• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.79-90
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• 2022

Krüppel-like factor 10 (KLF10) regulates various cellular functions, such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, as well as the homeostasis of several types of tissue. In the present study, we attempted a loss-of-function analysis of zebrafish Klf11a and Klf11b, which constitute human KLF10 homologs. Embryos injected with klf11b-morpholino (MO) showed developmental retardation and cell death, whereas klf11a-MO-injected embryos showed normal development. In klf11b-MO-injected embryos, a dramatic increase in the amount of zebrafish p53 mRNA might be the cause of the increase in that of bax. The degree of apoptosis decreased in the klf11b-MO and p53-MO co-injected embryos. These findings imply that KLF10 is a negative regulator of p53-dependent transcription, suggesting that the KLF10/p53 complex may play an important role in apoptosis for maintenance of tissue homeostasis during embryonic development.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.89-99
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to develop the diagnosis techniques for sex determination of rabbit embryos at preimplantation stage. To detect male specific sequences using polymerase chain reaction, two genes functional on sex determination including SRY and ZFX/Y genes were targeted using multiple oligonucleotide primer sets. Three of them for conserved SRY gene were used for appropriate amplification pattern, and then only one primer set #3 proved to be most efficient, showing male-specific strong signal ofamplified sequences. Using this male specific bandsfrom human, cattle, pig and mouse, the gender of rabbit was determined. As an another system for sex determination system, amplified 910bp fragment from ZFX/Y was digested with several restriction endonuclease and showed gender specific restriction fragments only by Hinf I. Using two different system for sex identification of rabbit in this study, blind tests for 17 samples was conducted and showed identical results from two different methods. And then, amplification limit of PCR reaction for template DNA was estimated using various amounts of DNA for both SRY and ZFX/Y systems, resulted as 20pg and 800pg, respectively. With this results, test for gender identification of rabbit embryos were performed using SRY derived amplification system. From total 22 embryos selected for its developmental state 18 were identified as male embryos, showing significant difference from expected sex ratio 1:1. This biased sex ratio was interpreted as to have been caused by the fact, reported by the fact, reported by several researchers, that male embryos develop more rapidly and are more resistant against the in vitro manipulation than female embryos.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.209-212
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• 1994

Mophological normal of unfertilized oocytes, which was collected 12-14 hours after human Chorionic Gonadotropin(jCG) injection, was not influenced by chronically adiministration of cocaine for 2 weeks in mice. Proportion of normal unfertilized oocytes in non-cocaine treated group (control), `0 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg cocaine treated group based on body weight with subcutaneous(s.c.) daily injection of cocaine for 2 weeks were 92.9%, 85.6% and 90.9%, respectively. There is no significant difference between control and cocaine treated groups. Two to 8 cell stage embryos collected 24-48 hours post hCG in control group were 66.7%, whereas, 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg groups treated with cocaine was 12.5% and 27.3% respectively. Although control and treated groups are significantly different (p<0.05) the developmental score of 2 to 8 cell stage embryos collected at 24-48 hours post HCG, there is no difference between 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg treated with cocaine groups. These results indicated that the normal embryos of the roups of cocaine administration were significantly amested when compared with that of control group. The proportion of 2 to 8 cell stage embryo reaching the blastocyst stage, which were cultured 48-52 hours with 5% $Co_2$ in air at $37^{\circ}C$, were 93.9% in control group and, 70.4% and 71.9% in each 10 mg/kg and to blastocyst in vitro culture was significantly limited embryos obtained from cocanized mice compared with those of control mice. These results suggest that episode of cocaine intoxication can cause impaiment of early embrygenesis in the mouse.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2011

