• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.549-556
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• 2011

We investigated the plant phenology on the threatened species for climate change in the summit area of Mt. Deogyusan which is a representative sub-alpine zone in Korea. We had performed the monitoring survey of plant phenology on 38 species including 20 trees and 18 herbs from May 2009 to November 2010. The investigated phenological charateristics were five dates for leafing, flowering, floral abscission, autumn leaf colors and leaf abscission on each plant species in sub-alpine region. The climate data were measured from November 2009 to December 2010. The range of temperature was from 30.4 to -$20.3^{\circ}C$ at Hyangjeokbong to Jungbong region, and the relative humidity was 100% to 3.4%. The leafing dates in 2010 were similar to 2009 or were 6-20 days delayed in most of the investigated species except Veratrum oxysepalum and Sanguisorba hakusanensis which showed 8 days earlier leafing dates in 2010. The biggest difference among phenological characters was found in flowering dates. The flowering dates of early Spring blooming species such as Heloniopsis koreana, Rhododendron yedoense for. poukhanense and Viola orientalis showed 13-20 days earlier in 2010, and the several summer flowering species as Viburnum opulus var. calvescens, Smilacina japonica and Bupleurum longeradiatum showed 6-10 days delay in 2010. The dates for floral abscission and autumn leaf colors in 2010 were delayed about 10-18 days, and leaf abscission dates were similar to 2009. The effects of climate change on the phenology for the threatened species in sub-alpine zones of Korea are occuring especially on flowering, floral abscission and autumn leaf colors.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.23-39
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• 2005

As developing satellite communication, the tracking range of the moving objects which move in local area is expanded to the whole world. However previous logistics management system is able to monitor freight which transporting in local area using mobile communication system. In this paper, we propose the reefer container management system that manages the location information and other related information such as temperature, humidity of container using the satellite system. The proposed system consists of three parts; data collector, satellite communication manager, reefer container information manager. And the proposed system uses the moving object index for managing the trajectory of container and tracing the location of container or vessel that is transporting the container, and supports various services such as reefer container and vessel tracking, container control and container statistics to logistic companies like shipper and forwarding agent. And the system can be increasing the quality of container transportation service to the shipper, and it makes the efficient management of reefer container to the shipping company.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.4 s.91
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• pp.304-315
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• 2006

This study is performed to reexamine the association between ambient air pollution and daily mortality in seven major cities of Korea using a method of meta-analysis with the data filed for the period 1998-2001. These cities account for half of the Korean population (about 23 million). The observed concentrations of carbon monoxide (CO, mean=1.08 ppm), ozone ($O_3$, mean=33.97 ppb), particulate matter less than 10 ${\mu}m$ ($PM_{10},\;mean=57.11\;{\mu}g/m^3$), nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$, mean=25.09 ppb), and sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$, mean=9.14 ppb) during the study period were at levels below Korea's current ambient air quality standards. Generalized additive models were applied to allow for the highly flexible fitting of seasonal and long-term time trends in air pollution as well as nonlinear associations with weather variables, such as air temperature and relative humidity. Also, we calculated a weighted mean as a meta-analysis summary of the estimates and its standard error. In city-specific analyses, an increase of $41.17{\mu}g/m^3(IQR)\;of\;PM_{10}$ corresponded to $1{\sim}12%$ more deaths, given constant weather conditions. Like most of air pollution epidemiologic studies, this meta-analysis cannot avoid fleeing from measurement misclassification since no personal measurement was taken. However, we can expect that a measurement bias be reduced in district-specific estimate since a monitoring station is better representative of air quality of the matched district. Significant heterogeneity was found for the effect of all pollutants. The estimated relative risks from meta-like analysis increased compared to those relative risks from pooled analysis. The similar results to those from the previous studies indicated existence of health effect of air pollution at current levels in many industrialized countries, including Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.19-28
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• 2009

Echinosophora koreensis (Nakai) Nakai (Leguminosae) is one of the threatened plant growing in secondary forest with sparse pine forest. The aim of this research is to investigate current status in a habitat of E. koreensis population, and obtain knowledge for conservation of the population. The flora of vascular plants and vegetation were investigated in the habitat E. koreensis in Mt. Bibong, Gangweon Province. Investigation were carried out in August 2003 and May 2008 at the three different habitats. As a result, a total 40 species 7 varieties of 28 family were recorded in whole area. The vegetation of investigated area was typical northern-temperate Pinus forest, humidity of soil was low and located at a slope area. These investigated area is very important for conservation of rare plant, E. koreensis. Therefore, sustainable conservation strategy such as designation of conservation area should be prepared urgently by the results of long-term monitoring studies.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.118-123
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• 2017

