• 셀메드
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.36.1-36.4
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the neurobehavioural effects of the smoking of Carica papaya leaves based on ethnopharmacological information. Twenty -four rats used for the study were grouped into four groups namely; Groups 1 (Control, unexposed to any smoke) and Groups 2 - 4 (exposed to smoke from varying amount of pawpaw leaf powder). Groups 2, 3, and 4 were exposed to smoke from 6.25 g (low dose), 12.50 g (medium dose), and 18.75 g (high dose) of dry pawpaw leaves respectively in a smoking chamber twice daily for 21 one days with each exposure lasting 3 min. The spontaneous motor activities and locomotory behaviour of the animals were assessed using an open field maze and hole board maze test. The results showed that the smoking of Carica papaya leaves led to a significant (p < 0.05) increase in locomotory activities from $33.36{\pm}3.36$ (control) to $66.50{\pm}6.16$ (high dose), number of head dips (from $8.50{\pm}0.36$, to $12.83{\pm}0.87$) and rearing behaviour (from $14.83{\pm}0.74$, to $27.0{\pm}1.46$). However, the freezing durations as animals were introduced into the maze and grooming behaviour were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the treated groups. In conclusion, the increased ambulations and exploratory behaviours imply that the anxiety level is low in the treated groups compared to the control group which thus confirms that dry Carica papaya leaf may possibly contain psychoactive substance(s) that become active when smoked.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.175-181
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• 2007

Zizyphi Spinosi Semen (ZSS), a traditional Chinese folk medicine, has been used for treatment of insomnia and anxiety. This experiment was performed to investigate the anxiolytic-like effect of methanol extract of ZSS (MEZSS) in mice by using the experimental paradigms of anxiety and compared with that of a known anxiolytic, diazepam. In the elevated plus-maze test, it showed that MEZSS (100 mg/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (2.0 mg/kg, p.o.) increased the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the number of open arms entries. MEZSS (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) and diazepam (0.5 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly increased the number of head dips compared with that of control group in the hole-board test. However, MEZSS has no effect on decreasing the locomotor activity, while diazepam (2.0 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly inhibited locomotor activity. MEZSS did not decrease the strength force in the grip strength test, either. In addition, GABAergic involvements were also investigated to understand the possible mechanisms. $GABA_{A}$ receptors subunits and glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) were not over expressed, compared with that of the saline group. We also found that MEZSS did not increase chloride influx in cultured cerebellar granule cells. It is concluded that MEZSS might have anxiolytic-like effects, but these effects might not be mediated by GABAergic transmission.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제27권7호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2010

We developed a new punching system that generates pinholes expressing texts or images on a plastic plate. The pin-holed plate is used as a new glamorous display board reflecting colorful lights from the light emitting diode (LED) installed on the edge side of the plate. The four degree-of-freedom punching system was designed to make same multiple holes on four plastic plates simultaneously. For this motion, we designed a structure for a simultaneous motion of the system. For even reflection of the lights from texts or images on the board and fast production of the pin-holed boards, fast motion including precise position control is very important. We also built a PC-based integrated control system including a GUI program to help users easily design luminous texts or images on the plastic plate. Also, we conducted a performance test of the system to verify the punching speed and position control of the pin holes on the plate.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.111-116
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• 2001

A practical scheme to reduce failure of the PCB(Printed Circuit Board) of a monitor is introduced using deformed mode shape under mechanical shock. When the monitor is given critical shock loads, cracks are commonly initiated at the tip of a hole on the PCB. Accordingly, a deformed mode shape of the PCB is obtained using a FEM code to define a weak point on the PCB under mechanical shock, and then the position and direction of the hole is determined to prevent the failure at the critical mode shape. Also, the stress intensity factor around the weak point on the PCB is calculated to check the possibility of fracture by normal tensile stress. In conclusion, present research is useful to assist the practical design of components-layout on the PCB.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.476-483
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• 2010

The present study was performed to investigate the putative anxiolytic-like effects of the aqueous extract of the roots of Scrophularia buergeriana (SB-W) using elevated plus-maze (EPM) and hole-board apparatus in mice. SB-W was orally administered at doses of 50, 100, 200 or 400 mg/kg to ICR mice, 1 h before the behavioral evaluation. Control group were administered with an equal volume of saline, and positive control group with buspirone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). The administration of SB-W significantly increased the percentage of time spent in open arms and entries into the open arms of the EPM compared with saline-treated control group (P < 0.05). Futhermore, those anxiolytic-like activities of SB-W were antagonized by flumazenil (a $GABA_A$ antagonist, 10 mg/kg), but not by WAY-100635 (a 5-$HT_{1A}$ antagonist, 0.3 mg/kg). Moreover, there were no changes in the locomotor activity and myorelaxant effects in any group compared with saline-treated control group. In the hole-board test, the administration of SB-W (200 and 400 mg/kg) significantly increased the number of head-dipping compared with saline-treated control group (P < 0.05). Therefore, these findings suggest that Scrophularia buergeriana promotes the anxiolytic-like activity mediated by GABAergic nervous system in mice.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.825-831
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• 2006

