• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.317-323
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• 2022

Solid-state fermentation using hulled barley was carried out to produce enzymes and β-glucan. The one-factor-at-a-time experiments were carried out to determine the optimal composition of the basal medium. The modified synthetic medium composition in liquid-state fermentation was determined to be 70 g/l hulled barley, 0 g/l rice bran, 5 g/l soytone, and 6 g/l ascorbic acid. Optimal pretreatment conditions of hulled barley by solid-state fermentation were evaluated in terms of maximum production of fungal biomass, amylase, protease, and β-glucan, which were 1.26 mg/g, 31310.34 U/g, 2614.95 U/g, and 14.6% (w/w), respectively, at 60 min of pretreatment condition. Thus, the solid-state fermentation process was found to enhance the overall fermentation yields of hulled barley to produce high amounts of enzymes and β-glucan.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.301-313
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• 2017

Purpose: This study was conducted to discriminate between normal hulled barley and Fusarium (Fusarium asiaticum and Fusarium graminearum) infected hulled barley by using the near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique. Methods: Fusarium asiaticum and Fusarium graminearum were artificially inoculated in hulled barley and the reflectance spectrum of the barley spike was obtained by using a near-infrared spectral sensor with wavelength band in the range 1,175-2,170 nm. After obtaining the spectrum of the specimen, the hulled barley was cultivated in a greenhouse and visually inspected for infections. Results: From a partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) prediction model developed from the raw spectrum data of the hulled barley, the discrimination accuracy for the normal and infected hulled barley was 99.82% (563/564) and 100% (672/672), respectively. Conclusions: NIRS is effective as a quick and nondestructive method to detect whether hulled barley has been infected with Fusarium. Further, it expected that NIRS will be able to detect Fusarium infections in other grains as well.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2017

Background: Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley was investigated as a potential natural source of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. Methods and Results: The yields from Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley water and ethanol extract were 17.69% and 25.77%, respectively. The antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley extracts was confirmed by various methods including assayss of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzo thiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS), nitrite radical scavenging, and $Fe^{3+}$ to $Fe^{2+}$ reducing power activity. The ethanol extract of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley showed improved DPPH, ABTS and nitrite radical scavenging activity compared with the water extract. After treatment of RAW264.7 cells with Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley ethanol extracts, the cell viability compared with the control was 92.82%, even at a concentration of $3,000{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. The ethanol extract inhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with $H_2O_2$, even at low concentrations. In addition, the ethanol extract showed an inhibitory effects on the production of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) in RAW264.7 cells. Conclusions: This study suggests that the extract of Ganoderma lucidum cultured on hulled barley is a potential source of natural antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2021

Saponarin found in young barley sprouts has a variety of beneficial biological and pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and hepatoprotective activities. Our previous work demonstrated that saponarin content was correlated with the expression levels of three biosynthetic pathway genes [chalcone synthase (HvCHS1), chalcone isomerase (HvCHI), and UDP-Glc:isovitexin 7-O-glucosyltransferase (HvOGT1)] in young barley seedlings under various abiotic stress conditions. In this study, we investigated the saponarin content and expression levels of three saponarin biosynthetic pathway genes in hulled and hulless domestic barley cultivars. In the early developmental stages, some hulled barley cultivars (Kunalbori1 and Heukdahyang) had much higher saponarin contents than did the hulless barley cultivars. An RNA expression analysis showed that in most barley cultivars, decreased saponarin content correlated with reduced expression of HvCHS1 and HvCHI, but not HvOGT1. Heat map analysis revealed both specific increases in HvCHS1 expression in certain hulled and hulless barley cultivars, as well as general changes that occurred during the different developmental stages of each barley cultivar. In summary, our results provide a molecular genetic basis for the metabolic engineering of barley plants to enhance their saponarin content.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.131-141
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• 2005

Molecular-based genetic diversity for a set of 141 accessions of Korean barley cultivars and 24 accessions of foreign exotic cultivars were analyzed using random amplified polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs). Different level of genetic variability was observed with 30 random decamer primers in the Korean barley varieties and breeding lines which were preliminarily classified by morphological (hulled & hulless barley) and end-use (malting barley) and/or by the released periods. A total of 74 RAPD bands were scored, and the number of bands per primer varied from 1 to 7 with an average of 2.74. The hulled barley pool had one more marker genotype per primer than the hulless barley pool. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values based on the band pattern frequencies among genotypes varied depending on genetic pools where mean PICs of hulled, hulless and malting barleys were 0.62, 0.57, and 0.43, respectively. Certain genomic loci amplified by opR04, opF01, opB05, and opC13 were highly polymorphic with PIC>0.8. Patterns and temporal trends of genetic diversity assessed over the period from 1970s to 1990s had a tendency to increase, and in particular, this upward slant was quite clear and significant for the hulless barley pool. In the cluster analysis using genetic similarity matrix calculated from RAPD profiles, two major groups and several small subgroups were classified. Major grouping of materials was not affected by the presence of the husk but by their genetic background and the spike-row type. The validity of information on the genetic diversity and relationships between genotypes will have been reviewed to predict their yield potential.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.78-83
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• 1986

