• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.922-936
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• 2022

5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), a monoamine, as a local regulator in the mammary gland is a chemical signal produced by the mammary epithelium cell. In cows, studies have shown that 5-HT is associated with epithelial cell apoptosis during the degenerative phase of the mammary gland. However, studies in other tissues have shown that 5-HT can effectively promote cell viability. Whether 5-HT could have an effect on mammary cell viability in dairy cows is still unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) effect of 5-HT on the viability of bovine mammary epithelial cells and its related signaling pathways, (2) interaction between prolactin (PRL) and 5-HT on the cell viability. The bovine mammary alveolar cell-T (MAC-T) were cultured with different concentrations of 5-HT for 12, 24, 48 or 72 hours, and then were assayed using cell counting kit-8, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunobloting. The results suggested that 20 μM 5-HT treatment for 12 or 24 h promote cell viability, which was mainly induced by the activation of 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) 1B and 4, because the increase caused by 5-HT vanished when 5-HTR 1B and 4 was blocked by SB224289 and SB204070. And protein expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2), janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) were decreased after blocking 5-HT 1B and 4 receptors. When MAC-T cells were treated with 5-HT and PRL simultaneously for 24 h, both the cell viability and the level of mTOR protein were significantly higher than that cultured with 5-HT or PRL alone. In conclusion, our study suggested that 5-HT promotes the viability of MAC-T cells by 5-HTR 1B and/or 4. Furthermore, there is a reciprocal relationship between PRL and 5-HT.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 1993

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) has been known to have peripheral actions as well as central actions. Recently physiological roles of 5-HT as a central neurotransmitter have been studied in detail and this is a subject of the present study. Plausible central actions mediated by 5-HT receptor seem to be a control of appetite, bring about psychiatric disorders such as anxiety or dementia, and migraine headache. In this study, thirty-five medicinal plants were tested for their antagonistic activities to 5-HT mediated actions. Through the preliminary screening, methanol extracts of three medicinal plants (Saussureae Radix, Sanguisorbae Radix and Xanthii Fructus) were shown to possess relatively specific antagonistic activities to 5-HT mediated ileal contraction over acetylcholine. To luther investigate the central antagonistic activities of the selected plant in vivo, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) which is known to be a 5-H $T_{1c}$ receptor agonist was injected to mouse to induce an anxious and/or hypolocomotion states, and also social interaction test, which was based on the method described by File (S.E. File, 1980), was performed to see whether ethylacetate fraction of Sanguisorbae Radix methanol extract possessed a specific anxiolytic activity.y.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.464-472
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• 2022

The present study was designed to investigate the antiproliferative activity and molecular mechanisms of Bibimbap in HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells. Bibimbap extract inhibited the proliferation of HT-29 cells by 50% at a concentration of 10.1±0.17 mg/mL for 48 h. The population of live cells decreased slightly, and the morphology changed with a reduction in cell volume (pyknosis) with Bibimbap. Treatment with 5 mg/mL of Bibimbap resulted in slight cell shrinkage. Furthermore, as the Bibimbap dose increased to 10 mg/mL, these characteristics were more evident, and HT-29 cells exhibited partial detachment by staining with the DNA-binding dye Hoechst 33342. Flow cytometric analysis by Annexin V and PI double staining showed that Bibimbap increased the levels of apoptosis. Analysis of the mechanism of these events showed that Bibimbap-treated cells exhibited a mitochondria-dependent apoptotic pathway through the modulation of caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, and poly-ADP ribose polymerase, as well as Bax and Bcl-2 expression in dose- and time-dependent manners. Consequently, Bibimbap exerts a significant antiproliferative effect on HT-29 human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.495-499
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• 2013

