• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.13-23
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• 1985

Spraying method from the paddy-field levee is known to give insufficient penetration of the spray droplets to the rice stem of the densely grown plants, which is generally encountered at the last stage of rice growth. This study was intended to investigate the spraying system to solve this existing problem. As an approach, it was attempted to develop the boom-with-nozzle, between-the-row application system. Several types of nozzles and their different arrangements in the boom were tested in the field to measure the penetration-reaching distance and the uniformity of spray droplet distribution. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. Field experiments by the spraying method from the paddy-field levee showed to have practically no penetration of the spray droplets to the portion of the plant stem with the normal flow volume generally applied and thus need for improving present spraying method. 2. It was found that, considering both the uniformity of the spray droplet distribution and performance rate, the most efficient type of nozzle in the between-the-row boom-type spraying system was one that has core-insert hollow-cone with some clearance between the cone and tip. 3. When tested by applying the spraying method of between-the-row, the nozzle pressure did not affect the uniformity of spray droplet distribution. However, the nozzle pressure had a positive effect on the penetrating-reaching distance of the facing side of the rice stem and did not affect much on that of the opposite face of the stem. It was also found that the maximum pressure to affect the penetration-reaching distance was about $10kg/cm^2$. 4. The uniformity of the spray droplet distribution in the between-the-row system was greatly affected by the height and orientation of the nozzles in the boom. Based on experimental work for the different type of the boom-with-nozzle arrangements, it is recommended that the position of nozzle is set at about 0.45 m above the ground and two nozzles in the boom are oriented to be faced with each other with some angle such that the droplet stream from the nozzle would not directly face with each other.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.41-51
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• 2016

Friction generated from balls and grooves incurs temperature rise in the ballscrew system. Thermal deformation due to the heat degrades positioning accuracy of the feed drive system. To compensate for the thermal error, accurate prediction of the temperature distribution is required first. In this paper, to predict the temperature distribution according to the rotational speed, solid and hollow cylinders are applied for analysis of the ballscrew shaft and nut, respectively. Boundary conditions such as the convective heat transfer coefficient, friction torque, and thermal contact conductance (TCC) between balls and grooves are formulated according to operating and fabrication conditions of the ballscrew. Explicit FDM (finite difference method) is studied for development of a temperature prediction simulator. Its effectiveness is verified through numerical analysis.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.680-683
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• 2010

Nano carbon balls (NCBs), activated carbons (ACs) and their mixture (new carbon mixtures, NCMs) were used to reduce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from the automobile felt. The optimum analytical method to measure the trace amount of the VOCs, including formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, has been established by utilizing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC). The levels of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde released from newly produced felt were in the ranges of 0.3~6.0 ppm and 0.2~3.0 ppm, respectively. After 14 days of aging at the room temperature, however, their levels were still in the ranges of 0.2~0.5 ppm and 0.2~0.4 ppm, respectively. By applying NCMs of 2 wt% to the automobile felt, the amount of the total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) was reduced under the chronic inhalation minimum risk level of $0.32mmmm{\mu}g/TP$.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.1800-1808
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• 2013

Dual-responsive amphiphilic block copolymers were synthesized by combining enzymatic ring-opening polymerization (eROP) of ${\varepsilon}$-caprolactone (CL) and ATRP of N,N-dimethylamino-2-ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA). The obtained block copolymers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), $^1H$ NMR and FTIR-IR. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of copolymer was determined by fluorescence spectra, it can be found that with hydrophilic block (PDMAEMA) increasing, CMC value of the polymer sample increased accordingly, and the CMC value was 0.012 mg/mL, 0.025 mg/mL and 0.037 mg/mL for $PCL_{50}$-b-$PDMAEMA_{68}$, $PCL_{50}$-b-$PDMAEMA_{89}$, $PCL_{50}$-b-$PDMAEMA_{112}$, $PCL_{50}$-b-$PDMAEMA_{89}$ was chosen as drug carrier to study in vitro release profile of anti-cancer drug (taxol). The temperature and pH dependence of the values of hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) of micelles, and self-assembly of the resulting block copolymers in water were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The result showed that with the temperature increasing and pH decreasing, the Dh decreased. Drug-loaded nanoparticles were fabricated using paclitaxel as model. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) had been explored to study the morphology of the hollow micelles and the nanoparticles, revealing well-dispersed spheres with the average diameters both around 80 nm. In vitro release kinetics of paclitaxel from the nanoparticles was also investigated in different conditions (pH and temperature, etc.), revealing that the drug release was triggered by temperature changes upon the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) at pH 7.4, and at $37^{\circ}C$ by an increase of pH.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.207-216
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• 2003

In this paper, the finite element method for the elastodynamic axisymmetric fracture analysis is presented in matrix form through the application of the Galerkin method to the time integral equations of motion with no inertia forces. Isoparametric quadratic quadrilateral element and triangular crack tip singular elements with one-quarter node are used in the mesh division of the finite element model. To show the validity and accuracy of the proposed method, the infinite elastic medium with the penny shaped crack is solved first and compared with the analytical solution and the numerical results by the finite difference method and the boundary element method existing in the published literatures, and then the dynamic stress intensity factors of solid and hollow cylinders of finite dimensions haying penny-shaped cracks and internal and external circumferential tracks are computed in detail.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.311-319
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• 2007

