• Anxiety and mood
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 2011

Objectives : The aim of this study was to investigate Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)-related symptom severity, level of functional impairment and personality profiles between full-blown PTSD, partial PTSD and non-PTSD groups among 59 adolescent survivals from the Incheon fire disaster. Method : Using Short Screening Scale for DSM-IV PTSD, victims of the disaster were assigned to a full-blown PTSD group (n=18), a partial PTSD (n=22), or a non-PTSD group (n=19). Assessments included the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), the Impact of Event Scales (IES), the McBride's Degree of General Labor Loss, and the Korean Version of Temperament and Character Inventory (K-TCI). Results : Significantly severe PTSD symptoms (F=4.832, df=2, p<.05) and functional impairment (F=12.144, df=2, p<.01) were demonstrated by PTSD groups as compared to the non-PTSD group. Interestingly, full and partial PTSD did not differ in these comparisons. Similarly, the subtypes of PTSD did not differ with respect to personality profiles using the K-TCI ; however, personality profiles were sharply differentiated between the PTSD and non-PTSD group. Conclusion : Although high subject homogeneity and small sample size may limit the results of this study, the present results highlight the possibility of the underestimation as well as the insufficient, treatment and compensation of partial vs full PTSD.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2003

This study tried to evaluate the difference of stress degree by Sasang constitution and lifestyle for workplace labors, and suggested the preventive oriental medicine approaches in occupational health area. 479 data for research were collected through the process of oriental health examination with questionnaire in workplace, and collected data were analyzed with frequency, crosstab, and Two-Way ANOVA. The results were as follows: 1) All subjects, total 479 were men, and constitutional distributions were 39.2% of Taeumin, 32.4% of Soumin, and 28.4% of Soyangin. The distributions of stress score were 13.2% of normal group, 13.4% of high risk group, and 73.5% of potential risk group. 2) There were no statistically significant differences for stress by constitution(p=0.085). By the results of optimal scaling and homogeneity analysis, Soyangin was close to potential risk group compared to other constitution, and Soumin and Taeumin were close to high risk and normal group, respectively. 3) For the difference of stress score by Sasang constitution and lifestyle, Soumin who exercised nearly everyday had the highest stress score with interaction in Factor 4 area(p<0.05), and there was no interaction in other area. 4) For the difference of PWI score by lifestyle, there were statistically significant differences for drinking(p<0.01), smoking(p<0.01), and obesity index(p<0.01)

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2731-2737
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• 2013

Background: This study evaluated the validity and reliability of applying the Katz's Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale in an Iranian sample of elderly oncologic patients following initial cancer treatment. Materials and Methods: The scale was translated with the forward-backward procedure to give an Iranian version. The ADL scale was then applied in a random sample of 400 oncologic patients aged 60 and older following initial cancer treatment. Assessment of the scale stability was twice, with a 14-days (two weeks) interval, to 30 (of the 400) eligible elderly cancer patients in March 2012. To measure treatment effects, the index was run with 150 patients in a three month recall, following oncology processing. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis was performed for assessment of construct validity of the Katz's ADL. Reliability was measured with internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha co-efficient), and test/retest (Spearman's r value) of the instrument. Criterion validity was evaluated by comparing the Katz with Physical Function (PF) subscale of SF 36. Known-group validity was approved by comparing of Katz' ADL between quartile groups of PF subscale of SF 36. Results: In our study the ADL demonstrated a high degree of internal homogeneity (Cronbach's alpha 0.923). There was a high correlation between scores of two time measurement of Katz's ADL (p value of two- related- samples test was 0.3). Construct validity showed a correlation coefficient of 0.572 between the ADL and PF scores. In factor analysis, 2 factors were extracted. Evidence for the reliability of the questionnaire was good and known group validity was approved by significant differences of ADL score between quartiles of the PF subscale of SF36. Conclusions: The results suggest that the Iranian version of ADL applied for oncologic older adult patients following initial cancer treatment is a reliable and a valid clinical instrument and comparable to those reported in other studies.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.65-73
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• 2019