A novel series of aryl sulfonylpiperazine derivatives (5-15) were synthesized as 5-$HT_6$ ligands. In vitro assay was evaluated by measuring the 5-HT-induced $Ca^{2+}$ increases using HeLa cell line expressing the cloned human 5-$HT_6$ receptor, and the compound 13 showed potent 5-$HT_6$ receptor antagonistic effect with $IC_{50}$ value of 3.9 ${\mu}M$. Compound 13 also showed good selectivity on the 5-$HT_6$ over 5-$HT_4$ and 5-$HT_7$ receptors.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.605-611
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• 2016

Ketamine is an anesthetic with hypertensive effects, which make it useful for patients at risk of shock. However, previous ex vivo studies reported vasodilatory actions of ketamine in isolated arteries. In this study, we reexamined the effects of ketamine on arterial tones in the presence and absence of physiological concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) by measuring the isometric tension of endothelium-denuded rat mesenteric arterial rings. Ketamine little affected the resting tone of control mesenteric arterial rings, but, in the presence of 5-HT (100~200 nM), ketamine ($10{\sim}100{\mu}M$) markedly contracted the arterial rings. Ketamine did not contract arterial rings in the presence of NE (10 nM), indicating that the vasoconstrictive action of ketamine is 5-HT-dependent. The concentration-response curves (CRCs) of 5-HT were clearly shifted to the left in the presence of ketamine ($30{\mu}M$), whereas the CRCs of NE were little affected by ketamine. The left shift of the 5-HT CRCs caused by ketamine was reversed with ketanserin, a competitive 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptor inhibitor, indicating that ketamine facilitated the activation of 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptors. Anpirtoline and BW723C86, selective agonists of 5-$HT_{1B}$ and 5-$HT_{2B}$ receptors, respectively, did not contract arterial rings in the absence or presence of ketamine. These results indicate that ketamine specifically enhances 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptor-mediated vasoconstriction and that it is vasoconstrictive in a clinical setting. The facilitative action of ketamine on 5-$HT_{2A}$ receptors should be considered in ketamine-induced hypertension as well as in the pathogenesis of diseases such as schizophrenia, wherein experimental animal models are frequently generated using ketamine.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.229-246
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• 2008

Objectives : Acupoints of LR1(Dadun)${\cdot}$HT9(Shaochong), KI10(Yingu)${\cdot}$HT3(Shaohai) are used as controlling the diseases from heart problems. Especially, when they are used, tonification or sedation techniques method is taken as a controlling the medication for an early stroke in the Korean medicine. So the aim of this study is to investigate the anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of Acupuncture techniques of tonification or sedation at LR1${\cdot}$HT9, KI10${\cdot}$HT3 on the focal ischemia induced by intraluminal filament insertion in rats. Materials and Methods : The focal ischemia was induced by intraluminal filament insertion into middle cerebral artery. The animals were divided into five groups (n=7 in each group) : Control group, no therapy group after ischemia induced; AT-1; acupuncture therapy group at LR1${\cdot}$HT9, KI10${\cdot}$HT3 after ischemia-induced. AT-2; acupuncture therapy at right LR1, HT9(forward direction), KI10${\cdot}$HT3(opposite direction) inserting to the direction of route of the each meridian. AT3; acupuncture therapy at right LR1, HT9(twirling forward with the thumb of right hand 9 times), KI10${\cdot}$HT3(twirling forward with the forefinger of right hand 6 times) AT-4; acupuncture therapy at right LR1, HT9(forward direction, twirling forward with the thumb of right hand 9 times), KI10${\cdot}$HT3(opposite direction, twirling forward with the forefinger of right hand 6 times) inserting to the direction of route of the each meridian. The anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects of Acupuncture techniques of tonification or sedation at LR1, HT9, KI10${\cdot}$HT3 were observed by Bax, Bcl-2, mGluR5, Cytochrome c, Cresyl violet and ChAT-stain. Results : The intensity of Bax and Bax/Bcl-2 ratio were increased in ACU-2 and ACU-4 group but decreased in ACU-3 group. The intensity of mGluR5 was increased in ACU-1, ACU-2, ACU-3 and ACU-4 group. The intensity of cytochrome c was decreased in ACU-3 and ACU-4 group. The density of neurons stained by Cresyl violet and ChAT were increased in ACU-1, ACU-3 and ACU-4 group. Conclusions : Our study suggests that acupuncture therapy of tonification at LR1, HT9 by twirling forward with the thumb of right hand 9times, sedation at KI10${\cdot}$HT3 by twirling forward with the forefinger of right hand 6 times after perpendicularly inserting needle shows anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective effects on cholinergic neuron in focal cerebral ischemia of the stroke in rats.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.141-144
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• 1995