Objective: This study was performed to compare the efficiency of slow freezing and vitrification based on survival, development to blastocysts, and cell numbers of blastocysts. Changes in embryonic gene expression in fresh and frozen-thawed embryos were also examined. Methods: Eight-cell stage embryos were collected from superovulated female BDF1 mice. The collected embryos were randomly divided into three groups. One group was maintained as fresh controls (n=42), one was frozen by slow freezing (n=43), and one was cooled by vitrification (n=43). After thawing or cooling, survival rates, development to blastocyst, and cell numbers and inner cell mass (ICM) cell numbers of blastocysts were compared with those of the control group. The expressions of eight genes ($Rbm3$, $Birc5$, $Sod1$, $Sod2$, $Cirbp$, $Caspase3$, $Trp53$, $Hsp70.1$) were examined by real time-quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the fresh and frozen-thawed embryos. Results: There were no significant differences in the slow freezing and vitrification groups' survival rate after thawing (88.4% vs. 88.4%), development to blastocyst (100% vs. 97.4%), cell numbers ($107.0{\pm}21.0$ vs. $115.0{\pm}19.7$), or ICM cell numbers of blastocysts ($11.3{\pm}5.2$ vs. $11.1{\pm}3.7$). Cell numbers of blastocysts were significantly ($p$ <0.05) lower in the frozen-thawed embryos than the fresh embryos. There were no significant differences in the slow freezing and the vitrification groups' expressions of the eight genes. The expressions of $CirbP$ and $Hsp70.1$ were higher in the frozen-thawed embryos than in the fresh embryos but there were no significant differences. Conclusion: These results suggest that there were no significant differences between embryos that underwent slow freezing and vitrification.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.571-578
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• 2006

Mitochondrial serine protease로 알려진 human HtrA2 (hHtrA2)는 apoptosis 유도 과정에서 중요한 역할을 담당하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 hHtrA2가 motor neuron degeneration과 관련이 있다는 최근 연구 결과가 있으나, hHtrA2의 생리적 기능은 아직 명확하게 밝혀져 있지 않다. 이와 같이 생체내에서 필수적인 업무를 담당하는 hHtrA2의 기능을 심도 있게 연구하기 위해서는 적절한 동물모델 시스템이 필요하나 이에 대한 연구도 미흡한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 hHtrA2의 기능 분석을 위한 기본적인 실험으로 zebrafish라는 동물모델을 선택하여 hHtrA2의 발현 시스템을 정립하였다. 먼저 zebrafish에 hHtrA2를 발현시키기 위하여 zebrafish에서 일반적으로 사용되는 발현 시스템인 pCS2+ vector에 hHtrA2와 GFP를 cloning하고 plasmid를 HEK293 cell에 transfection한 후, hHtrA2-GFP fusion 단백질의 발현을 immunoblot과 immunofluorescence staining assay로 확인한 바 약 64 kDa의 hHtrA2 단백질의 발현을 확인할 수 있었다. Zebrafish에서 hHtrA2-GFP fusion 단백질의 발현양상은 immunofluorescence microscope으로 확인하였다. hHtrA2-GFP DNA와 mRNA를 zebrafish embyro에 microinjection하여 두 가지 component의 발현을 비교 분석한 결과, DNA는 dot 형태로 mRNA는 몸 전체에 퍼져보이는 형태로 발현 양상의 차이는 있었으나 둘 다 zebrafish embryo에서 잘 발현되는 것을 알 수 있다. 다음 DNA를 주 component로 microinjection하여 zebrafish embryo에서 발현을 확인한 결과 hHtrA2는 72 hpf 까지 발현이 지속되는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서 정립한 hHtrA2의 zebrafish 발현 조건은 앞으로 zebrafish에서 hHtrA2의 생리적 기능을 심도있고 정확하게 연구하는 데 있어 기본적인 자료로 활용 할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-7
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• 2016