Purpose: We evaluated the motion-induced dosimetric effects on the field-in-field (FIF) technique for whole-breast irradiation (WBI) using actual patient organ motion data obtained from cine electronic portal imaging device (cine EPID) images during treatment. Materials and Methods: Ten breast cancer patients who received WBI after breast-conserving surgery were selected. The static FIF (SFIF) plan involved the application of two parallel opposing tangential and boost FIFs. To obtain the amplitude of the internal organ motion during treatment, cine EPID images were acquired five times for each patient. The outside contour of the breast (OCB) and chest wall (CW) contour were tracked using in-house motion analysis software. Intrafractional organ motion was analyzed. The dynamic FIF (DFIF) reflecting intrafractional organ motion incorporated into the SFIF plan was calculated and compared with the SFIF in terms of the dose homogeneity index (DHI_90/10) for the target and V₂₀ for the ipsilateral lung. Results: The average motion amplitudes along the X and Y directions were 1.84±1.09 mm and 0.69±0.50 mm for OCB and 1.88±1.07 mm and 1.66±1.49 mm for CW, respectively. The maximum motion amplitudes along the X and Y directions were 5.53 and 2.08 mm for OCB and 5.22 and 6.79 mm for CW, respectively. Significant differences in DHI_90/10 values were observed between SFIF and DFIF (0.94 vs 0.95, P<0.05) in statistical analysis. The average V₂₀ for the lung in the DFIF was slightly higher than that of the SFIF in statistical analysis (19.21 vs 19.00, P<0.05). Conclusion: Our findings indicate that the FIF technique can form a safe and effective treatment method for WBI. Regular monitoring using cine EPID images can be effective in reducing motion-induced dosimetric errors.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.38
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• pp.309-335
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to classify welfare regimes using the method of qualitative comparative analysis(QCA). By formalizing the logic of qualitative analysis, QCA makes it possible to bring the logic and empirical intensity of qualitative approaches to studies that normally call for the use of quantitative methods. In QCA each case is conceived holistically, as a configuration of conditions, not a collection of scores on variables. Major findings of this study are as follows. Firstly, major explanations for welfare state differences are partly supported. Indicators relevant to each explanation can appear to be important only if other causal conditions are considered. For example, in the interventionist welfare states, high GDP per capita must be combined with the weakness of the Right and ethnic homogeneity. Otherwise, it can't discern interventionist from liberalist welfare states. Secondly, the equation for the interventionist welfare states includes multiple causal conjunctures. Many studies of welfare state find the same results. The third main finding is that IDV(individualism index) which is proxy for the weakness of informal network matters. Combining with other variables, IDV seems to be important in explaining the emergence of Confucian welfare states.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.288-297
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• 2014

Dynamic conformal arc therapy (DCAT) and flattening-filter-free (FFF) beams are commonly adopted for efficient conformal dose delivery in stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). Off-axis geometry (OAG) may be necessary to obtain full gantry rotation without collision, which has been shown to be beneficial for peripheral targets using flattened beams. In this study dose distributions in OAG using FFF were evaluated and the effect of mechanical rotation induced uncertainty was investigated. For the lateral target, OAG evaluation, sphere targets (2, 4, and 6 cm diameter) were placed at three locations (central axis, 3 cm off-axis, and 6 cm off-axis) in a representative patient CT set. For each target, DCAT plans under the same objective were obtained for 6X, 6FFF, 10X, and 10FFF. The parameters used to evaluate the quality of the plans were homogeneity index (HI), conformality indices (CI), and beam on time (BOT). Next, the mechanical rotation induced uncertainty was evaluated using five SBRT patient plans that were randomly selected from a group of patients with laterally located tumors. For each of the five cases, a plan was generated using OAG and CAG with the same prescription and coverage. Each was replanned to account for one degree collimator/couch rotation errors during delivery. Prescription isodose coverage, CI, and lung dose were evaluated. HI and CI values for the lateral target, OAG evaluation were similar for flattened and unflattened beams; however, 6FFF provided slightly better values than 10FFF in OAG. For all plans the HI and CI were acceptable with the maximum difference between flattened and unflattend beams being 0.1. FFF beams showed better conformality than flattened beams for low doses and small targets. Variation due to rotational error for isodose coverage, CI, and lung dose was generally smaller for CAG compared to OAG, with some of these comparisons reaching statistical significance. However, the variations in dose distributions for either treatment technique were small and may not be clinically significant. FFF beams showed acceptable dose distributions in OAG. Although 10FFF provides more dramatic BOT reduction, it generally provides less favorable dosimetric indices compared to 6FFF in OAG. Mechanical uncertainty in collimator and couch rotation had an increased effect for OAG compared to CAG; however, the variations in dose distributions for either treatment technique were minimal.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.6
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• pp.717-724
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• 2001

