• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1.1-15
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• 1997

The purposes of this study were to identify the household's financial status by life cycle stage and no analyze contributing factors to financial planning for retirement preparation among Korean marred couples. For these purpose, 2074 married couples those being under 55 and having either single earner or dual earners were selected, and total sample was divided into three stages; young-aged(＜35), middle-aged(35-44) & old-aged(45-54). Statistics were frequencies, means, percentile, and logistic analysis. The results were as follows. First, old-aged had higher level of total income, total expenditure and total assets than either young-aged or middle-aged. In addition, households those holding private pensions were likely to have higher total income, total expenditure and total assets than those owning no private pension. while middle-aged had a highest total debts. Second, gini coefficients of total income and total expenditure between three aged groups were similar, but old-aged had the highest gini coefficient of total assets and total debts. In particular, gini coefficients of total assets and total debts of households those having no private pension were greater than those holding private pensions. third, contributing factors to private pension ownership of young-aged were family & household-related factor and financial factor, middle-aged's factors were household head's characteristics and financial factor. Also, old-aged's factors were household head's characteristics, family & household-related factor and financial factor.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2024

Objectives: This study used secondary data from the 2021 Community Health Survey to identify the impact of dysphagia on mental health-related characteristics among older adults, selecting 73,970 individuals aged 65 years and older. Methods: Frequency analysis, χ²-test, and multiple logistic regression were conducted to identify risk factors affecting mental health-related characteristics among older adults. Results: Dysphagia was most common among individuals with the following demographic characteristics: female, aged 85 years and older, three-generation household and household income in the 1st quintile. Chewing discomfort according to mental health-related characteristics was higher in older adults with cognitive impairment and depression. Sex, age, education level, household income, and chewing discomfort were significant for cognitive impairment, whereas sex, age, household type, education level, household income, and chewing discomfort were significant for depression. Conclusions: The above results confirmed that chewing discomfort contributes to mental health issues such as cognitive impairment and depression. It is therefore necessary to recognize chewing discomfort as an important health problem affecting the mental health of older adults, and to develop a multifaceted dental hygiene approach to target community-dwelling older adults who suffer from chewing discomfort.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.660-672
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dietary habit and nutritional status by household income in female adults, using data from the $4^{th}$ Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2007~2009). Subjects were 8,356 women over the age of 20 years. The subjects were classified into 4 groups by household income level. Dietary data from 24 hr recall methods were used to analyze nutritional status. The obesity rate of the low income group was significantly higher than the rates of other income groups. Additionally, the nutritional status of the low income group was worse than those of other groups. The percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake was higher and food security status was lower in the low income group than in other groups. Awareness and adherence to dietary guidelines were also lower in the low income group. Adherence to a dietary guideline of 'avoiding salty foods and trying to eat foods with bland taste' and 'eating a variety of foods from each food group' were lower than those of other groups. However, the frequency of skipping breakfast among the low income group was lower than that of others. Therefore, this study suggested that low income women should decrease the percentage of carbohydrate in total energy intake and adhere to dietary guidelines, especially those of avoiding salty foods and eating a variety of food groups, in order to improve their nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.463-478
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• 2012

This study investigated the health and nutritional characteristics according to household income level and obesity in Koreans aged over 50 years based on the 2005 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Subjects were classified into 3 groups by average household income with reference to the minimum monthly living expenses (MLE): low (n = 319, < 100% MLE), middle (n = 222, < 200% MLE), high (n = 411, ${\geq}$ 200% MLE) and each group was compared by BMI index. With increasing income level, the prevalence of systolic hypertension and hyperlipidemia was increased. In the low income group, serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and fasting glucose were higher in the obese compared with the normal. In the middle and high income groups, the prevalence of hyperlipidemia and diastolic hypertension were higher in the obese. Subjects had nutritional imbalance, such as inadequate intake of calcium and potassium. With increasing income level, the percentages of protein and fat to total calorie were increased in addition to the intakes and density of nutrients. The obese in the low income group had higher intakes of energy, protein, phosphorus and higher consumption frequency of cereals and potatoes compared with the normal. It was shown that the obese of the middle and high income groups tended to have lower consumption frequency of Korean cabbage and higher frequency of fruits. The obese of high income group also had binge drinking habit. Therefore, this study suggests that specific approaches based on economic status should be considered in developing nutrition education program for the elderly.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1990

Rapid industrialization has induced the migration of rural people to urban areas. Such migration has created enlarged the existing low income group. Residents of low income area have increased health risk owing to their poor living environment, low income. overwork and inappropriate health care. The general objective of this study was to group the pattern of medical care utilization of low income group. The specific objectives were to identify disease prevalence and medical care utilization of low income group. To meet the objectives of this study, household interview method was applied. A total of 1845 households in 5 areas such as Bongchon 5th Dong, Bongchon 2nd Dong, Sanggae 5th Dong, Sanggae 4th Dong, and Shinrim 7th Dong were visited and interviewed by field team during the period from April 19 to May 3. 1989. The major findings obtained from the information collected were as follows : The Number of room per household used was one to two rooms. The employment state of the head of household disclosed that 88.6% had a job and the remaining 11.4% were unemployed. The average monthly income was 502,770won. however, 30% of the total income was less than 300,000 won in Bongchon 5th dong area. and 34.5% in Shinrim 7th Dong area. 41.3% of households had debts, which was consisted of household expense(33.4%), income formulation(22.7%) and medical care cost(15.9%) etc. Prevalence rate of diseases during the preceding 30days before the date of the household interview was 387.7 per 1000 persons. The prevalence rate of female was higher than that of male. 8.9% of the sick persons wasn't receiving any medical treatment, and the main reasons of which were lack of economic availability(43.3%) and feeling of non treatment needed(33.7%). According to the study results it was found that the prevalence rate of chroic diseases and the disabled in low income resident areas was higher than that in the other areas. Therefore, the health status of this group should be improved through PHC approaches. In addition. in order to prevent the diseases and promote the health of those people, the health center as well as health subcenter should be strengthened.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.53-74
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• 2016