This study was carried out to develop the technology to manage the growth of mushrooms, which were cultivated based on long-term information obtained from quantified data. In this study, hardware that monitored and controlled the growth environment of the mushroom cultivation house was developed. An algorithm was also developed to grow mushrooms automatically. Environmental management for the growth of mushrooms was carried out using cultivation sites, computers, and smart phones. To manage the environment of the mushroom cultivation house, the environmental management data from farmers cultivating the highest quality mushrooms in Korea were collected and a growth management database was created. On the basis of the database value, the management environment for the test cultivar (hukthali) was controlled at $0.5^{\circ}C$ with 3-7% relative humidity and 10% carbon dioxide concentration. As a result, it was possible to produce mushrooms that were almost similar to those cultivated in farms with the best available technology.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.18-18
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• 2011

Climate change is impacting and will increasingly impact both the quantity and quality of the world's water resources in a variety of ways. In some areas warming climate results in increased rainfall, surface runoff, and groundwater recharge while in others there may be declines in all of these. Water quality is described by a number of variables. Some are directly impacted by climate change. Temperature is an obvious example. Notably, increased atmospheric concentrations of $CO_2$ triggering climate change increase the $CO_2$ dissolving into water. This has manifold consequences including decreased pH and increased alkalinity, with resultant increases in dissolved concentrations of the minerals in geologic materials contacted by such water. Climate change is also expected to increase the number and intensity of extreme climate events, with related hydrologic changes. A simple framework has been developed in New Zealand for assessing and predicting climate change impacts on water resources. Assessment is largely based on trend analysis of historic data using the non-parametric Mann-Kendall method. Trend analysis requires long-term, regular monitoring data for both climate and hydrologic variables. Data quality is of primary importance and data gaps must be avoided. Quantitative prediction of climate change impacts on the quantity of water resources can be accomplished by computer modelling. This requires the serial coupling of various models. For example, regional downscaling of results from a world-wide general circulation model (GCM) can be used to forecast temperatures and precipitation for various emissions scenarios in specific catchments. Mechanistic or artificial intelligence modelling can then be used with these inputs to simulate climate change impacts over time, such as changes in streamflow, groundwater-surface water interactions, and changes in groundwater levels. The Waimea Plains catchment in New Zealand was selected for a test application of these assessment and prediction methods. This catchment is predicted to undergo relatively minor impacts due to climate change. All available climate and hydrologic databases were obtained and analyzed. These included climate (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation and sunshine hours, evapotranspiration, humidity, and cloud cover) and hydrologic (streamflow and quality and groundwater levels and quality) records. Results varied but there were indications of atmospheric temperature increasing, rainfall decreasing, streamflow decreasing, and groundwater level decreasing trends. Artificial intelligence modelling was applied to predict water usage, rainfall recharge of groundwater, and upstream flow for two regionally downscaled climate change scenarios (A1B and A2). The AI methods used were multi-layer perceptron (MLP) with extended Kalman filtering (EKF), genetic programming (GP), and a dynamic neuro-fuzzy local modelling system (DNFLMS), respectively. These were then used as inputs to a mechanistic groundwater flow-surface water interaction model (MODFLOW). A DNFLMS was also used to simulate downstream flow and groundwater levels for comparison with MODFLOW outputs. MODFLOW and DNFLMS outputs were consistent. They indicated declines in streamflow on the order of 21 to 23% for MODFLOW and DNFLMS (A1B scenario), respectively, and 27% in both cases for the A2 scenario under severe drought conditions by 2058-2059, with little if any change in groundwater levels.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.107-116
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• 2020

In this data paper, we share the dataset obtained during 2019 from the test-bed to develop soil moisture estimation technology for upland fields, which was built in Seosan and Taean, South Korea on May 3. T his dataset includes various eco-hydro-meteorological variables such as soil moisture, evapotranspiration, precipitation, radiation, temperature, humidity, and vegetation indices from the test-bed nearby the Automated Agricultural Observing System (AAOS) in Seosan operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration. T here are three remarkable points of the dataset: (1) It can be utilized to develop and evaluate spatial scaling technology of soil moisture because the areal measurement with wide spatial representativeness using a COSMIC-ray neutron sensor as well as the point measurement using frequency/time domain reflectometry (FDR/TDR) sensors were conducted simultaneously, (2) it can be used to enhance understanding of how soil moisture and crop growth interact with each other because crop growth was also monitored using the Smart Surface Sensing System (4S), and (3) it is possible to evaluate the surface water balance by measuring evapotranspiration using an eddy covariance system.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.642-652
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• 2006