Xenotransplantation involves multiple steps of immune rejection. The present study was designed to produce nuclear transfer embryos, prior to the production of transgenic pigs, using fibroblasts carrying transgenes human complement regulatory protein hCD59 and interleukin-18 binding protein (hIL-18BP) to reduce hyperacute rejection (HAR) and cellular rejection in pig-to-human xenotransplantation. In addition to the hCD59-mediated reduction of HAR, hIL-18BP may prevent cellular rejection by inhibiting the activation of natural killer cells, activated T-cell proliferation, and induction of $IFN-{\gamma}$. Transgene construct including hCD59 and ILI-18BP was introduced into miniature pig fetal fibroblasts. After antibiotic selection of double transgenic fibroblasts, integration of the transgene was screened by PCR, and the transgene expression was confirmed by RT-PCR. Treatment of human serum did not affect the survival of double-transgenic fibroblasts, whereas the treatment significantly reduced the survival of non-transgenic fibroblasts (p<0.01), suggesting alleviation of HAR. Among 337 reconstituted oocytes produced by nuclear transfer using the double transgenic fibroblasts, 28 (15.3%) developed to the blastocyst stage. Analysis of individual embryos indicated that 53.6% (15/28) of embryos contained the transgene. The result of the present study demonstrates the resistance of hCD59 and IL-18BP double-transgenic fibroblasts against HAR, and the usefulness of the transgenic approach may be predicted by RT-PCR and cytolytic assessment prior to actual production of transgenic pigs. Further study on the transfer of these embryos to surrogates may produce transgenic clone miniature pigs expressing hCD59 and hIL-18BP for xenotransplantation.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 1994

본 연구는 생쥐 초기배 및 부화후 체외신장에 미치는 인간 양수의 첨가효과를 조사하고자 실시하였다. 생쥐 수정란의 체외발달에 미치는 인간 양수의 적정농도를 확인하고자 기본배양액 (Whitten's medium)에 16주령의 양수 농도를 각각 달리하여 체외배양을 실시한 결과, 20%를 첨가한 구에서 가장 높은 배반포로의 발달율과 부화율을 나타내었으며, 그 이상의 농도에서는 배발달율이 저하되었다. 포유동물 수정란 체외배양시 가장 많이 사용되는 첨가제인 fetal calf serum (FCS)과 bovine serum albumin(BSA)을 첨가한 구화의 배발달 성적을 비교한 결과, 임신중기 양수를 20% 첨가한 구의 배반포로의 발달율 (92.8%)과 부화율 (75.7%)은 기본배양액에서 배양된 것보다 배반포로의 발달율 (82.8%)과 부화율 (31.3%)은 높았으나 0.3% BSA (90.5%, 70.8%)나 10% FCS 첨가구 (94.3%, 74.3%)와는 유의한 차이가 인정되지 않았다. 임신주령에 따른 양수의 첨가효과를 조사한 결과 20%의 임신말기 양수를 첨가한 구의 배반포로의 발달율 (71.9%)과 부화율 (57.3%)은 20% 임신중기 양수를 첨가한 구보다 낮았으며, 부화후 배의 체외신장은 임신중기 양수와 FCS이 첨가된 구에서는 유기되었으나, 임신말기 양수와 BSA가 첨가된 구에서는 배의 체외신장이 유기되지 않았다. 이상의 본 연구결과를 통해 임신중기 양수 내에는 배발달 촉진인자와 배의 체외신장을 유기시키는 물질이 함유되어 있어 포유동물 배의 체외배양에 상당한 영향을 미치고 있다고 사료된다.

• 한국발생생물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국발생생물학회 2003년도 제3회 국제심포지움 및 학술대회
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• pp.121-121
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• 2003