In this study, to verify influence that economic situations of a household unit have on donation behavior, after economic situations of a household unit were measured with income and assets by type and income to assets, effect which each variable has on secular giving was verified. This study used 3-year panel data of a total of 4,938 households based on the fifth to seventh year data as investigation data from 2012 to 2014 among data of financial panel investigation of Korea Institute of Public Finance of National Survey of Tax and Benefit. As an analysis method, a random effect tobit model was used. At the analysis result, it appeared that as scales of financial assets, earned income, property income, and transfer income become larger, the amount of donation increased. Also, it was represented that rates of income to assets had negative influence on secular giving. In case of demographic variables, education levels of householders and sizes of houses had relation of a positive direction. In case of ages, it appeared that they had inverted U-type relation. This study has meanings in that understanding of donation behavior of a household unit can be increased and expanded more and also implications related to intervention strategies of a household unit to expand sharing culture can be extracted by verifying influence which economic factors of a household unit have on donation behavior based on panel data.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.278-287
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diet plays an important role in growth and development of children. However, dietary intakes of children living in either rural or urban areas can be influenced by household income. This cross-sectional study examined energy, nutrient and food group intakes of 749 urban children (1-10 years old) by household income status. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Children's dietary intakes were obtained using food recall and record for two days. Diet adequacy was assessed based on recommended intakes of energy and nutrients and food group servings. RESULTS: For toddlers, all nutrients except dietary fiber (5.5 g) exceeded recommended intakes. Among older children (preschoolers and school children), calcium (548 mg, 435 mg) and dietary fiber (7.4 g, 9.4 g) did not meet recommendations while percentage of energy from total fat and saturated fats exceeded 30% and 10%, respectively. The mean sodium intakes of preschoolers (1,684 mg) and school children (2,000 mg) were relatively high. Toddlers in all income groups had similar energy and nutrient intakes and percentages meeting the recommended intakes. However, low income older children had lowest intakes of energy (P < 0.05) and most nutrients (P < 0.05) and highest proportions that did not meet recommended energy and nutrient intakes. For all food groups, except milk and dairy products, all age groups had mean intakes below the recommended servings. Compared to middle and high income groups, low income preschoolers had the lowest mean intake of fruits (0.07 serving), meat/poultry (0.78 serving) and milk/dairy products (1.14 serving) while low income toddlers and school children had the least mean intake of fruits (0.09 serving) and milk/dairy products (0.54 serving), respectively. CONCLUSION: Low socioeconomic status, as indicated by low household income, could limit access to adequate diets, particularly for older children. Parents and caregivers may need dietary guidance to ensure adequate quantity and quality of home food supply and foster healthy eating habits in children.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2010

The objective of this paper is to analyze expenditure structures and impact factors of household's transportation cost in order to provide policy-maker with quantitative and economic information for reducing household's transportation costs, using 1995-2007 household survey data. For this purpose, this study performed various economic analysis, including econometric regression analysis and income re-distributional effects. The four models were separately estimated with dependent variable (personal and public costs, public transit and private car costs) and independent variables (family, employ, age, education, cars, household income, region dummy variable). In addition, We analyzes impacts of transport policy instruments on the transportation expenditure. These instruments include changes of oil price and public transit fare, reform of public transport system, and extension of subway facilities. Finally, income re-distributional effects before and after transportation expenditure, using Pechman-Okner (PO) index and Wolfson index.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 2014

This study examined housing costs and housing affordability of young college graduate renters in the Capital Region of Korea using microdata of the 2012 Korea Housing Survey (KHS). A licensed microdata set of 2012 KHS was obtained on September 29, 2012 from the official KHS Website and analyzed statistically. I selected 93,795 young college graduate renters between 20 and 29 years of age in the Capital Region and compared their housing costs across income levels and tenure type. Major findings were as follows: (1) Jeon-se deposit was on average 3.1 times the annual household income and monthly renters' deposit was 7.1 times the monthly household income; (2) households in higher income groups tended to pay a larger deposit and/or monthly rent; however, households with a lower income were found to pay a greater proportion of income to housing costs than households with a relatively higher income; (3) a total of 64% of all young college graduate renters had housing cost burdens to pay 30% or more of their income for housing, and more than 78% of the low-income households were found burdened; and (4) after housing cost payments, low-income households had less than one million KRW left to spend on other needs and savings; in addition, some low-to mid-income households had zero or even minus income left after housing cost payments.

• The Korean Journal of Health Service Management
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.143-151
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to analyze the socio-economic factors, the factors affecting the private insurance, utilizing Korea National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey 2011. Findings of the study can be summarized as follows. First, participants with private insurance are young, high monthly income, low prevalence of chronic illness. Second, participants with private insurance and chronic illness were young and high monthly income. Third, Average monthly household income, the higher the age is younger. Private insurance and national health insurance was higher subscription rate. Consequently, participants with private insurance and uninsured of the major differences is the age and the average monthly income. Elderly, low income are needed health promotion and disease prevention for expanded medicare, welfare policies.