This study was conducted in an attempt to quantify some traits that may be involved in the reproductive process of Pinus thunbergii. During the past 6 years (1995-2000), we surveyed flowering patterns of 60 P. thunbergii clones in a seed orchard which was established in Anmyon-do, 1979. From this survey, we estimated clonal contributions of male and female flowers and sexual asymmetry. Among 60 clones, 18 clones (30%) accounted for 0.37 (1999)~0.46 (1995) of clonal contribution in female flowers and 0.44 (1999)~0.57 (1995) of clonal contribution in male flowers. As compared with the previous reports in other pine species, more clones made contributions to reproductive process in P. thunbergii seed orchard. The relative effective population numbers for females (v♀) varied from 0.59 (1995) to 0.91 (1999) and those for males ( v♂) were between 0.56 (1995) and 0.83 (1998) at gamete level. This showed that the female gametes effectively contribute to the reproductive process more than did the male gametes. The relative effective population numbers at clonal level ($v_b$) were in the range of 0.72 (1995) and 0.93 (1999). More than 73% of the total clones showed values of 0.4~0.6 ($0.5{\pm}0.1$) in maleness index. The values averaged over all the clones were temporally variable with the range of 73% in 1996 and 100% in 2000. The degree of sexual asymmetry ($A_s$) ranged from 0.09 to 0.26. These values were relatively low when compared with those of other trees, suggesting that P. thunbergii seed orchard remains a high level of homogeneity in the number of male and female. All of the various types of effective population numbers were positively correlated with each other while they were negatively correlated with the degree of sexual asymmetry.

• 한국체육학회지인문사회과학편
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.405-419
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• 2018

This study of the Wholeness Program relevant to dementia behavior and verification of buffering effects. For the purpose of this, among those who were attending Day Care Centers belonging to Seniors Welfare Center of M1 and M2 located in Seoul. Among those who met all these requirements, 40 senior citizens were finally selected. After carrying out a preliminary test to the selected subjects, 20 elderly of Seniors Welfare Center of M1 were randomly placed as an experimental group, while other 20 people of Seniors Welfare Center of M2, as a control group. The Wholeness Program relevant to dementia behavior was carried out from March 14 to May 30 of 2016, for 12 weeks, twice a week. As for the measurement tool, this study depended on the Korean version of Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE-K), the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI) and the Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-K). While the elderly were participating in the Wholeness Program relevant to dementia behavior, they were measured two times in total, before and after the participation in dementia behavior. Based on SPSS-PC (version 21.0), firstly, independent t-test was carried out to understand the homogeneity between the experimental group and the control group. Secondly, matched-pair t-test was carried out between preliminary test and post-test to inquire into the effects of MMSE-K, K-MBI and GDS-K. Thirdly, ANOVA was conducted to confirm the variation (change amount) between preliminary test and post-test. According to the survey results, the Wholeness Program relevant to dementia behavior of the elderly shows overall effects in all spheres of changes of cognitive ability (MMSE-K), changes of physical capacity (K-MBI) and changes of depression level (GDS-K).

