• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.205-212
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• 1997

Forty-five holstein calves (average liveweight 150kg) were used to investigate the effect of combination of tall fescue and white clover cultivars on liveweight gain and feed efficiency into animal product in pastures. Daily gains per head for 3 years in T1, T2 and T3 (TI : Fawn, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T2 : Roa, tall fescue + Regal, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass, T3 : Roa, tall fescue + Tahora, white clover + orchardgrass + perennial ryegrass) were 0.27, 0.37 and 0.35kg, respectively, while average daily weight gains per ha were 3.54, 4.47 and 4.43kg, respectively. Animals grazing on mixed pasture with Roa tall fescue and Regal or Tahora white clover were showed a higher liveweight gain than those grazed on pastures with Fawn tall fescue and Regal h i t e clover. There was no significant difference among treatments (TI = 5.0kg T2 = 4.8kg T3 = 4.9kg) in herbage intake but feed efficiency into animal product was showed higher in T2 and T3 in comparison with T1(7.9% in T2 and 8.0% in T3 vs 5.97% in TI). In conclusion, association with Roa tall fescue and Regal white clover in mixed pasture can obtain higher animal product under continuous grazing system than that with Fawn tall fescue and Regal white clover.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.113-120
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• 1989

In order to determine the sex of preimplantation embryos prior to transfer in cattle, a series of experiments were carried out using 45 Holstein donor cows to examine the ovarian response on the gonadotropin and PGF2${\alpha}$, and the morphology of fresh embryos or frozen/thawed embryos after deep freezing at -196$^{\circ}C$. The sexing of embryos treated with the medium containing H-Y antiserum(10%, v/v) and FITC anti-mouse IgG(10%, v/v) were analysed by chromosomal analysis, and the sex of the embryos which survived were ascertain after delivering the pups. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The average number of developed follicle and corpus luteum per cow were 13.5 and 8.1, and the ovalation rate was 60.1%. 2. Of 220-ova recovered, 75(34.1%) were morula and 91(41.4%) were blastocyst, and the morphological normal and abnormal rate of ova recovered were 75.5% and 24.5%, respectively. 3. Of 39 frozen/thawed embryos, the scores of normal morula and blastocyst, after thawing were 79.2%(19/24) and 73.3%(11/15). The average rate of frozen/thawed embryos which appeared morphologically normal post thawing was 76.9%(30/39). 4. The sex ratio was measured using the embryos treated with immunofluorescence assay to examine the relationship between embryo developmental stage, sex ratio of morula stage embryo was 42.2%(19/45) fluorescing and 57.8%(26/45) non-fluorescing, on the other hand, the ratio switched to 46.8%(29/62) fluorescing and 53.2%(33/62) non-fluorescing embryo in blastocyst stage. The sex ratio was also measured between fresh and frozen/thawed embryos, fresh and frozen/thawed treated embryos were indicated 45.8%(38/83) fluorescing, 54.2%(45/83) non-fluorescing and 41.7%(10/24) fluorescing, 58.3%(14/24) non-fluorescing. This trend indicated the approximal sex ratio was 1 : 1. 5. The result of karyotype test showed the successful rate of sexing embryo is fluorescing and non-fluorescing was 21.2%(7/33) and 29.6%(8/27). The female to male ratio within 33 fluorescing was 28.6 : 71.4, and the ratio of 27 non-fluorescing embryos was 87.7 : 12.5. 6. Of the embryo transferred after assignment of H-Y phenotype, five of the fluorescing embryos survived to term, all was males. Whereas six non-fluorescing embryos also survived to term and the sexes of the calves were 1 male 5 female.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1440-1444
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• 2005

To determine the effects of short-term dietary supplementation of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) during nursing (from 3 to 28 days of age) on plasma BCAA levels and subsequent growths in cattle, 12 nursing male Holstein calves, randomly assigned to control and treatment groups (n = 6 in each group), orally received a daily supplement of essential BCAAs (2 g/kg body weight/day; 1:1:1 of valine, leucine and isoleucine) or not. The plasma BCAA levels increased linearly after the administration. During the treatment period, average daily gain (ADG) was lower in the treatment group (0.43${\pm}$0.07 kg/day) than the controls (0.71${\pm}$0.07 kg/day, p<0.05). However, at 2 months of age, ADG was significantly higher in the BCAA-treated group (1.16${\pm}$0.26 kg/day vs. 0.51${\pm}$0.06 kg/day, p<0.05). Furthermore, at age 8, 9 and 10 month, ADG in the treated group (1.35${\pm}$0.23, 1.46${\pm}$0.07 and 1.60${\pm}$0.16 kg/day, respectively) showed a linear increase and was significantly higher than that in the control group (0.88${\pm}$0.14, 0.70${\pm}$0.21 and 1.11${\pm}$0.11 kg/kg, respectively, p<0.05). Overall, ADG was 15.6% higher in the treatment group (1.26${\pm}$0.05 kg vs. 1.09${\pm}$0.04 kg; p<0.05). The final body weight at slaughter was 14.8% higher in the treatment group (759.5${\pm}$17.7 kg vs. 661.7${\pm}$21.2 kg, p<0.01). Thus, the supplementation of BCAAs during nursing improves ADG and carcass weight in cattle and is a useful husbandry technique for beef cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.66-74
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• 2008

Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of replacing a conventional concentrate with mixed cassava (Manihot esculenta) foliage and legume (Phaseolus calcaratus) foliage. In Exp. 1, three rumen fistulated crossbred cows were used for in sacco rumen degradability studies. In vitro gas production was also studied. In Exp. 2, 11 crossbred F2 heifers (Red Sindhi$\times$Holstein Friesian), with initial live weight of $129{\pm}6kg$ and aged six months, were allocated in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) to evaluate a mixture (ratio 3:1) of cassava and legume foliage (CA-LE feed) as a protein source compared to a traditional concentrate feed (Control) in diets based on fresh elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and urea treated rice straw ad libitum. The Control feed was replaced by the CA-LE feed at levels of 0% (Control), 40% (CA-LE40), and 60% (CA-LE60) based on dry matter (DM). The in sacco degradation of CA-LE feed was higher than Control feed (p<0.05). After 48 h incubation the degradation of CA-LE feed and Control feed was 73% vs. 58% of DM and 83% vs. 65% of CP, respectively. The gas production of CA-LE feed was also significantly higher than of Control feed during the first 12 h of incubation. The results of the performance study (Exp. 2) showed that the level of CA-LE feed in the concentrate had no effect on total dry matter intake (p>0.05), but live weight gains (LWG) in CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 were significantly higher (551 and 609 g/d, respectively) than in the Control group (281 g/d). The intake of CP was higher (p<0.05) for the treatments CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 (556 and 590 g/d, respectively) compared to that of Control (458 g/d), while there was no significant difference in ME intake. The feed conversion ratio was 16.8, 9.0 and 7.9 kg DM/kg LWG in Control, CA-LE40 and CA-LE60, respectively. The feed cost of CA-LE40 and CA-LE60 corresponded to 43% and 35%, respectively, of the feed cost of Control feed. The best results were found when CA-LE feed replaced 60% of DM in Control feed and considerably decreased feed cost. It is concluded that feeding cassava foliage in combination with Phaseolus calcaratus legume as a protein supplement could be a potentially valuable strategy which leads to reduced feed costs and a more sustainable system in smallholder dairy production in Vietnam.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2012

본 연구는 2005년에서 2009년까지 수집된 150,624개의 국내 젖소 산유능력 검정자료를 사용하여 두 가지 동기우 그룹 정의에 따른 산차, 체세포 점수가 305일로 보정된 유량, 유지방량, 유단백량, 무지고형분량에 미치는 효과와, 유량 및 유성분 간 상관관계에 변화가 나타나는가를 보고자 실시하였다. 첫 번째 동기우 그룹은 동일농장과 출생년도, 계절로 정의하였고, 두 번째는 농장과 분만년도, 계절을 동기우 그룹으로 정의하였다. 동기우 그룹을 출생년도로 구성하였을 때 동기우 그룹과 산차 및 체세포 점수가 유량과 고도의 유의성을 보였고, 유단백질량, 무지고형분량, 유지방량에 대해서도 유의적인 차이를 보였다. 동기우 그룹을 분만년도로 하였을 때에도 유량에 대한 체세포점수 및 산차 효과가 고도의 유의성을 보였고, 유단백질량, 유지방과 무지고형분량에 대해서도 고도의 유의성을 보였다. 출생년도를 사용한 모델에서 생산형질간 표현형상관을 본 결과 유량과 유단백량, 유지방, 무지고형분량은 고도의 정의 상관이 나타났으나, 유량과 체세포 점수 간에는 -0.09의 상관을 나타냈다. 분만년도를 동기우 그룹으로 사용한 모델에서의 표현형상관을 보면 유량과 유단백질 및 유지방간에 출생년도를 사용한 모델과 거의 비슷한 정의 상관을 보였고, 유량과 체세포간에는 -0.10, 유단백질, 유지방, 무지고형분량과 체세포간에는 각각 -0.08, -0.08, -0.11의 상관을 보였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.433-449
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• 1992

