• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1159-1163
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• 2008

Data of 42 balance measurements from dry and lactating Holstein cows and blood and urine samples from 24 Japanese Black cows were collected to evaluate the potential for predicting urinary nitrogen (N) excretion from plasma urea nitrogen (PUN). Similar positive correlations were obtained between N intake and apparent N absorption in dry and lactating cows. The regression equations of N intake on urinary N excretion varied in dry and lactating cows, and the difference of urinary N excretion between dry and lactating cows was due to the N secretion into milk. Highly positive correlations were observed between urinary N contents and urinary urea N in Japanese Black cows, and urinary urea N increased with increasing PUN. There were positive correlations between N intake and PUN in dry and lactating cows, but PUN and urinary N excretion in lactating cows were higher than in dry cows. There were positive correlations between PUN and urinary N excretion per BW in dry and lactating cows. Although urinary N excretion could be calculated as (N clearance rate of kidneys)PUNBW, high N clearance rate of kidneys, such as 2.08 L/d/kg BW, may be suitable to calculate urinary N excretion in lactating cows, compared with 1.33 L/d/kg BW in dry cows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.658-664
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine a proper feeding regime for lactating Holstein cows during the warm season in Taiwan. In Feeding Trial, 21 lactating Holstein cows were randomly allotted into three feeding regimes in a Completely Randomized Design. The feeding regimes were roughage fed ad libitum along with concentrate fed either twice daily (2C) or four times daily (4C), and total mixed ration (TMR) for 8 weeks. No significant differences among the three feeding regimes were found in body weight changes, and intakes in terms of dry matter, crude protein and net energy. For milk yield and 4% FCM yield, 4C were higher than the other two feeding regimes (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in milk compositions or differences noted in the yields of the respective milk components. TMR was worse than 2C and 4C (p<0.05) in milk production efficiencies in terms of dry matter intake per kg milk yield, crude protein intake per kg milk protein yield, as well as dry matter intake, net energy intake and crude protein intake per kg 4% FCM yield. Three ruminally fistulated Holstein dry cows were randomly assigned into the same three feeding regimes in a 3${\times}$3 Latin Square Design. No significant differences were found among the feeding regimes in ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, total VFA concentration, molar percentages of VFA, and acetic acid: propionic acid ratio (C$_2$/C$_3$). Taken all together, roughage fed ad libitum and concentrate fed four times daily was the better feeding regime for lactating cows during the warm season in Taiwan.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2009

NRC (2001)의 권장량만큼 건물섭취 및 영양소 공급량을 제한하였을 경우의 착유우의 영양소 섭취균형 및 생산성을 제한하지 않았을 경우와 비교 조사하였다. Basal TMR을 무제한 급여한 대조구와 제한 급여한 시험구의 유생산량은 각각 27.5 kg/일/두, 28.1 kg/일/두로 시험구가 높은 경향을 나타내었고, 4% FCM과 FPCM 생산량은 각각 28.0 kg/일/두, 27.8kg/일/두로 대조구의 26.1 kg/일/두, 26.4 kg/일/두 보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으나 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 대조구의 실제 건물섭취량은 23.8 kg/일/두로 시험구의 22.7 kg/일/두 보다 많이 섭취하였고, 대조구의 실제 건물섭취량은 NRC (2001)의 건물섭취 권장량보다 많이 섭취하는 것으로 나타났다(P<0.01). NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구의 $NE_L$ 실제섭취량은 36.2 Mcal/일/두로 시험구의 34.9 Mcal/일/두 보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구와 시험구의 $NE_L$ 실제섭취량은 NRC (2001)의 $NE_L$ 섭취권장량 보다 모두 높게 나타났다(P<0.001). NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구의 MP 실제섭취량은 2308 g/일/두로 시험구의 2224 g/일/두 보다 높은 경향을 나타내었으며, NRC (2001)로 추정한 대조구와 시험구의 MP 실제섭취량은 NRC(2001)의 MP 섭취권장량 보다 모두 높게 나타났으나 통계적 유의차는 나타나지 않았다. 이러한 본 실험의 결과에서 판단해 볼 때 농후사료 급여 비율이 높은 착유우에 있어서 건물섭취 및 영양소 섭취량을 무제한으로 허용하는 것은 오히려 사료의 이용효율을 감소시키는 것으로 예측되며, 따라서 유생산을 위한 영양소 이용 효율 역시 감소시키는 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권2호
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• pp.163-168
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• 2003