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.32
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• pp.61-71
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• 2020

Purpose: To investigate the effect of collimator angle on plan quality of PAN-Pelvis Multi-isocenter VMAT plan, dose reproducibility at the junction and impact on set-up error at the junction. Material and method: 10 adult patients with whole pelvis cancer including PAN were selected for the study. Using Trubeam STx equipped with HD MLC, we changed the collimator angle to 20°, 30°, and 45° except 10° which was the default collimator angle in the Eclipse(version 13.7) and all other treatment conditions were set to be the same for each patient and four plans were established also. To evaluate these plans, PTV coverage, coverage index(CVI) and homogeneity index (HI) were compared and clinical indicators for each treatment sites in normal tissues were analyzed. To evaluate dose reproducibility at the junction, the absolute dose was measured using a Falmer type ionization chamber and dose changes at the junction were evaluated by moving the position of the isocenter in and out 1~3mm and setting up the virtual volume at the junction. Result: CVI mean value was PTV-45 0.985±0.004, PTV-55 0.998±0.003 at 45° and HI mean value was PTV-45 1.140±0.074, and PTV-55 1.031±0.074 at 45° which were closest to 1. V20Gy of the kidneys decreased by 9.66% and average dose of bladder and V30 decreased by 1.88% and 2.16% at 45° compared to 10° for the critical organs. The dose value at the junction of the plan and the actual measured were within 0.3% and within tolerance. At the junction, due to set-up error the maximum dose increased to 14.56%, 9.88%, 8.03%, and 7.05%, at 10°, 20°, 30°, 45°, and the minimum dose decreased to 13.18%, 10.91%, 8.42%, and 4.53%, at 10°, 20°, 30°, 45° Conclusion: In terms of CVI, HI of PTV and critical organ protection, overall improved values were shown as the collimator angle increased. The impact on set-up error at the junction by collimator angle decreased as the angle increased and it will help improve the anxiety about the set up error. In conclusion, the collimator angle should be recognized as a factor that can affect the quality of the multi-isocenter VMAT plan and the dose at the junction, and be careful in setting the collimator angle in the treatment plan.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.37-48
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• 2017

Purpose: The most basic conditions of radiation therapy is to prevent unnecessary exposure of normal tissue. The risk factors that are important o evaluate the dose emitted to the lung and heart from radiation therapy for breast cancer. Therefore, comparing the dose factors of a normal tissue according to the radion treatment position and Seeking an effective radiation treatment for breast cancer through the analysis of the correlation relationship. Materials and Methods: Computed tomography was conducted among 30 patients with left breast cancer in supine and prone position. Eclipse Treatment Planning System (Ver.11) was established by computerized treatment planning. Using the DVH compared the incident dose to normal tissue by position. Based on the result, Using the SPSS (ver.18) analyzed the dose in each normal tissue factors and Through the correlation analysis between variables, independent sample test examined the association. Finally The HI, CI value were compared Using the MIRADA RTx (ver. ad 1.6) in the supine, prone position Results: The results of computerized treatment planning of breast cancer in the supine position were V20, $16.5{\pm}2.6%$ and V30, $13.8{\pm}2.2%$ and Mean dose, $779.1{\pm}135.9cGy$ (absolute value). In the prone position it showed in the order $3.1{\pm}2.2%$, $1.8{\pm}1.7%$, $241.4{\pm}138.3cGy$. The prone position showed overall a lower dose. The average radiation dose 537.7 cGy less was exposured. In the case of heart, it showed that V30, $8.1{\pm}2.6%$ and $5.1{\pm}2.5%$, Mean dose, $594.9{\pm}225.3$ and $408{\pm}183.6cGy$ in the order supine, prone position. Results of statistical analysis, Cronbach's Alpha value of reliability analysis index is 0.563. The results of the correlation analysis between variables, position and dose factors of lung is about 0.89 or more, Which means a high correlation. For the heart, on the other hand it is less correlated to V30 (0.488), mean dose (0.418). Finally The results of independent samples t-test, position and dose factors of lung and heart were significantly higher in both the confidence level of 99 %. Conclusion: Radiation therapy is currently being developed state-of-the-art linear accelerator and a variety of treatment plan technology. The basic premise of the development think normal tissue protection around PTV. Of course, if you treat a breast cancer patient is in the prone position it take a lot of time and reproducibility of set-up problems. Nevertheless, As shown in the experiment results it is possible to reduce the dose to enter the lungs and the heart from the prone position. In conclusion, if a sufficient treatment time in the prone position and place correct confirmation will be more effective when the radiation treatment to patient.