively, with POC accounting for about 30% for total organic carbon in effluents. The Reduced Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen/Total Dissolved Inorganic Nitrogen ratio (0.7), potential short-period index, indicates that the discharge of nutrients excreted by the fish and unconsumed feed into coastal water results in such nutrients being deposited and accumulated in the sediment. Subsequently, this continuous accumulation triggers the release of ammonium ions during organic matter decomposition, and the ammonium-enriched waters that encroach on fish farms as influent seem to be due to the diffusion of high concentrations of ammonium from bottom sediment. Furthermore, we used fluorescence indices to examine the characteristics of organic matter sources, obtaining mean values of 1.54±0.19, 1.06±0.06, and 1.56±0.06 for the humification index, biological index, and fluorescence index, respectively, in the effluent. These results indicate that the organic matters had an autochthonous origin that resulted from microbial decomposition, and such organic matters were rapidly generated and removed by biological activity, likely supplied from the sediment. Our results suggest that the effluent from land-based fish farms could be a potential source of deoxygenation occurrence in coastal areas.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2017

Concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), dissolved organic phosphate (DOP), and colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) were measured in the coastal sea off inland aqua farms in northeastern Jeju Island in summer 2015. The highest concentrations of DOC, DON, and DOP were revealed in the surface water off Hado-ri where the lowest salinity conditions prevailed (31.6). The concentrations of DOC, DON, and DOP in the surface water were lower in the inner stations (SH1-1, 1-2, and 1-3) near the aqua farms of the Haengwon-ri than in the outer stations. The concentrations of DOC, DON, and DOP negatively correlated with salinity. These results indicate that the contribution of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from the aqua farms seems to be not significant. On the other hand, the higher concentrations of DON and DOP in the inner stations of Hado-ri (HD 1-1) seem to be attributed to excrement of migrating birds. The three components of CDOM (T, M, and C peaks) showed no relationship with salinity, perhaps due to various in situ productions by marine organisms and decomposition by ultraviolet radiation. The observed lower C:M ratio, an indicator of terrestrial source, and the higher biological index (BIX) of CDOM in the station off Hado-ri indicate that DOM is produced mainly by biological activity. Based on the higher humification index (HIX) of CDOM and the higher DOC:DON ratio off Haengwon-ri, refractory DOM in the inland aqua farms is likely transported to the coastal sea.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.98-107
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• 2016

This study examined the effects of environmental conditions and the presence of refractory organic matter on oxidation rates of total organic carbon (TOC) measurements based on high temperature combustion and ultraviolet-sulfate methods. Spectroscopic indices for prediction of oxidation rates were also explored using the UV spectra and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) of humic acids. Furthermore, optimum TOC instrument conditions were suggested by comparing oxidation rates of a standard TOC material under various conditions. Environmental conditions included salts, reduced ions, and suspended solids. Salts had the greatest influence on oxidation rates in the UV-sulfate method. However, no effect was detected in the high temperature combustion method. The UV-sulfate method showed lower humic substance oxidation rates, refractory natural organic matter, compared to the other methods. TOC oxidation rates for the UV-sulfate method were negatively correlated with higher specific-UV absorbance, humification index, and humic-like EEM peak intensities, suggesting that these spectroscopic indices could be used to predict TOC oxidation rates. TOC signals from instruments using the UV-sulfate method increased with increasing chamber temperature and increasing UV exposure durations. Signals were more sensitive to the former condition, suggesting that chamber temperature is important for improving the TOC oxidation rates of refractory organic matter.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2022

This study aimed to maximize the potential of fluorescence 3D excitation-emission matrix (EEM) for predicting the trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) of DOM with various sources. Fluorescence spectroscopy is a useful tool for characterizing dissolved organic matter (DOM). In this study, differential spectroscopy was applied to EEM for the prediction of THMFP, in which the difference between the EEM before and after chlorination was taken into account to obtain the differential EEM (DEEM). For characterization of the original EEM or the DEEM, the maximum intensities of several different fluorescence regions in EEM, fluorescence EEM regional integration (FRI), and humification index (HIX) were calculated and used for the surrogates for THMFP prediction. After chlorination, the fluorescence intensity decreased by 77% to 93%. In leaf-derived and effluent DOM, there was a significant decrease in the protein-like peak, while a more pronounced decrease was observed in the humic-like peak of river DOM. In general, leaf-derived and effluent DOM exhibited a relatively lower THMFP than the river DOM. Our results were consistent with the high correlations between humic-like fluorescence and THMFP previously reported. In this study, HIX (r= 0.815, p<0.001), FRI region V (r=0.727, p<0.001), humic-like peak (r= 0.827, p<0.001) from DEEM presented very high correlations with THMF P. When the humic-like peak intensity was converted to a logarithmic scale, a higher correlation was obtained (r= 0.928, p<0.001). This finding suggests that the humic-like peak in DEEM can serve as a universal predictor for THM formation of DOM with various origins.