The standard protocol for the production of transgenic mouse from ES-injected embryo has to process via chimera producing and several times breeding steps, In contrast, tetraploid-ES cell complementation method allows the immediate generation of targeted murine mutants from genetically modified ES cell clones. The advantage of this advanced technique is a simple and efficient without chimeric intermediates. Recently, this method has been significantly improved through the discovery that ES cells derived from hybrid strains support the development of viable ES mice more efficiently than inbred ES cells do. Therefore, the objective of this study was to generate transgenic mice overexpressing human resistin gene by using tetrapioid-ES cell complementation method. Human resistin gene was amplified from human fetal liver cDNA library by PCR and cloned into pCR 2.1 TOPO T-vector and constructed in pCMV-Tag4C vector. Human resistin mammalian expression plasmid was transfected into D3-GL ES cells by lipofectamine 2000, and then after 8~10 days of transfection, the human resistin-expressing cells were selected with G418. In order to produce tetraploid embryos, blastomeres of diploid embryos at the two-cell stage were fused with two times of electric pulse using 60 V 30 $\mu$sec. (fusion rate : 93.5%) and cultured upto the blastocyst stage (development rate : 94.6%). The 15~20 previously G418-selected ES cells were injected into tetraploid blastocysts, and then transferred into the uterus of E2.5d pseudopregnant recipient mice. To investigate the gestation progress, two El9.5d fetus were recovered by Casarean section and one fetus was confirmed to contain human resistin gene by genomic DNA-PCR. Therefore, this finding demonstrates that tetraploid-ES mouse technology can be considered as a useful tool to produce transgenic mouse for the rapid analysis of gene function in vivo.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권12호
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• pp.1641-1646
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• 2004

The objective of this study was to generate transgenic mice expressing human resistin gene by using the tetraploidembryonic stem (ES) cell complementation method. Human resistin gene was amplified from human fetal liver cDNA library by PCR, cloned into $pCR^{(R)}$ 2.1 $TOPO^{(R)}$ vector and constructed in pCMV-Tag4C vector. Mammalian expression plasmid containing human resistin was transfected into D3-GL ES cells by Lipofectamine 2,000, and then after 10-12 days of transfection, the human resistin-expressing cells were selected with G418. In order to produce tetraploid embryos, blastomeres of diploid embryos at the two-cell stage were fused with two times of electric pulse using 60 V 30 $\mu$sec (fusion rate: 2,114/2,256, 93.5%) and cultured up to the blastocyst stage (development rate: 1,862/2,114, 94.6%). The selected 15-20 ES cells were injected into tetraploid blastocysts, and then transferred into the uteri of E 2.5 d pseudopregnant recipient mice. To investigate the gestation progress, two E 19.5 mused fetuses were recovered by Cesarean section of which one fetus was confirmed to contain human resistin gene by genomic DNA-PCR. Therefore, our findings demonstrate that tetraploid-ES mouse technology can be considered as a useful tool to produce transgenic mice for the rapid analysis of gene function in vivo.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제55권2호
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• pp.133-139
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• 2015

The increasing uses of zinc oxide nanoparticles (nZnO) in industrial and personal care products raise possible danger of using nZnO in human. To determine whether ZnO induces size-dependent anomalies during embryonic organogenesis, mouse embryos on embryonic day 8.5 were cultured for 2 days under 50, 100, and $150{\mu}g$ of nZnO (< 100 nm) or micro-sized ZnO (mZnO; $80{\pm}25{\mu}m$), after which the morphological changes, cumulative quantity of Zn particles, and expressions of antioxidant and apoptotic genes were investigated. Although embryos exposed to $50{\mu}g$ of ZnO exhibited no defects on organogenesis, embryos exposed to over $100{\mu}g$ of ZnO showed increasing anomalies. Embryos treated with $150{\mu}g$ of nZnO revealed significant changes in Zn absorption level and morphological parameters including yolk sac diameter, head length, flexion, hindbrain, forebrain, branchial bars, maxillary process, mandibular process, forelimb, and total score compared to the same dose of mZnO-treated embryos. Furthermore, CuZn-superoxide dismutase, cytoplasmic glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and phospholipid hydroperoxidase GPx mRNA levels were significantly decreased, but caspase-3 mRNA level was greatly increased in nZnO-treated embryos as compared to normal control embryos. These findings indicate that nZnO has severer teratogenic effects than mZnO in developing embryos.