To obtain the information about the reasons why hulless barley varieties generally have poor germination and emergence rate in the field, hulled and hulless isogenic lines were bred and used. The germination rates of hulless isogenic lines were 4-6 percent lower than those of hulled lines at artificial precipitation treatment, and seriously dropped down at 5 day precipitation treatment. As the thresher rotation speeds up 600 to 1,000 rpm, the differences of germination rate were 10 percent in hulled, but 22 percent in hulless lines. Also emergence rates of hulless lines became seriously low at deep seeding. The emergence rates of hulless isogenic lines became low in the order of deep seeding, high speed thresher, and rain-fall. These results suggest that barley breeders especially for hulless varieties should plan their breeding programs to improve the emergence rate or seedling vigour in the field.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.112-124
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• 2019

Barley worldwide is affected seriously by Fusarium seedling blight (FSB) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) diseases caused by the Fusarium species. The objective of this study was to facilitate the resistance of hulled and hull-less barley at different growth stages to F. culmorum according to direct parameters: disease rating (DR), fresh weight of leaves and roots, kernel weight per spike, kernel number per spike, plump kernels, and indirect parameters - chlorophyll a fluorescence (CF). Plate assay, greenhouse and field tests were performed on 30 spring barley doubled haploid (DH) lines and their parents infected with Fusarium culmorum. Direct parameters proved that hulled genotypes show less symptoms. Most studied chlorophyll a fluorescence (CF) parameters (apart from DIo/CS - amount of energy dissipated from PSII for laboratory test, TRo/CS - amount of excitation energy trapped in PSII reaction centers, ETo/CS - amount of energy used for electron transport and RC/CS - number of active reaction centres in the state of fully reduced PSII reaction center in field experiment) were significantly affected by F. culmorum infection. In all experiments, hulled genotypes had higher values of CF parameters compared to hull-less ones. Significant correlations were detected between direct and indirect parameters and also between various environments. It was revealed that ABS/CS, TRo/CS, and RC/CS have significant positive correlation in greenhouse test and field experiment. Significant correlations suggest the possibility of applying the CF parameters in selection of barley DH lines resistant to F. culmorum infection.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.43 no.5
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• pp.722-727
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• 2010

This study was conducted to estimate the carbon footprint and to establish the database of the LCI (Life Cycle Inventory) for barely cultivation system. Barley production system was separated into the naked barley, the hulled barley and the two-rowed barley according to type of barley species. Based on collecting the data for operating LCI, it was shown that input of fertilizer was the highest value of 9.52E-01 kg $kg^{-1}$ for two-rowed braley. For LCI analysis focussed on the greenhouse gas (GHG), it was observed that carbon footprint were 1.25E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ naked braley, 1.09E+00 kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ hulled braley and 1.71E+00 $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$ two-rowed barley; especially two-rowed barley cultivation system had highest emission value as 1.09E+00 kg $CO_2$ $kg^{-1}$ barley. It might be due to emit from mainly fertilizer production for barley cultivation. Also $N_2O$ was emitted at 7.55E-04 kg $N_2O\;kg^{-1}$ barley as highest value from hulled barley cultivation system because of high N fertilizer input. The result of life cycle impcat assessment (LCIA), it was observed that most of carbon emission from barely cultivation system was mainly attributed to fertilizer production and cropping unit. Characterization value of GWP was 1.25E+00 (naked barley), 1.09E+00 (hulled barley) and 1.71E+00 (two-rowed barely) kg $CO_2$-eq. $kg^{-1}$, respectively.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.857-864
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• 2017

To establish good storage practices for hulled barley against mycotoxin contamination, we measured occurrence of fungi and mycotoxin in hulled barley grains under various storage conditions. Hulled barley grains collected from two places were stored in five different warehouses: 1) two without temperature control, 2) one with temperature controlled at $12^{\circ}C$, 3) a chamber set at $15^{\circ}C/65%$ relative humidity, and 4) one seed storage set at $10^{\circ}C$. The samples were stored for six month with temperature and relative humidity monitored regularly. Every stored samples were retrieved after 0, 1, 3, and 6 month to investigate fungal and mycotoxin contamination. From the stored grains, Fusarium, Epicoccum, Alternaria, and Drechslera spp. were frequently detected. In the warehouses without temperature control, Fusarium and Alternaria spp. constantly decreased, whereas Drechslera spp. increased along with storage period. In the other warehouses with temperature controlled, Fusarium spp. decreased slowly and more than 2.5 log CFU/g of Fusarium spp. were detected after 6 month storage. The level of nivalenol was maintained during 0-3 month but increased after 6 month storage. There was no difference in the nivalenol levels between the warehouses. Therefore reducing storage period less than 6 months could be more effective to control nivalenol contamination in hulled barley grains.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.7
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• pp.1043-1047
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• 2011

We examined the antioxidant content and activity in methanolic extracts from split polished barley (Spb), pearled black barley (Pbb), hulled yellow barley (Hyb), hulled purple barley (Hpb), and hulled black barley (Hbb). The extraction yields of Spb, Pbb, Hyb, Hpb, and Hbb were 2.85, 3.62, 4.62, 4.41, and 6.58%, respectively. The polyphenolic and flavonoid contents were 57.93 and 24.02 for Spb, 64.01 and 27.92 for Pbb, 122.88 and 36.38 for Hyb, 134.94 and 36.51 for Hpb, and 163.43 and 39.70 mg/100 g for Hbb, respectively. The antioxidant activity of hulled barley was significantly higher than that of split or pearled barley. The results of this study show that the antioxidant activity in barley bran has significant health benefits.