• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.297-300
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• 1996

LBD-001, a recombinant human interferon $\gamma$ produced by genetically engineered yeast as a host system, was administered intraperitoneally to Sprague-Dawley male rats from premating to mating period at least for 60 days and to female rats from at least for 2 weeks before mating to early gestation period (from day 0 to 7 of gestation) at dose levels of $0.35\times10^6, 0.39\times10^6, and 1.38\times10^6$ I.U./kg/day. In the positive control group, ethynylestradiol ($EE_2$; 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg/day) was subcutaneously administered only to female rats during the early gestation period. Effects of the test agents on reproductive performances of the male or female rats and embryonic development were as followings; (1) No significant changes by the treatment of LBD-001 were observed in general behaviors, body weight, food and water consumption, and necropsy of parent animals. However, significant decreases of body weight, food consumption, and water consumption were observed in ($EE_2$ -treated female rats. (2) Mating performances and fertility of parent animals were not significantly affected by the treatment of LBD-001. In ($EE_2$ -treated females, however, the fertility was completely inhibited. (3) No changes in resorption rate and external abnormality of F1 fetuses were observed by the treatment of LBD-001. The results show that LBD-001 at the dose of $1.38\times10^6$ I.U./kg/day or less does not affect general toxicity and reproductive function of parent animals and embryonic development of F1 fetuses.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.203-216
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• 2017

Purpose: This literature review was performed to assess the effect of raisins on human health. Methods: A review of Medline was conducted using the keywords: 'raisins, raisins and health, raisins and cardiovascular disease (CVD), raisins and cancer, raisins and diabetes, raisins and fiber, raisins and colon health, raisins and antioxidants, raisins and inflammation, raisins and dental caries'. The reference lists from previous review articles on raisins and human health and the California Raisin Marketing Board files were reviewed for additional studies. Results: Raisins have one of the highest polyphenolic content and antioxidant ORAC levels compared to other traditional dried fruits. Many of the polyphenols in raisins are well assimilated and bioavailable. Raisin consumption reduces low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, blood pressure and blood sugar, when compared to equal caloric carbohydrate snacks and is associated with a reduced risk of CVD. The anti-inflammatory and cancer chemopreventive effects of raisins are mixed. Raisin consumption reduces intestinal transit time and positively affects gut microbiota. Raisins produce sustained energy during long term athletic competitions equal to traditional sports energy gels, shots and jelly beans. Raisins produce a non-cariogenic oral environment and do not fit the American Academy of Pediatrics criteria to be considered a choking hazard. Conclusions: Based on the review of literature, consumption of raisins provide numerous health benefits for promoting general wellness and in the prevention of many chronic diseases including: CVD, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) gastrointestinal diseases, and dental caries.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.454-461
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• 2021

Background: Fish and fishery products (FFPs) unintentionally contaminated with various environmental pollutants are major exposure pathways for humans. To protect human health from the consumption of contaminated FFPs, it is essential to develop a systematic tool for evaluating exposure and risks. Objectives: To regularly, accurately, and quickly evaluate adverse health outcomes due to FFPs contamination, we developed an automated dietary exposure and risk assessment system called HERA (the Human Exposure and Risk Assessment system for chemicals in FFPs). The aim of this study was to develop an overall architecture design and demonstrate the major features of the HERA system. Methods: For the HERA system, the architecture framework consisted of multi-layer stacks from infrastructure to fish exposure and risk assessment layers. To compile different contamination levels and types of seafood consumption datasets, the data models were designed for the classification codes of FFP items, contaminants, and health-based guidance values (HBGVs). A systematic data pipeline for summarizing exposure factors was constructed through down-scaling and preprocessing the 24-hour dietary recalls raw dataset from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNAHES). Results: According to the designed data models for the classification codes, we standardized 167 seafood items and 2,741 contaminants. Subsequently, we implemented two major functional workflows: 1) preparation and 2) main process. The HERA system was developed to enable risk assessors to accumulate the concentration databases sustainably and estimate exposure levels for several populations linked to seafood consumption data in KNAHES in a user-friendly manner and in a local PC environment. Conclusions: The HERA system will support policy-makers in making risk management decisions based on a nation-wide risk assessment for FFPs.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.57-65
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• 2024

Recently, several studies have been conducted to lower the cost of transport of human by adding external joint stiffness elements. However, it has not been clearly elucidated whether adaptation time is required for human subjects to adapt to the added external joint stiffness. In this study, carbon plates in the form of shoe midsoles were added to the metatarsophalangeal joint, and the lower limb joint torque and mechanical energy consumption were compared before and after a total of 5 sessions (2.5 weeks) of running. A total of 11 young healthy participants exhibited higher elastic energy storage in carbon plates in the fifth session compared to the first session, and lower power in the ankle joint. This suggests that a single training session may be insufficient to validate the efficiency effect of added joint stiffness, and the human body seems to increase the elastic energy stored in the assistive joint stiffness and its reutilization.

