• 분석과학
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.281-290
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• 2023

Zidovudine is an antiretroviral agent prescribed for the prevention and treatment of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). It is typically recommended to be used in combination with other antiretroviral drugs. Zidovudine has the potential to generate N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the presence of dimethylamine and nitrite salt under acidic reaction conditions during the drug manufacturing process. NDMA is a potent human carcinogen that may be detected in drug substances or drug products. An analytical method was developed to determine NDMA in pharmaceuticals including zidovudine using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analysis involved reversed-phase chromatography on a Kinetex F5 column with a mobile phase comprising water-acetonitrile mixtures. The detection of positively charged ions was conducted using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI). The calibration curve demonstrated excellent linearity (r = 0.9997) across the range of 1-50 ng/mL with a highly sensitive limit of detection (LOD) at 0.3 ng/mL. The developed method underwent thorough validation for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, robustness, and system suitability. This sensitive and specific analytical method was applied for detecting NDMA in zidovudine drug substance and its formulation currently available in the market, indicating its suitability for drug quality management purposes.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.234-241
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• 2001

The C-terminal 393 bp region of the human interleukin-16 (IL-16) gene was cloned and expressed in E. coli along with mammalian cell lines. Recombinant IL-16 expressed from E. coli was 22 kDa on SDS-PAGE and showed 260% of chemoattractant activity at a concentration of $0.1\;{\mu}g/ml$. HeLa, COS, and Neuro-2a cells were transduced by recombinant retrovirus vector pLNC/IL-16/IRES/TK and the intracellular and secreted amounts of IL-16 produced by HeLa/IL-16/TK, COS/IL-16/TK, and Neuro-2a/IL-16/TK cells were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). HeLa/IL-16/TK $(1{\times}10^5)$ and COS/IL-16/TK $(1{\times}10^5)$ cells secreted 36.1 and 13.3 ng of IL-16 for 48 h, respectively. Forty-nine ng and 86.4 ng of IL-16 remained in the cell lysates of HeLa/IL-16/TK and COS/IL-16/TK. Intracellular and secreted amounts of IL-16 from Neuro-2a/IL-16/TK $(5{\times}10^5)$ cells during 24 h cultivation were 50 ng and 3.3 ng, respectively. Also, HeLa and COS cells wee stably transfected with mammalian expression vector pCRIII/IL-16. Both culture media and cell lysates prepared from HeLa/IL-16 cells and COS/IL-16 cells showed chemoattractant activity ranging from 190% to 460% as compared to the control experiment. Expression of the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV0tk) gene in pLNC/IL-16/ IRES/TK bicistronic retroviral expression vector was verified by performing a genciclovir (GCV) sensitivity assay. Finally, IL-16 repressed Tat-transactivated human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat (HIV-1 LTR) promoter activity.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제9권5호
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• pp.556-563
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• 1999

Presence of antibody to the capsid protein p24 is the main diagnostic criterion, since this reflects reliable antibody response to HIV infection. However, it takes about 6-8 weeks for antibody production after infection and people who are infected but antibodies are not produced yet are classified as seronegative. Therefore, there is a strong need for an improved diagnostic method for better health security. As a first step for developing such an improved diagnostic system, gag protein of human immunodificiency virus type 1 was expressed in E. coli DH5$\alpha$. The gag fragment of HIV-1 (including a portion of p17 and whole p24) was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and BamH I/EcoR I sites were created during PCR. The amplified DNA fragment was cleaved with BamH I/EcoR I and was subcloned into the GEX-2T vector which had been digested with BamHI/EcoRI, resulting gene fusion with gst gene of pGEX-2T. The recombinant DNA was transferred into E. coli DH5$\alpha$. The transformed bacteria were grown at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 3h and protein expression was induced with 0.1mM IPTG at $25^{\circ}C$ for 3h. Recombinant gag protein or GST-gag fusion protein was purified with glutathione-sepharose 4B bead and migrated as a single band when analyzed by 10% polyacrylamide gel. These proteins were confirmed by immunoblotting with anti-GST goat sera or Korean AIDS patients sera. The results of this study establish the expression and single step pulification of HIV-1 gag protein which can specifically bind with Korean AIDS patients sera.