• 생태와환경
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• 제54권4호
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• pp.346-362
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• 2021

유사조절지는 하천 하류로 이동하는 모래 등을 조절하기 위해 설치된 인공 횡단구조물로, 하천의 유황을 변화시켜 수체 내 용존유기물질 변화에 영향을 줄 수 있다. 내성천 상류의 영주댐 유사조절지를 대상으로 3차원 형광 EEM (Excitation-Emission Matrix) 및 PARAFAC 분석(Parallel Factor Analysis) 기법을 통해 수중 용존유기물의 주요 성분을 분석한 결과, 4개의 휴믹 유사계열 성분(C1-C3, C5)과 3개의 단백질-트립토판 유사계열 성분(C2, C6-C7)이 검출되었으며 이 중 내·외부로부터 기원된 휴믹계물질(C1-C3)이 주를 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 유기물 성분의 총량과 성분별 조성비는 유광층 내 광량에 따른 수심별 차이를 보이지 않았다. 영주댐 유사조절지에서는 유입된 외부 유기물이 지속적으로 분해되어 내부 유기물로 전환되며 이로 인해 유기물 지수는 조사기간 중 내부 기원 유기물의 우점을 나타냈다. 수체 내 내부 기원 유기물의 증가는 식물플랑크톤 현존량, 특히 남조류의 상대풍부도 및 박테리아와 윤충류 현존량의 증가와 연동되는 경향을 보여 수체 내 부영양화로 인한 녹조 발생은 미생물 먹이망 활성화와 밀접한 관계를 가지는 것으로 나타났다. 수중 유기물 특성에 대한 연구는 물리·화학적 측면에서의 수질 관리뿐만 아니라 생물학적 환경 요인과의 관계 분석을 통해 동·식물플랑크톤을 포함한 미생물 먹이망을 통한 물질 순환 이해에도 중요한 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2005

본 연구는 친환경농자재로 선정된 목초액이 돈분 퇴비화 과정중 이화학성과 부숙도에 미치는 영향을 평가하고 그 이용가치를 구명하기 위하여 실시하였다. 퇴비더미의 온도는 목초액 PAL-100 처리구에서 약 8일내에 가장 빠르게 $65-70^{\circ}C$ 정도에 도달하였으며, 약30일 이후에는 변화가 안정화되어 약 $28^{\circ}C$를 유지하였다. 반면, 관행구는 초기의 약 $60^{\circ}C$에서 반복적인 뒤집기와 수분조절에 따른 온도의 증감을 보인 후 약 50일 전후에는 안정화 되었다. pH는 발효초기에 PAL-100 처리구에서 가장 크게 감소하였으나 약 10일내로 서서히 증가한 후 감소하여 최종적으로 7.6을 유지하였고, PAL-300 처리에서는 최종 pH가 7.7이었으며 관행구에서는 약 8.0으로 조사되었다. 그리고 모든 처리구에서 총탄소는 감소하였으며, 부피의 감소에 따른 용적밀도를 기준으로 계산된 총질소는 증가하였다. C/N율의 감소는 PAL-100, PAL-300 및 관행구 순서로 컸으며, 최종 퇴비의 C/N율은 PAL-100, PAL-300 및 관행구 각각 24.3, 29.6, 37.0이었다. 또한 퇴비의 부숙도와 안전성 평가는 원형여지크로마토그래피와 식물독성실험으로 조사하였는데, 목초액을 처리한 PAL-100과 PAL-300 처리구가 관행구의 여지보다 테두리에 용액의 전개현상으로 본 부숙의 안정화가 빨랐음을 확인할 수 있었다. 특히, 최종퇴비의 GI는 PAL-100 처리구가 관행구보다 약 20% 높은 결과를 보였다. 이는 퇴비의 부숙도가 더욱 안정화 되어 식물의 생육에 저해를 주지 않음을 나타내는 것이라고 판단된다. 이와 같은 결과를 종합하여 볼 때 목초액을 약 100-300배로 희석하여 퇴비더미를 교반할 때 약 3회 정도 살포해 주면 퇴비 내 미생물의 증식을 도모하여 퇴비의 부숙 촉진을 가져올 것으로 기대된다.