Total CPK activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions of the sera and tissues were examined to obtain the physiological basic data of ruminant available in veterinary clinical practice. For the sera total CPK activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions, total 39 clinically healthy Korean native goats (3 to 10 months old, IS of female and 18 of male) and 6 of Korean native goats (1 to 2 years old, 3 of female and 3 of male) were used. Seventeen Korean native cattle (3 to 6 years old, 10 of female and 7 of male) and 27 Holstein-Friesian cattle (2 to 8 months old, 7 of female and 3 to 12 years old, 20 of female) were also examined for the sera total CPK activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions. For the total CPK activities and CPK isoenzyme fractions, 3 of female Korean native goats (7 months old), 3 of female Korean native cattle (2 years old) and 3 of dairy cattle (2 years old, 2 of female and 1 of male) were used. The tissues examined were the cerebrum (2 of Korean native cattle), spinal cord (1 of Korean native cattle), heart, lung, diaphragm, reticulum, liver, spleen, kidney, jejunum. colon and femoral muscle. The results obtained were as follows : 1. In Korean native goats less than 1-year-old. serum total CPK activities were 67.8${\pm}$17.7(39.0~96.5) IU/$\ell$ in female and 63.4${\pm}$19.0(28.7~94.4) IU/$\ell$ in male. Further they were 67.0${\pm}$5.3(59.5~70.7) IU/$\ell$ and 54.5${\pm}$11.1(39.1~69.4) IU/$\ell$ in female and male Korean native goats over 1-year-old, respectively. Serum total CPK activities of female were slightly higher than those of male. Significance between age and sex was not found. 2. Serum total CPK activities were 56.8${\pm}$19.7(27.6~90.5) IU/$\ell$ and 65.6${\pm}$10.8(52.8~78.0) IU/$\ell$ in female and male Korean native adult cattle, respectively, Serum total CPK activities of male were slightly higher than those of female, but they were not significant 3. Serum total CPK activities we,e 72.5${\pm}$8.2(57.2~83.2) IU/$\ell$ and 60.8${\pm}$12.5(42.7~80.6) IU/$\ell$ in calves and adult of dairy acttle, respectively. Serum total CPK activities of calves were significantly higher than those of adult(p<0.05). 4. In Korean native goats less than 1-year-old, serum CPK isoenzymes fractions were high with decreasing order of MM>MB>BB and MM>BB>MB in female and male, respectively. Further they were high with decreasing order of MM>MB>BB and MM>B8>MB in female and male Korean native goats over 1-year-old, respectively. The main fractions of CPK isoenzymes were MM in sera of Korean native goats. 5. Serum CPK Isoenzyme fractions were high with decreasing order of MM>MB>BB In both female and male of Korean native cattle. The main fraction among them was MM. 6. Serum CPK isoenzymes fractions were high with decreasing order of MM>BB>MB in both calves and adult of dairy cattle. The main fraction among them was MM. 7. Total CPK activities were high with decreasing order of the femoral muscle>kidney>reticulum>diaphragm>liver>spleen>heart>colon>lung>jejunum in Korean native goats. 8. Total CPK activities were high with decreasing order of the spinal cord >cerebrum>femoral muscle>reticulum>kidney>liver>spleen>diaphragm>lung>colon>heart>jejunum in Korean native cattle. 9. Total CPK activities were high with decreasing order. of the femoral muscle >liver>retoculum>kidney>heart>colon>lung>spleen>jejunum>diaphrasm in dairy cattle. 10. The pattern of the cardiac CPK isoenzymes fractions was identical in Korean native goats, Korean native cattle and dairy cattle. They were high in the order of MM>MB without BB fractions and the main fraction was MM. 11. The pattern of the pulmonary CPK isoenzymes fractions was the same Korean native goats, Korean native cattle and dairy cattle. They were high with decreasing order of MM>MB>BB and the main fraction among them was MM. 12. The pattern of CPK isoenzymes fractions of the diaphragm was Identical in Korean native goats and Korean native cattle. They were high with decreasing order of MM >BB >MB except dairy cattle (MM>MB>BB) but the main fraction among them was MM. 13. The pattern of the reticular CPK isoenzymes fractions was identical in Korean native cattle and dairy cattle. They were high with decreasing order of BB >MM >MB except Korean native goats(BB>MB>MM) but the main, fraction among them was BB 14. The pattern of the hepatic CPK isoenzymrs fractions was identical in Korean native cattle and dairy cattle. They were high with decreasing order of MB >BB >MM except Korean native goats(MB>MM>BB)but the main fraction was MB. 15. The splenic CPK isoenzymes fractions showed different pattern. They were high with decreasing order of MB>BB>MM, MM>BB>MB and BB>MB>MM in Korean native goats, Korean native cattle and dairy cattle, respectively. The main fraction among them was different from each other. 16. The pattern of the renal CPK isoenzymes fractions was identical in Korean native cattle and dairy cattle. They were high with decreasing order of MM >MB>BB except Korean native goats(BB>MB>MM). 17. The CPK isoenzymes fractions of the Jejunums showed different pattern. They were high with decreasing order MM>MB>BB, MM>BB>MB and BB>MM>MB in Korean native goats, Korean native cattle and dairy cattle, respectively. The main fractions were MM In Korean native goats and Korean native cattle, and BB in dairy cattle. 18. The colonic CPK isoenzymes fractions showed different pattern. They were high with decreasing order of MM>MB>BB, MM>BB>MB and BB>rrfB>MM in Korean native goats, Korean native cattle and dairy cattle, respectively. The main fractions were MM in Korean native goats and Korean . native cattle, and BB in dairy cattle. 19. The cerebral CPK isoenzymes fractions were high with decreasing order of BB >MM without MB detected in Korean native cattle and those of spinal cord were high with decreasing order of BB >MM >MB. The main fractions in both cerebrum and spinal cord were BB.