• 약학회지
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.217-224
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• 2005

Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-l) based lentivirus vector has demonstrated great potential as gene therapy vectors mediating efficient gene delivery and long-term transgene expression in both dividing and nondividing cells. However, for clinical studies it must be confirmed that vector preparations are safe and not contaminated by replication competent lentivirus (RCL) related to the parental pathogenic virus, HIV-l. In this study, we would like to establish the method for titration and RCL detection of lentivirus vector. The titration was determined by vector expression containing the green fluorescent protein, GFP in transduced cells. The titer was $1{\times}10^7$ Transducing Unit/ml in the GFP expression assay and $8.9{\times}10^7$ molecules/ml in the real-time PCR. Also, for the detection of RCL, we have used a combination method of PCR and p24 antigen detection. First, PBS/psi and VSV-G region in the genomic DNA of transduced cells was detected by PCR assay. Second, transfer and expression of the HIV-1 gag gene was detected by p24 ELISA. In an attempt to amplify any RCL, the transduced cells were cultured for 3 weeks (amplification phase) and the supernatant of amplified transduced cell was used for the second transduction to determine whether a true RCL was present (indicator phase). Analysis of cells and supernatant at day 6 in indicator phase were negative for PBS/psi, VSV-G, and p24 antigen. These results suggest that they are not mobilized and therefore there are no RCL in amplification phase. Thus, real-time PCR is a reliable and sensitive method for titration and RCL detection of lentivirus vector.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제8권6호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2017

인간 내인성 레트로 바이러스는 약 3~4 천만 년 전 인간게놈에 통합되기 시작했던 화석바이러스로서 인간게놈의 약 8%를 구성하고 있다. 이러한 고대의 레트로 바이러스는 연속된 유전자변이로 인해 본래의 기능을 잃게 됨으로써 "쓸모없는 DNA (junk DNA)"로 여겨져 왔다. 그러나 최근 연구는 모든 인간 내인성 레트로 바이러스가 단지 침묵을 지키는 승객만이 아님을 보여준다. 현재까지는 이들 바이러스가 인간 질병의 직접 원인이 된다는 것은 밝혀지지 않았으나, 다발성 경화증, 정신 분열증 및 근 위축성 측삭경화증을 포함한 신경학적 장애와 인간면 역결핍바이러스 (HIV)나 헤르페스 등의 바이러스 감염, 여러 유형의 암과 같은 질환을 가진 환자에서 인간 내인성 레트로 바이러스의 DNA가 과도발현 됨을 보여주는 연구들이 다양하게 이루어지고 있다. 이 리뷰논문은 신경학적 질환에 대한 인간 내인성 레트로 바이러스의 가능한 관련여부를 다루고 있다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.371-382
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• 1999

Nurses are at the forefront of providing hands-on care to patients infected with HIV(Human Immunodeficiency Virus). Therefore, appropriate and sensible infection control precaution should be taken at all times. The purpose of this study is to find out nurse's loaming needs about HIV/AIDS ; and nurse's willingness to perform nursing care to HIV/AIDS patients ; and the degree of fellowing universal precautions in nursing care ; and the degree of knowledge of HIV/AIDS to provide information on the guide for the further continuing education. The respondents of this study were 280 nurses in a university hospital in Kwang-Ju city. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed by using percentages, means, Pearson's correlation, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan's grouping. The findings were as follows ; 1. The mean age of the nurses was 28.9 years, and the mean duration of their clinical experience was 6.8 years. Majority of the nurses(83.9%) had no experience in taking care of the AIDS patients. 2. The content s nurse's need to learn were showed in order such as clinical manifestations, infection control, patient care, and the mode of transmission of HIV/AIDS. 3. Even though the nurses had quite low knowledge about HIV/AIDS(mean score was 12.2 from the total of 26), they are willing to take care of the AIDS patients (mean score was 39.5 from the total of 60), and the degree of following universal precaution was also not so bad (mean score was 40.8 from the total of 50). 4. Nurses who are over 35 years old and had informal education regarding HIV/AIDS better following universal precautions. Nurses who had over 12 years of clinical experiences have more willingness to perform nursing care to the AIDS patients. Nurses who had experiences in taking care of the AIDS patients were more knowledgeable about HIV/AIDS. These findings suggest that some strategies should be develope to increase the willingness to perform the nursing care to the AIDS patients. And also continuing education program should be develope and run for the clinical nurses so that they can provide effective and appropriate nursing care to the AIDS patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.153-157
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• 2012

