• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.243-249
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• 2015

In direct vehicle teleoperation, a human operator drives a vehicle at a distance through a pair of master and slave device. However, if there is time delay, it is difficult to remotely drive the vehicle due to slow response. In order to address this problem, we introduced a novel methodology of shared vehicle teleoperation using a virtual driving interface. The methodology was developed with four components: 1) virtual driving environment, 2) interface for virtual driving environment, 3) path generator based on virtual driving trajectory, 4) path following controller. Experimental results showed the effectiveness of the proposed approach in simple and cluttered driving environment as well. In the experiments, we compared two sampling methods, fixed sampling time and user defined instant, and finally merged method showed best remote driving performance in term of completion time and number of collision.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.90-99
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• 1999

A vehicle driving simulator is a virtual reality device which a human being feels as if the one drives a vehicle actually. The driving simulator is used effectively for studying interaction of a driver-vehicle and developing vehicle system of a new concept. The driving simulator consists of a vehicle motion bed system, motion controller, visual and audio system, vehicle dynamic analysis system, cockpit system, and etc. In it is paper, the main procedures to develop the driving simulator are classified by five parts. First, a motion bed system and a motion controller, which can track a reference trajectory, are developed. Secondly, a performance evaluation of the motion bed system for the driving simulator is carried out using LVDTs and accelerometers. Thirdly, a washout algorithm to realize a motion of an actual vehicle in the driving simulator is developed. The algorithm changes the motion space of a vehicle into the workspace of the driving simulator. Fourthly, a visual and audio system for feeling higher realization is developed. Finally, an integration system to communicate and monitor between sub systems is developed.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.657-670
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• 2012

Background: Today, numerous telematics technologies, i.e., technologies developed by integrating telecommunications with information processing, are applied in vehicles. One such developmental application of this technology to vehicles is to increase the safety or convenience of drivers by providing them with necessary information such as warnings and information on emergencies and traffic situations. However, under certain conditions, there is a high probability of traffic accidents if the driving workload is high. Nowadays, the navigation system is frequently used in the vehicles, this system provides various information including route to the driver. But, the existing navigation systems are not only considered a driver's reaction but also provide unilaterally to the information regardless of them. Such one-side information service type may miss important information to the driver. In addition, it sometimes interferes safety driving. Objective: To solve this problem, the intelligent navigation system needs to the providing way that it checks the driver's reactions after providing information. Namely, if the driver passes the information received from the navigation, then the intelligent system provides more loudly and more frequently. Method: Therefore, in this study we introduce the intelligent navigation system that it automatically controls modality type and its strength when the driver misses or overlooks the information for their safety and entertainment and we analyze the driver's cognitive responses about the modality type and its strength. Results: To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed system, we analyzed the reaction time and driving workload for each type of the information, modality and its strength. Also we evaluated the users' subjective satisfaction and understanding based on a questionnaire.

• 디지털콘텐츠학회 논문지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.713-722
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• 2017

최근 자율주행 자동차에 대한 관심이 높아짐에 따라 자율주행 자동차 관련 기술 개발에 대한 활발한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 이에 따라 자율주행 환경에서의 운전자 관점에 대한 연구도 조금씩 늘어나고 있는 추세이다. 그러나 일부 연구들은 자율주행 자동차에 대한 낙관적인 입장만을 보이고 있다. 하지만, 선행 연구에서는 실제 자율주행 자동차를 태우지 않았다는 한계가 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 자율주행 자동차를 기반으로 인간과 차량 간 상호작용을 알아보고자 에스노그라피 접근을 통한 질적 연구를 진행하였다. 그 결과, 자율주행 환경에서 운전자의 경험에 영향을 미치는 8개의 불신 요소를 도출하였다. 결과적으로 본 연구는 기존 신뢰 모형을 통해 자율주행 맥락에 적용하여 확장하였다는 점과 결과를 바탕으로 자율주행 환경에서 불신을 낮추고 신뢰를 높여줄 디자인 가이드를 제시했다는 점에서 이론적 및 실용적 의의가 있다.

• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제41권1호
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• pp.50-58
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• 2015

The research on autonomous vehicle that expected to greatly reduce accidents by driver's mistakes is increasing in the development of technology. The purpose of this research is to identify the factor that affect trust in autonomous vehicles and analyze the requirements of the driver in autonomous vehicles environment. Therefore, in this study, we defined the information and functions provided by the autonomous vehicles through the investigation of the prior studies, conducted a questionnaire survey and focused group interview (FGI). The results show that competency, error management were important factors influencing trust in autonomous vehicles and identified that driver took safety related information as high priority in autonomous vehicle. Also, it was identified that driver prefer to perform the multimedia function in autonomous vehicle environment. The study is looking forward to be the reference data for design of advanced autonomous vehicle. It will contribute to the improvement of the convenience and satisfaction of the drivers.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.39-49
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• 2019