A Meshfree is a method used to establish algebraic equations of system for the whole problem domain without the use of a predefined mesh for the domain discretization. A point interpolation method is based on combining radial and polynomial basis functions. Involvement of radial basis functions overcomes possible singularity Furthermore, the interpolation function passes through all scattered points in an influence domain and thus shape functions are of delta function property. This makes the implementation of essential boundary conditions much easier than the meshfree methods based on the moving least-squares approximation. This study aims to investigate a stress analysis of structural element between a meshfree method and the finite element method. Examples on cantilever type plate, hollow cylinder and stress concentration problems show that the accuracy and convergence rate of the meshfree methods are high.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2020

The use of spliced reinforcing bars in sustainable concrete members to manage inadequate bars length is a common practical issue which is may be due to some limitations. The lap splicing means two bars overlapped in parallel with specified length called the splice length in order to provide the required bond between the two bars. The bond between sustainable concrete and spliced steel bars is another important issue. The normal strength sustainable concrete specimens of sizes 1700×150×150 mm with tension reinforcement lap spliced were selected according to testing device length limitations. These members were designed to fail in flexure in order to investigate the lap spliced tension bars effect. The selected lap spliced tension bars were of 10 mm size with smooth and deformed surfaces in order to investigate the surface nature accompanied with the splice nature. The sustainable concrete mechanical properties and mix workability were also studied. This study reveals that the effect of number of spliced bars on the response of beams reinforced with smooth bars is found to be more obvious than deformed one. Finite element modeling in three dimensions was carried out for the tested beams using ABAQUS software. A parametric study is carried out using finite elements on considering the following parameters, concrete compressive strength, load type and opening in cross section (hollow section) for weight reduction purposes.The laboratory and numerical results show good agreements in terms of ultimate load and deflection with an average difference of 10% and 15% in ultimate load and deflection respectively.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.951-972
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• 2015

The focus of the present study is to investigate both local and global behaviour of a precast concrete sandwich panel. The selected prototype consists of two reinforced concrete layers coupled by a system of cold-drawn steel profiles and one intermediate layer of insulating material. High-definition nonlinear finite element (FE) models, based on 3D brick and 2D interface elements, are used to assess the capacity of this technology under shear, tension and compression. Geometrical nonlinearities are accounted via large displacement-large strain formulation, whilst material nonlinearities are included, in the series of simulations, by means of Von Mises yielding criterion for steel elements and a classical total strain crack model for concrete; a bond-slip constitutive law is additionally adopted to reproduce steel profile-concrete layer interaction. First, constitutive models are calibrated on the basis of preliminary pull and pull-out tests for steel and concrete, respectively. Geometrically and materially nonlinear FE simulations are performed, in compliance with experimental tests, to validate the proposed modeling approach and characterize shear, compressive and tensile response of this system, in terms of global capacity curves and local stress/strain distributions. Based on these experimental and numerical data, the structural performance is then quantified under various loading conditions, aimed to reproduce the behaviour of this solution during production, transport, construction and service conditions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.8274-8283
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• 2015

Gas springs of the television is to control the piston speed when operating under along stroke(200~300 mm, television elevation)is possible. User by this principle is capable of elevation adjustment. First carried out a flow analysis of the piston. A piston speed adjustment technique for precise pipe type cross-section was examined. The piston structure for flow rate control and elevation action is proposed. This study is the development of a gas spring of more than 50 inch television with a large television stand. Hollow piston rod for optimal control(the outer diameter 19.9 mm, the inner diameter 13.9 mm) was injected into the nitrogen gas(0.3 mm/s) in. As a result, the flow rate the pressure drop of the piston rod as the increase was increased without any change of the external force. As a result, control of the displacement via the gas spring is possible.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.581-587
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• 2009

Fe powders with elongated and aggregated structure as heat pellet material for thermal battery applications were prepared by spray pyrolysis under various preparation conditions. The precursor powders with spherical shapes and hollow morphologies turned into Fe powders after reduction at a temperature of 615$^{\circ}C$ under 20% $H_2$/Ar gas. The powders had pure Fe crystal structures irrespective of the preparation conditions of the precursor powders in the spray pyrolysis. The morphologies and mean sizes of the Fe powders are affected by the preparation conditions of the precursor powders in the spray pyrolysis. Therefore, the ignition sensitivities and the burn rates of the heat pellets formed from the Fe powders prepared by spray pyrolysis are affected by the preparations of the precursor powders. The Fe powders prepared under the optimum preparation conditions have a BET surface area of 2.9 $m^2g^1$. The heat pellets prepared from the Fe powders with elongated and aggregated structure have a good ignition sensitivity of 1.1W and a high burn rate of 18 $cms^1$.