Purpose: There has been no definite consensus on standard treatment, either local or systemic, for the Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). Radiotherapy (RT) can be a good local therapeutic choice especially in non-AIDS associated KS (NAKS) for its indolent behavior. Materials and Methods: Medical records of 17 KS patients treated with RT at the Seoul National University Hospital from February 1998 to January 2012 were retrospectively reviewed. One human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)+ patient with 3 lesions was excluded. The total number of the lesion was 23 among the 16 patients. The median follow-up period was 27.9 months. Correlation between response and variables was analyzed using the logistic regression model. Median age of the patients was 75 years. All the 23 lesions were located at the extremities. Fourteen (61%) of those had pain or local swelling as the initial presentation. Ten patients had possible causes of immunodeficiency and were regarded as iatrogenic, and other 6 were classic KS. Median dose of RT was 36 Gy. Results: No KS-related death was observed. Excluding 2 with short-term follow-up only, complete response and partial response were obtained in 2 (9%) and 19 (73%) lesions, respectively. Of those, 3 lesions underwent local progression. Six had out-of-field recurrence after RT. Symptom improvement was achieved in 13 (93%) of 14 patients. Grade 2 skin toxicities were found in 9 lesions but all got improvement after treatment. When divided into responsive and progressive group, free from progression was not related to any of the possible variables. Conclusion: RT is effective in local control of NAKS resulting great response rate.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.705-712
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• 2015

Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the major causes of diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seropositive individuals. Antiretroviral therapy has markedly reduced the incidence of many opportunistic infections, but parasite-related diarrhea still remains frequent and often underestimated especially in developing countries. The present hospital-based study was conducted to determine the spectrum of intestinal parasitosis in adult HIV/AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) patients with or without diarrhea with the levels of $CD4^+$ T-cell counts. A total of 400 individuals were enrolled and were screened for intestinal parasitosis. Of these study population, 200 were HIV seropositives, and the remaining 200 were HIV uninfected individuals with or without diarrhea. Intestinal parasites were identified by using microscopy as well as PCR assay. A total of 130 (32.5%) out of 400 patients were positive for any kinds of intestinal parasites. The cumulative number of parasite positive patients was 152 due to multiple infections. A significant association of Cryptosporidium (P<0.001) was detected among individuals with $CD4^+$ T-cell counts less than $200cells/{\mu}l$.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.63-76
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• 1999

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for developing a program for effective health education about AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) by investigating the knowledge and attitudes of middle and high school students about AIDS. The subjects were 476 middle school students and 658 high school students from Seoul and Kang Won province. The data were collected from November 19 to December 18. 1996. using a 56-item questionnaire. and analyzed by SAS program for t-test. x2-test. and pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows : 1. High school students had more knowledge than middle school students about AIDS. 2. Male. students from Seoul. and students who had drinking experience and smoking experience among middle school students. and male. students from Seoul. and students of non-coeducation among high school students were more knowledgeable about AIDS. 3. Misconceptions about the transmission of AIDS through non-intimate contact were especially common among middle school students. And a high proportion of middle and high school students knew very little about the symptoms of AIDS. 4. High school students had more positive attitudes toward AIDS than middle school students. 5. Students from Seoul and students who had smoking experience among middle school students. and students from Seoul and non-coeducation and students who had substance use experience among high school students were more positive attitudes about AIDS. 6. Most of the middle and high school students agreed that there is a need for AIDS education. 7. Middle and high school students reported that had learned about AIDS mostly from TV. Since students in the middle-school age group are especially at risk for developing AIDS­related behaviors. this study findings suggest that it is crucial to develop school-based AIDS education programs that help students acquire the knowledge and attitudes to adopt and maintain behaviors that reduce the risk of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infection and other related health problems.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.54-60
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• 2022

살모넬라 수막염은 소아청소년에서 흔하지 않은 병이나 심각한 신경학적 합병증을 일으킬 수 있다. 영아, 특히 3개월 미만의 연령과 악성 종양, 말라리아 감염, 인체면역결핍바이러스 감염과 같은 면역 저하 상태는 살모넬라 수막염의 위험인자로 알려져 있다. 본 증례에서는 고열과 구토, 의식 변화를 주소로 내원한 이전 특이병력 없던 건강한 8세 여아의 살모넬라 수막염 증례를 소개한다. 환자의 뇌척수액에서 D군 살모넬라가 배양되었으며, 뇌 자기공명영상 소견은 정상이었다. 면역 글로불린 수치와 림프구 수는 정상 범위였고, 차세대 염기서열 분석에서 원발성 면역결핍 질환을 일으키는 유전자 변이는 검출되지 않았다. 3세대 세팔로스포린 투약으로 환자의 증상은 빠르게 호전되었으며 합병증이나 후유증은 발생하지 않았다. 비장티푸스 살모넬라균은 면역이 정상인 소아에서 수막염을 일으킬 수 있으며 조기에 항생제를 투여하면 성공적으로 치료할 수 있다.