본 연구는 하절기 홀스타인 젖소의 행동과 체온(내서성)에 관하여 환경효과를 추정하기 위하여 1999년 7월 6일부터 13일까지 수행하였다. 행동지수를 조사하기 위하여 Holstein 젖소 77두를 공시하였으며 사양은 NRC 사양표준에 의거 농후사료와 옥수수 사일리지 위주로 관리하였다. 체온은 스탄촌에 계류된 상태에서 오후 1시부터 3시 사이에 직장내 온도를 측정하였으며 이때 기온은 $29.0^{\circ}C$ 이었다. 건유 및 착유 상태, 산차에 따라 체온이 달랐으나(p<0.01), 행동지수에 대하여 착유우와 건유우는 오전 9시부터 정오까지, 오후 1시부터 4시까지는 차이가 없었다. 착유우의 직장내 체온은 39.0${\pm}0.03^{\circ}C$으로서 건유우의 체온(38.6 ${\pm}0.04^{\circ}C$)보다 높았다. 오후 1-4시까지는 3산차 이하의 개체들이 4산차 이상의 개체들에 비하여 행동지수가 높았고, 산차의 증가에 따라 감소하는 경향이었다. 우유 성분과 체온과의 상관에 대하여 유당을 제외한 지방, 단백질, 무지고형분율 및 총고형분 등과는 부의 표현형 상관을 나타내었다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.567-574
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• 2021

Objective: In this study we investigated the effect of seasonal thermal stress on milk production and milk compositions between Holstein and Jersey dairy cows under the temperate-climate in Korea. Methods: A total of 9 Holstein lactating dairy cows (2.0±0.11 parity) which had a daily milk yield of 29.77±0.45 kg, and days in milk of 111.2±10.29 were selected similarly at the beginning of the experiments in each season. Also, a total of 9 Jersey lactating dairy cows (1.7±0.12 parity) which had a daily milk yield of 20.01±0.43 kg, and days in milk of 114.0±9.74 were selected similarly at the beginning of the experiments. Results: Results showed that the average ambient temperature (℃) and temperature-humidity index (THI) were higher in summer, and were lower in winter (p<0.05). The average relative humidity (RH, %) was higher in autumn than that of other seasons (p<0.05). Milk production was significantly decreased (Holstein 29.02 kg/d and Jersey 19.75 kg/d) in autumn than in other seasons (Holstein 30.14 kg/d and Jersey 20.96 kg/d). However, the milk production was negatively correlated in Holstein cows, and positively correlated in Jersey cows with THI values increased from 16 to 80. In addition, milk yield was increased by 15% in Holstein cows and decreased by 11% in Jersey cows with the THI values increased from 16 to 20. The fat and protein content percentage was significantly higher in Jersey milk than in Holstein milk, furthermore the fat and protein content yield was higher in Jersey cow milk than that of Holstein cow's milk with all THIs. Conclusion: From the study results, we concluded that Jersey cows might be less adaptable to low temperature of the winter, and this would have a negative impact on dairy farmer income since Korea's milk price estimation system places a higher value on milk yield than on milk compositions or sanitary grades.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.293-298
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• 1990

Pathogen infections or mastitis inflammations usually develop differently on each udder of lactating cow. Although healthy udders will be attacked by the mastitis pathogens or the pathogens from blood in a long term, they would not be always inflamed. Somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk, which is utilized as an index of mastitis diagnosis, and the relation among SCC and milk constituents will have to be examined on each udder individually. Twelve cows of a Holstein cow herd in Nasu Research Station, which were suffering clinical or non-clinical mastitis, were selected, and SCC and milk constituents on each udder milk were measured. The effects of mastitis infection on udder milk components were relatively small except lactose content on udder milks of non-clinical mastitis (SCC< $10.0{\times}10^5$ per ml milk). On udder milks of clinical mastitis, however, high negative correlations were recognized between SCC and milk components. On different sampling days, high contents of fat and protein corresponded to that of total solids.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권12호
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• pp.1721-1726
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• 2005

The characteristic smell of cow milk was suppressed when herbs were consumed by lactating dairy cows. But it is unclear whether or not peppermint ingestion affects the nutritional and milk production parameters in lactating dairy cows. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of peppermint feeding to lactating dairy cows on nutrient digestibility, energy metabolism, ruminal fermentation and milk production. Eight Holstein cows were given a diet supplemented with or without 5% of dried peppermint per diet on a dry matter basis. The digestion of nutrients from cows fed the diet with peppermint was significantly lower than that of the control group. Energy loss as methane and methane released from cows receiving the peppermint treatment was significantly lower than that in the control cows. Peppermint feeding to cows resulted in the promotion of thermogenesis. However, ruminal fermentation and milk production were not affected by peppermint feeding. In conclusion, peppermint ingestion by lactating dairy cows reduces the nutrient digestibility and methanogenesis, and changes energy metabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.40-46
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• 2018