In order to understand the characteristics of surface ozone concentration and high $O_3$ concentration days, regional data from seven air quality monitoring stations which were operated by local governments were analyzed Regional characteristics of $O_3$ concentration were analyzed with the data of $O_3$ concentration and the characteristics of $O_3$ generation and weather conditions by the selection of the days in which the concentration was higher than 80 ppb. In the case of daily variation, the lowest $O_3$ concentration was shown in all regions from 7am to 8am and the highest around at 4 pm. The monthly variation of mean $O_3$ concentration and ${\Delta}O_3$ values revealed a reducing pattern in July and August following the peak in June, and again a gradual increasing trend in September and October. The result shows that the amount of ozone is dependent on photochemical reaction. The days of $O_3$ generated more than 80 ppb in the region of Gwangyang-bay were 544 days(1,760 hrs). The frequency of occurrence in the region revealed a strong pattern with the order of Samil-dong, Jinsang, and Gwangmu-dong stations in the Gwangyang region. However, Tein-dong, which is the nearest station to air pollution material generation source, showed the lowest frequency in the study area. Consequently, the meteorological parameters which can easily generate the high concentration of $O_3$ in the region of Gwangyang-bay are characterized as follows; atmospheric temperature which is higher than $19^{\circ}C$, relative humidity with the range of $60{\sim}85%$, the less average wind velocity than 5 m/s, cloud cover which is less than 5/10, and the more duration of sunshine than 8 hours.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.312-320
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• 2020

Various LIDs with natural water circulation function are applied to reduce urban environmental problems and environmental impact of development projects. However, excessive Infiltration and evaporation of LID facilities dry the LID internal soil, thus reducing plant and microbial activity and reducing environmental re duction ability. The purpose of this study was to develop a real-time measurement system with complex sensors to derive the management plan of LID facilities. The test of measurable sensors and Internet of Things (IoT) application was conducted in artificial wetlands shaped in acrylic boxes. The applied sensors were intended to be built at a low cost considering the distributed LID and were based on Arduino and Raspberry Pi, which are relatively inexpensive and commercialized. In addition, the goal was to develop complex sensor measurements to analyze the current state o f LID facilities and the effects of maintenance and abnormal weather conditions. Sensors are required to measure wind direction, wind speed, rainfall, carbon dioxide, Micro-dust, temperature and humidity, acidity, and location information in real time. Data collection devices, storage server programs, and operation programs for PC and mobile devices were developed to collect, transmit and check the results of measured data from applied sensors. The measurements obtained through each sensor are passed through the Wifi module to the management server and stored on the database server in real time. Analysis of the four-month measurement result values conducted in this study confirmed the stability and applicability of ICT technology application to LID facilities. Real-time measured values are found to be able to utilize big data to evaluate the functions of LID facilities and derive maintenance measures.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.429-439
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• 1996

A comprehensive air quality monitoring was carried out in this study to investigate the concentrations of criteria air pollutants in indoor and outdoor air of public facilities in Taegu area. Four different kinds of public facilities were seleced as sampling sites, which are underground stores, stations & terminals, general hospitals, and department stores. Each group of the public facilities was consisted of three different sampling sites. As a consequence, a total of 12 different sampling sites were surveyed throughout this study. Sampling was conducted simultaneously indoors, three times per day (in the morning, afternoon, and evening) and four times per year (spring, summer, fall, and winter) at each sampling site during the period of October 1994 to July 1995. A range of criteria pollutants were measured in order to obtain a broad profile of indoor and ambient air quality, including total suspended particles (TSP), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide ($CO_2$), formaldehyde (HCHO), sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$), and nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$). In addition, temperature, relative humidity, and air current were measured on site together with those air pollutants. Results of this study indicated that the indoor levels of TSP, CO, $SO_2, and NO_2$ appeared to be generally higher in stations/terminals and underground stores than those in department stores and hospitals. However, HCHO and $CO_2$ were found to have higher levels in the department stores and hospitals than other places, indicating that the effects of indoor sources for these pollutants are significantly different from other combustion related pollutants such as TSP, CO, and $SO_2$. It was also found that there are marked seasonal and daily variations both in indoor and outdoor air quality. In general, combustion related pollutants such as CO, $SO_2$ and $NO_2$ showed a typical pattern of higher levels in winter than insummer, and also higher in the morning and/or in the evening than in the afternoon. However, the seasonal and daily patterns of HCHO appeared to be opposite to the combustion related pollutants, i.e., higher both in summer and in the afternoon, implying the effect of temperature on the volatilization from indoor sources of HCHO. Results of correlation analyses between indoor and outdoor air quality also indicated that the effects of outdoor sources on the indoor levels of TSP, $SO_2$, CO, and $NO_2$ and much significant, whilst no significant correlations between indoor and outdoor levels were found for HCHO and $CO_2$.