Serotonergic neurons in brainstem play important roles in the endogenous descending pain inhibitory system. To illucidate the involvement of glutamate receptors in the regulation of brainstem serotonergic neurons, we studied the effects of glutamate receptor agonists on 5-hydroxytryptamine(5-HT) release from cultured neurons of rat fetal (gestational age 14th day) brainstem. Cultured cells maintained for 10 days in vitro were stimulated for 30 minutes with agonists of glutamate receptor subtypes at 10-1,000 micromolar concentration. Glutamate (10-1,000 M) increased 5-HT release in a concentration-dependent manner. N-methyl-D-aspartic acid $(NMDA)(10-1,000\;{\mu}M)$ increased 5-HT release in a concentration-dependent manner. Non-NMDA receptor agonists, kainate and $AMPA(3-1,000\;{\mu}M)$ also concentration-dependently increased 5-HT release. These results suggest that both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors regulate 5-HT release from brainstem serotonergic neurons.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 1988

In clinical practice, creatinine clearance(Ccr) remains the most commonly used laboratory assessment of glomerular function despite methodological and technical problems of urine collection. Schwartz et al. in 1976, reported that an accurate estimate of glomerular filtration rate(GFR) could be obtained from the simple determinations of plasma creatinine(Pcr) and body length(L) : GFR($m{\ell}/min/1.73m^2$=k L(cm)/Pcr(mg/$100m{\ell}$), (k=constant). The subject of this study were ill children admitted to our pediatric department from July, 1985 to June, 1987 and they were divided into three groups; group I, from 1 to 5 years old, group II, from 6 to 10 years old, group III. from 11 to 15 years old. The results were as following ; 1) Measured creatinine clearance($Ccr_M$, $m{\ell}/min/1.73m^2$) were $109.73{\pm}9.97$ in group I, $108.26{\pm}9.02$ in group II, $96.20{\pm}4.72$ in group III and $105.48{\pm}5.23$ in all age group. 2) Measured k($k_M$) obtained from $Ccr_M=k$ Ht/Pcr were $0.49{\pm}0.03$ in group I, $0.48{\pm}0.02$ in group II, $0.43{\pm}0.02$ in group III, and $0.47{\pm}0.02$ in all age group.(Ht ; height) 3) Linear equations and correlation coefficients between Ht/Pcr(x) and Ccr(y) were y=0.822x-65.63(r=0.99) in group I, y=0.61x-23.46(r=0.72) in group II, y=0.18x+54.44(r=0.54) in group III and y=0.58x-22.13(r=0.81) in all age group. 4) $Ccr_E$ was again estiamted from linear equations between Ht/Pcr and $Ccr_M$ and $k_E$ was calculated with Ht/Pcr and $Ccr_E$ were $0.48{\pm}0.01$ in group I, $0.49{\pm}0.01$in group II, $0.43{\pm}0.01$ in group III and $0.47{\pm}0.00$ in all age group. 5) Consistant values of $k_E$ and $k_M$ were highly significant as 95~97.5% in group I and II, 90~95% in group III and 97.5~99% in all age group. In summary, we could estimate GFR with height, plasma creatinine and measured k($k_M$) according to the age in easy and rapid way.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.447-456
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• 1994