Objective: To examine the effects of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (R. sphaeroides) supplementation as a direct-fed microbial (DFM) on rumen fermentation in dairy cows and on coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) transition into milk, an in vitro rumen simulation batch culture and an in vivo dairy cow experiment were conducted. Methods: The characteristics of in vitro ruminal fermentation were investigated using rumen fluids from six cannulated Holstein dairy cows at 2 h post-afternoon feeding. A control treatment was included in the experiments based on a typified total mixed ration (TMR) for lactating dairy cows, which was identical to the one used in the in vivo study, plus R. sphaeroides at 0.1%, 0.3%, and 0.5% TMR dry matter. The in vivo study employed six ruminally cannulated lactating Holstein cows randomly allotted to either the control TMR (C-TMR) treatment or to a diet supplemented with a 0.5% R. sphaeroides culture (S-TMR, dry matter basis) ad libitum. The presence of R. sphaeroides was verified using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) applied to the bacterial samples obtained from the in vivo study. The concentration of CoQ10 in milk and in the supernatant from the in vitro study was determined using high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The results of the in vitro batch culture and DGGE showed that the concentration of CoQ10 significantly increased after 2 h of R. sphaeroides supplementation above 0.1%. When supplemented to the diet of lactating cows at the level of 0.5%, R. sphaeroides did not present any adverse effect on dry matter intake and milk yield. However, the concentration of CoQ10 in milk dramatically increased, with treated cows producing 70.9% more CoQ10 than control cows. Conclusion: The CoQ10 concentration in milk increased via the use of a novel DFM, and R. sphaeroides might be used for producing value-added milk and dairy products in the future.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2010

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of polyurethane coated urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation, ammonia release dynamics and lactating performance of Holstein dairy cows fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet. In Exp. 1, a dual-flow continuous culture was run to investigate the effect of polyurethane coated urea on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial efficiency. Three treatment diets with isonitrogenous contents (13.0% CP) were prepared: i) feedgrade urea (FGU) diet; ii) polyurethane coated urea (PCU) diet; and iii) isolated soy protein (ISP) diet. Each of the diets consisted of 40% steam-flaked corn meal, 58.5% forages and 1.5% different sources of nitrogen. PCU and FGU diets had significantly lower digestibility of NDF and ADF (p<0.01) than the ISP diet. Nitrogen source had no significant effect (p = 0.62) on CP digestibility. The microbial efficiency (expressed as grams of microbial N/kg organic matter truly digested (OMTD)) in vitro of the PCU diet (13.0 g N/kg OMTD) was significantly higher than the FGU diet (11.3 g N/kg OMTD), but comparable with the ISP diet (14.7 g N/kg OMTD). Exp. 2, an in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment, was conducted to determine the ammonia release dynamics during an 8 h ruminal fermentation. Three treatment diets were based on steam-flaked corn diets commonly fed to lactating cows in China, in which FGU, PCU or soybean meal (SBM) was added to provide 10% of total dietary N. In vitro $NH_3-N$ concentrations were lower (p<0.05) for the PCU diet than the FGU diet, but similar to that for the SBM diet at all time points. In Exp. 3, a lactation trial was performed using 24 lactating Holstein cows to compare the lactating performance and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations when cows were fed PCU, FGU and SBM diets. Cows consuming the PCU diet had approximately 12.8% more (p = 0.02) dietary dry matter intake than those consuming the FGU diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had higher milk protein content (3.16% vs. 2.94%) and lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration (13.0 mg/dl vs. 14.4 mg/dl) than those fed the FGU diet. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was significantly lower for cows fed the PCU (16.7 mg/dl) and SBM (16.4 mg/dl) diets than the FGU (18.7 mg/dl) diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had less surplus ruminal N than those fed the FGU diet and produced a comparable lactation performance to the SBM diet, suggesting that polyurethane coated urea can partially substitute soybean meal in the dairy cow diet without impairing lactation performance.

• 대한수의사회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.19-24
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• 1988

약 2개월간에 걸친 치료에도 불구하고 식욕부진, 심박수증가, 파상열의 임상증상을 되풀이한 한 젖소에 대해 각종 임상진단검사를 실사하였다. 혈액학적 검사에서는 PCV치의 저하, 백혈구의 해좌방이동, 혈청단백분화에서는 albumin치의 저하, $\gamma$-globulin치의 증가 그리고 A/G비의 저하를 보였다. 심장에 대한 초음파검사를 실시한 결과, 우심방내에 이물의 존재를 관찰할 수 있었으며 부검소견에서 유형의 증식물로 확인되었다. 심음도에서 고음역의 I 음발생전에 특이한 심내잡음을 청취할 수 있었으며, 심전도에서는 T파의 증고, ST의 상승, 심박수의 증가를 인정할 수 있었다. 일차임상소견, 혈액학적검사 그리고 심음, 심전도소견으로는 본 증예우에 대한 확정진단이 어려웠으나, 초음파진단에 의해 우심방증식성 심내막염으로 확정진단할 수 있었다.