• Nutritional Sciences
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.158-164
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• 2004

This study was conducted to define dietary patterns and to evaluate the effects of socioeconomic, acculturation and lifestyle factors on dietary patterns among 2,746 Korean- Americans in California. It was a cross-sectional telephone survey based on a representative sampling of individuals with a Korean surname using residential phone listings. It was conducted using a food frequency questionnaire that covered 20 food items, socioeconomic variables such as age, gender, income, education and acculturation, and lifestyle factors such as body weight, alcohol consumption, smoking, exercise and consumption of fast food. Four dietary patterns were identified: American Foods (AF), American Breakfast (AB), Korean Foods (KF) and Vegetables (Ⅴ). AF was associated with younger men, acculturation and fast food consumption. AB was associated with women, higher education, current smoking and fast food consumption. KF was associated with acculturation and lower socioeconomic status. Ⅴ was associated with lifestyle factors such as smoking, exercising and fast food consumption. The results of the study showed that socioeconomic and lifestyle factors influenced the dietary patterns of Korean- Americans. This should be considered when dietary interventions are designed for Korean-Americans to improve their health status.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.39-46
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• 2009

Wireless sensor networks consist of small, autonomous devices with wireless networking capabilities. In order to further increase the applicability in real world applications, minimizing energy consumption is one of the most critical issues. Therefore, accurate energy model is required for the evaluation of wireless sensor networks. In this paper we analyze the power consumption for wireless sensor networks. To develop the power consumption model, we have measured the power characteristics of commercial Kmote node based on TelosB platforms running TinyOS. Based on our model, the estimated lifetime of a battery powered sensor node can use about 6.9 months for application of human detection using PIR sensors. This result indicates that sensor nodes can be used in a monitoring system for elderly living alone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.139-156
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to identify the independent tendency of single women, certainly worthy of study in considering their size, their growth, and their purchasing power, and to examine their effects on consumption values and clothing benefits. The data were collected from self-administrated questionnaire with 537 single women in their 20�s and 30�s on May in 2005. Data were analyzed by factor analysis, reliability analysis, K-means cluster, one way ANOVA and chi-square. Factor analysis on independent tendency resulted in three dimensional structures: marriage-independent tendency, physical independence, social independence. Five dimensions of consumption values were identified by factor analysis: conspicuous, pro-environmental. economic, enjoyable, aesthetic values. Five dimensions of clothing benefits were identified by factor analysis: individuality, well-known brand, practicality, price, social recognition pursuit. The respondents were classified to three groups by three factors of independent tendency: high independent group, social-physical independent group, low independent group. There were significant differences among these groups in demographic characteristics, consumption values and clothing benefits.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.39-56
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• 2018

Since trusting in other consumers may refer to having similar needs and preferences on fashion goods with them, interpersonal trust can be a reliable and practical criterion for market segmentation online. Therefore, this study aims to identify fashion online consumers based on interpersonal trust. This study segments fashion consumers based on interpersonal trust and experience and describes characteristics of each segment by examining demo-psychographic and behavioral variables as well as clothing consumption values. An online survey was conducted to collect data from 426 adult consumers who had bought fashion goods from their patronized e-tailer in the past one month. They completed a self-administered questionnaire inquiring about interpersonal trust, trust in e-tailers, purchase intentions, clothing consumption values, and their purchasing behavior online. Two-step cluster analysis generated four segments: distrustful doers, trusting doers, inactive trusters, and distrusters. They exhibited different characteristics in gender, online experiences, interpersonal trust, clothing consumption values, trust in the e-tailers, and attitude toward the e-tailers. Providing a new effective segmentation base, this study suggests that fashion marketers identify customers with a high level of trust in other customers and develop an encouraging environment that customers can interact with others in order to increase the effectiveness of trust. Because customers with a higher level of interpersonal trust are likely to have stronger trust in e-tailers with, more favorable attitude and purchase intention, and highly perceive the value of clothing consumption than those who have a lower level of interpersonal trust.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.189-202
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of social-face sensitivity, conspicuous consumption, and preference of luxury fashion goods on purchasing behavior of fashion counterfeits. The questionnaire was administered to 600 women in their teens to thirties in Gwangju. The data from 519 participant were analyzed using the SPSS 14.0 Package. Frequency, factor analysis, regression analysis and path analysis were used to analysis the data. The results indicate that social-face sensitivity, conspicuous consumption and the preference of luxury fashion goods has significant effect on purchasing behavior of fashion counterfeits respectively. The direct effect of social-face sensitivity on purchasing behavior of fashion counterfeits was somewhat stronger than the indirect effect of social-face sensitivity on purchasing behavior of fashion counterfeits through conspicuous consumption and preference of fashion luxury goods.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.15-31
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to classify male consumers and examine their clothing consumption values and the perceived importance of store attributes. Using Internet-based research service, survey data were collected from 651 male consumers aged between 20 and 40. The questionnaire included questions regarding respondents' preference of different store types, clothing consumption values, perceived importance of store attributes. According to the results, the respondents were categorized into 5 distinct groups based on their store type preferences: discount store preference group, multi-channel preference group, store indifferent group, brand store preference group, online store preference group. Multi-channel preference group was the largest among these groups. The five store type preference groups statistically varied in clothing consumption values, i.e., epistemic value, brand/conspicuous value, and economic value. The groups also differed in the importance they placed in the store attributes of: service and product quality, promotion, fashionability, salesperson and store environment, store atmosphere, convenience, and website image. The results of this study have direct implication for retail marketers of fashion companies who are targeting male consumers. Marketers can apply findings of this study in implementing retail strategies for different types of stores.