Autonomous vehicle is a car which drives itself without any human interaction. SAE provides technical definitions for autonomous and international standards for test evaluation. Accordingly, automobile industry is actively researching development and evaluation of various ADAS (Advanced Driver Assistance Systems), : representative technology of autonomous technology. Recently, ADAS is in the commercialization level such as ACC, LKAS, AEB, and HDA etc. And it also has issues about safety evaluation. The purpose of HDA in ADAS is reduced the driving load on highway. It has a function which can maintain lane keeping and control distance from forward vehicle. This function is evaluated to be useful for accident prevention. Therefore, this paper proposes the safety evaluation scenario of HDA, considering the domestic highway design criteria and the situation that may arise on the actual highway. We compared and analyzed the data acquired through simulation and actual vehicle test. And verified the reliability of the proposed safety evaluation scenario. The verified result is expected safety evaluation of HDA is possible even under the bad condition, which cannot be tested.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제20권44호
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• pp.463-473
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• 1997

In this paper, driver's judgements for the priorities of vehicle devices were studied to establish the standard of design of inside devices. The differences within drivers who have different careers were also studied. For this study, two experiments were conducted. First experiment was peformed in terms of total devices in the vehicle cockpit, and second was peformed in terms of the visual devices that these were the source of visual information. These experiments were analyzed using AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) method. The result showed the priorities of devices and little relationship between the career and the judgement. Especially, it was shown that the novice tended to depend on the information from visual devices.

• 생약학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.157-167
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• 1978

Atherosclerosis is associated with the presence of extracellular lipid droplets and large fatty deposits, both of which are to be covered at the surface mainly by zwitterionic phospholipids. The development of atherosclerosis is often associated with the accumulation of calcium. Furthermore, the presence of glycosaminoglycans directly underlying fatty deposits in human aorta has been demonstrated. Also, the possible involvement of the interaction between sulfated polysaccharide and lipoprotein in the development of atherosclerosis has been suggested in view of the presence of both low density lipoproteins and glycosaminoglycans, as well as their complexes, in atherosclerotic aortas. Therefore interactions of sulfated polysaccharides with low density lipoproteins which serve as a vehicle for cholesterol and cholesterol ester and with zwitterionic phospholipids have been studied extensively by a number of workers to provide mechanisms. In this paper, the mechanism of the interaction of sulfated polysaccharides with low density lipoproteins and the mechanism of the interaction between sulfated polysaccharides and zwitterionic phospholipids are reviewed. The possibility of the occurence of these interactions in the body are also considered.

• 한국HCI학회논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.49-60
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• 2019

자율주행차량에서 전기자동차의 등장까지 자동차 산업은 급속도로 변화하고 있다. 이러한 변화 속에서 운전자가 자동차를 어떻게 제어하고 안전과 편의를 얻을 것인가에 대한 HMI 연구는 더욱 중요해지고 있다. 본 연구는 차량 제조사들이 어떠한 관점으로 주행상황을 이해하고 있으며, 운전자의 인터랙션을 어떻게 정의하고 한계 짓는가에 대해 이해하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 HMI에 대한 선행 연구를 리뷰하였으며, 15인의 참가자가 직접 5개 제조사의 차량을 실제 도로에서 운전하고 인터페이스를 사용해보는 온로드 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과를 통해 본 연구는 주행 중 운전자가 쉽게 제어할 수 있는 버튼과 스위치 류가 제조사별로 상이했으며, 주행 중 보다 집중적으로 제어할 수 있는 버튼과 제어하기에 어려운 버튼이 존재함을 확인하였다. Audi 차량은 '컨트롤러의 선택과 집중', BMW 차량은 '드라이빙 중심의 최적화', Benz의 차량은 '단순화와 최소화', Lexus의 차량은 '조작분산의 제거', KIA의 차량은 '시각적 안정감'을 HMI의 특징적 키워드로 도출할 수 있었다. 이것은 각 제조사들이 운전자의 드라이빙 제어 영역에 대한 정의와 해석이 다름을 보여준다. 본 연구는 외관으로 드러나지 않는 차량별 HMI의 특성을 실제 주행상황에서 파악해보았다는 점에서 기존의 연구와 차별적인 의미를 갖는다. 군집주행, 자율주행과 같은 주행환경의 변화와 HMI의 변화에서도 실제 주행을 통해 인터랙션의 차이를 확인해보는 본 연구의 접근이 유용하게 활용될 수 있기를 기대한다.

• 디자인융복합연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.17-29
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• 2018

완전 자율주행 단계에 이르기 전까지 부분 자율주행 차량에서는 시스템이 특정 상황에서 운전자에게 직접 운전을 하도록 요청하는 제어권 전환 요청(TOR)이 필수적이다. 이 연구의 목적은 인간-자동차 인터랙션 방식 중 HDD(Head-Down Display)보다 HUD(Head-Up Display)가 제어권 전환 요청 시 사용자 경험 인식에서 더 유리한지 비교하는 것이다. 운전 시뮬레이터 실험을 통해 참가자가 자율주행 상황에서 부가적 과업인 게임을 하다가 제어권 전환 요청을 인지하면 직접 운전을 수행하도록 하였다. 실험 결과, 반응시간과 주관적 작업 부하에서는 차이가 없었으나, '사용 용이성'과 '만족도'에서 HUD 방식이 HDD보다 더 우수한 것으로 나타났다. 자율 주행시 HUD를 통해 부가적 과업을 하도록 디자인하는 것이 제어권 전환 요청 기능의 사용자 경험을 개선하는 효과가 있었다. 이 연구는 자율주행 맥락에서의 사용자 경험 디자인 가이드라인 설정을 위한 실증 사례를 제시했다는 점에서 의의가 있다.