In order to elucidate the characterization of receptors involved in inestinal motility of Israeli carp, spontaneously contracting Israeli carp intestinal preperations were prepared and mounted in the organ chambers for contraction traicings using a polygraph. Various contractile agonists were treated and their dose-response curves were constructed. $EC_{50}$ values$(pD_2)$ of each agonist on specific receptors, $pA_2$ values of competitive antagonists against some agonists, and $K_1$, values of noncompetitive antagonists against some agonists were analyzed for characterization of receptors related with the intestinal contraction. Results obtained through the experiments were summarized as follows: 1. Acetylcholine(ACh) exhibited biphasic dose-response curves: initial ACh-induced dose dependent contractions were observed in pM levels but followed by decreased response in in-between concentration levels. Dose dependent contractions reappeared in ${\mu}M$ level. The peaks in pM and ${\mu}M$ levels appeared in $10^{-13}M$ and $3{\times}10^{-5}M$, respectvely. 2. Carbachol(CaCh) exhibited dose dependent contractions from $10^{-9}M$ to $10^{-5}M$, and its $pD_2$ values were higher than those of ACh($5.60{\pm}0.11$). ACh and CaCh exhibited equiactive contractions. Nicotine had no effects on contractile responses of Israeli carp intestine. 3. ACh-induced responses were inhibited by atropine($K_1:7{\times}10^{-8}M$), a muscarinic antagonist, in a non-competitive manner. But CaCh-induced responses were inhibited by both antimuscarinic atropine($pA_2:9.52{\pm}0.14$) and selective $M_2$ antagonistic 4-DAMP($pA_2:8.16{\pm}0.09$), in competitive manners. Nicotine receptor antagonistic decamethonium and hexamethonium had no effects on ACh-and CaCh-induced contractions. Therefore, the cholinergic receptor related to intestinal motility of Israeli carp was assumed as $M_2$ type. 4. In Israeli carp intestine, 5-HT (serotonin) exhibited dose dependent contractions in concentration range from $10^{-8}M$ to $10^{-5}M$. The maximal responses, however, were corresponded to about 50% of those of ACh or CaCh. 5-HT induced contractions were inhibited by $5-HT_2$ antagonistic ketanserin ($K_1: 7.8{\times}10^{-4}M$) in a non-competitive manner, but not by both of anti $5-HT_1$, spiperone and anti $5-HT_3$, MDL-72222. Hence, $5-HT_2$ receptors are suggested to be existed in Isreli carp intestine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.1 no.6
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• pp.657-664
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• 1997

The effects of adenosine, adenosine A1 receptor antagonist (DPCPX), or NMDA receptor antagonist (APV) on the spontaneous release of $[^3H]-5-hydroxytryptamine$ ($[^3H]-5-HT$) during normoxic/normoglycemic or hypoxic/hypoglycemic period were studied in the rat hippocampal slices. The hippocampus was obtained from the rat brain and sliced $400\;{\mu}m$ thickness with the tissue slicer. After 30 min's preincubation in the normal buffer, the slices were incubated for 30 min in a buffer containing $[^3H]-5-HT$ ($0.1\;{\mu}M,\;74{\mu}Ci/8\;ml$) for uptake, and washed. To measure the release of $[^3H]-5-HT$ into the buffer, the incubation medium was drained off and refilled every ten minutes through sequence of 14 tubes. Induction of glucose/oxygen deprivation (GOD; medium depleting glucose and gassed with 95% $N_2/5%\;CO_2$) was done in 6th and 7th tube. The radioactivities in each buffer and the tissue were counted using liquid scintillation counter and the results were expressed as a percentage of the total radioactivities. When slices were exposed to GOD for 20 mins, the spontaneous release of $[^3H]-5-HT$ was markedly increased and this increase of $[^3H]-5-HT$ release was blocked by adenosine ($10\;{\mu}M$) or DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV; $30\;{\mu}M$). Adenosine $A_1$ receptor specific antagonist, 8-cyclopentyl-1,3-dipropylxanthine (DPCPX) exacerbate GOD-induced increase of spontaneous release of $[^3H]-5-HT$. These results suggest that Adenosine may play a role in the GOD-induced spontaneous release of $[^3H]-5-HT$ through adenosine $A_1$ receptor activity.