As an increase of chip complexity and level of chip integration, chip input/output (I/O) pad pitches are also drastically reduced. With arrival of high complexity SoC (System on Chip) and SiP (System in Package) products, conventional horizontal type probe card showed its limitation on probing density for wafer level test. To enhance probing density, we proposed new vertical type probe card that has the $70{\mu}m$ probe needle with tungsten wire in $80{\mu}m$ micro-drilled hole in ceramic board. To minimize alignment error, micro-drilling conditions are optimized and epoxy-hardening conditions are also optimized to minimize planarity changes. To apply wafer level test for target devices (T5365 256M SDRAM), designed probe card was characterized by probe needle tension for test, contact resistance measurement, leakage current measurement and the planarity test. Compare to conventional probe card with minimum pitch of $50{\sim}125{\mu}m\;and\;2\;{\Omega}$ of average contact resistance, designed probe card showed only $22{\mu}$ of minimum pitch and $1.5{\Omega}$ of average contact resistance. And also, with the nature of vertical probing style, it showed comparably small contact scratch and it can be applied to bumping type chip test.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.63-69
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• 2019

전자부품에 대한 보드실장은 아직까지 솔더를 이용한 접합기술을 주로 이용하고 있다. 그러나, 솔더의 크? 및 피로특성으로 인한 접합부 내구한계로, 자동차 전장모듈에서는 반영구적인 접합기술인 프레스 핏(Press-fit) 접합기술 적용을 확대하고 있다. 프레스 핏 접합은 프레스 핏 금속단자를 보드내 쓰루 홀(Through hole)에 기계적으로 삽입하여 체결하는 접합기술로써, 적절한 금속단자의 소성변형으로 쓰루 홀 내부 표면접합을 밀착시킴으로써 강건한 접합을 유도한다. 본 논문에서는 보드내 쓰루 홀 크기 및 표면처리에 따른 프레스 핏 접합 특성 및 신뢰성을 솔더링과 함께 비교하기 위해, 보드 쓰루 홀 크기에 따른 삽입강도 및 삽발강도를 평가하였으며, 열충격 시험을 통한 실시간 저항변화를 통해 프레스 핏 및 솔더링 접합부의 저항변화를 관찰하였다. 또한, 각 접합부위 분석을 통한 프레스 핏 및 솔더링 접합열화를 분석하여 주요 파손모드를 고찰하고자 하였다.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.34-38
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• 2006

The hot water extract of the seeds of Vernonia anthelmintica Kuntze (Compositae) in a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight of mice, showed significant analgesic activity on the hot plate analgesic method throughout the 4 h experimental period. The hole cross scores and the climbing out scores are of lower than the control animals. The hot water extract reduced the defecation in hole board study and significantly reduces the exploratory ambulation and head dipping behaviour. The seed also showed significant depressant activity on the exploratory ambulation of the open field scores. The drug decreased the spontaneous locomotion activity on brick-chip displacement method up to 45 min and also showed the ability to lessen the amphetamine induced hyperactivity up to 20 min. But it didn't show any effect on pentobarbital induced sleeping time test. The extract reduced gastrointestinal motility.

• 로봇학회논문지
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.273-282
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate effect of robot-assisted hand rehabilitation(Amadeo(R)) on hand motor function in chronic stroke patients. This study used a single-subject experimental design with multiple baselines across individuals. Three chronic stroke survivors with mild to sever motor impairment took part in study. Each participants had 2 weeks interval of starting intervention. Participants received robot-assisted therapy(45min/session. 3session/wk for 6wks). Finger active range of motion(AROM) was assessed by Range of Assessment program in Amadeo(R), and test-retest reliability was verified using Pearson correlation analysis. To investigate effect of Amadeo(R), finger AROM was measured immediately after each sessions and Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Upper extremity, Motor Activity Log, Nine hole peg board test and Jebsen-Taylor hand motor function test were assessed at pre-post intervention. Results were analyzed by visual analysis and comparison of pre-post tests. The test-retest reliability of Range of Assessment was good(r=.99). After robot-assisted therapy, finger AROM of participant 1, 2, and 3 was respectively improved by 18%, 3.6%, and 6% each. Hand motor function of participant 1, 3 was improved on all four tests, but not effect in participant 2. Robot-assisted hand rehabilitation could improve finger AROM and effect on hand motor function in chronic stroke patients.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.448-451
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• 2008

Picrorhiza kurrooa Royle. is a well known medicinal plant among the indigenous medical practitioners of India. Present study is the first time to report the activity on the central nervous system. Preliminary study of the hot water extract showed significant depressant activity on the hole board test as evidenced from the ambulation and head dipping scores. The extract showed better activity compared to diazepam on the duration of pentobarbital induced sleeping time.