• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.93-101
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• 1987

용접부(鎔接部)에서 잔류응력(殘留應力)은 용접열(鎔接熱)에 의한 국부(局部) 가열(加熱)과 불규칙적(不規則的)이고 비교적(比較的) 급속(急速)한 냉각(冷却)으로 유발(誘發)되는 열응력(熱應力)과 구조물(構造物)의 강성(剛性) 및 재료(材料) 등에 의하여 발생(發生)되며, 잔류응력(殘留應力)의 존재(存在)는 취성파괴강도(脆性破壞强度), 피로강도(疲勞强度), 좌굴강도(挫屈强度), 진동특성(振動特性), 부식저항(腐蝕抵抗) 등에 영향(影響)을 미치는 궁극적(窮極的) 요인(要因)으로 간주(看做)됨으로 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 구조물(構造物)의 강도(强度)를 저하(低下)시키고 기능(機能)에 악영향(惡影響)을 끼치는 잔류응력(殘留應力)의 기구학적(機構學的) 특성(特性)을 파악(把握)하기 위하여 SWS 58 강판(鋼板)을 X홈 용접(鎔接)하여 이것을 4단계(段階) 즉 $350^{\circ}C$, $500^{\circ}C$, $650^{\circ}C$, $800^{\circ}C$로 열처리(熱處理)하여 hole drilling method를 사용(使用)하여 잔류응력(殘留應力)을 측정(測定)한 결과(結果), 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 잔류응력(殘留應力)을 제거(除去)시키는 가장 효과적(效果的)인 온도(溫度)는 $650^{\circ}C$ 정도(程度)이었고, 구멍의 직경(直經)이 구멍의 깊이와 일치할 때 구멍바로 근처(近處)의 소성변형(塑性變形)은 완전(完全)히 해방(解放)되었으며, 경도시험(硬度試驗)을 통(通)해 열처리(熱處理) 후(後) 열영향부(熱影響部)의 높은 경도(硬度)가 모두 삭감(削減)되는 것을 알 수 있었으며 또한 잔류응력(殘留應力)에 끼치는 용접입열(鎔接入熱)의 영향(影響)은 입열량(入熱量)의 표준(標準)보다 1/4 이상(以上), 이하(以下)인 경우 잔류응력(殘留應力)은 용접입열(鎔接入熱)에 큰 영향(影響)이 없음을 알았다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.238-246
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• 1998

Surface residual stresses as well as wall thickness and ovality changes after U-bending process on UNS N06690 row-1 heat exchanger tubes, were estimated. Surface residual stresses were measured by Hole Drilling Method(HDM), calculating the stresses from relieved strains of 3 rosette strain gages. After bending of the tubes, dimensional tolerances for wall thickness and ovality were satisfied with ASTM requirements. Residual stresses at the extrados were introduced with compressive stress(-) by bending operations, and its maximum value reached-319 MPa in axial direction at ${\phi}=0^{\circ}$ in position. Tensile residual stresses(+) of ${\sigma}_zz=45$ MPa,${\sigma}_zz=25$ MPa were introduced in the intrados surface at position of ${\phi}=0^{\circ}$ Maximum tensile residual stress of 170 MPa was detected on the flank side at position of ,${\phi}=95^{\circ}$i.e., at apex region. It appeared that higher stress gradients were generated at the irregular transition regions. In the trend of residual stress changes with U-bend position, the extrados is related with the changes of ovality and the intrados is related with the changes of wall thickness.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.100-106
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• 2020

This study analyzes the residual stress of AISI 1536V for an engine shaft of the shipbuilding industry and AISI A387 for a reactor shell of the chemical refining industry by the hole drilling method with a strain gauge rosette, which transforms fine mechanical changes into electrical signals. Tensile residual stress is generated in the forging and heat treatment process because specimens are affected by thermal stress and metal transformation stress. In the heat treatment process, the residual stress of AISI A387 is almost 170% the yield strength at 402 MPa. Since during the machining process, variable physical loads are applied to the material, compressive residual stress is generated. Under the same condition, the mechanical properties greatly affect the residual stress during the machining process. After the stress-relieving heat treatment process, the residual stress of AISI A387 is reduced below the yield strength at 182 MPa. Therefore, it is necessary to control the temperature, avoid rapid heat change, and select machining conditions depending on the mechanical properties of materials during manufacturing processes. In addition, to sufficiently reduce the residual stress, it is necessary to study the optimum condition of the stress-relieving heat treatment process for each material.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제21권12호
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• pp.1984-1991
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• 1997

Recently burr technology is rising in the fields of the precision manufacturing and the high quality machining, deburring has treated as a difficult problem on going to the high efficiency, automation in the FMS. Removal of burr with various shapes, dimensions and properties couldn't be standardized and has depended on manual treatment. Especially, deburring for cross hole inside owing to passing through out perpendicular to a main hole is more difficult, the electrochemical method is proper as its solution at practical aspects. Burr elimination in the cross hole drilling of governor shaft used in the automobile engine so far has been worked by a manual post-processing by a skillful worker, which becomes a factor of productivity-down and cost-up so that improvement of machining process is needed. Therefore, for the high efficiency and automation of internal deburring in the cross hole, development of electrochemical deburring technology is needed. So, the new process in the burr treatment is supposed. In this study, characteristics of electrochemical deburring through experiments were identified and factors such as electrolytic gap and electorlytic fluid contributed to removal burr height were analyzed. Also, deburring efficiency and electrolytic performance for cross hole were examined according to electrolytic current and electrochemical deburring condition corresponding to acquired edge quality was found out.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 1991

A knowledge of the resdual stress distribution at circumferential weldments can normally increase the accuracy of a fracture assessment in pipe line. In this paper, we present the measurements about the residual stress distributions at three kinds of circumferential butt welded pipes using the holl drilling strain gage method. By this experiment, we have obtined the following characteristics. At the inner surface of the pipe region near the center line of welding is under high tensile residual stress. However, as the distance from the center line of welding increases, the tensile component decreases and finally becomes compressive residual stress at region far away from the center line of welding. The longitudinal residual stress at the outer surface is compressive regardless of the diameter of pipe and the circumferential stress is changed from compressive to tensile as pipe diameter increases. The results also demonstrate that the residual stress is mainly caused by self-restraint bending force in the pipe welding.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.427-448
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• 2014

At present, the time of easy oil and gas is over. Now, the largest part of fossil fuels is concentrated in the deepest levels of tectonic structures and in the sea shelves. One of the most cumbersome operations of their extraction is the bore-hole drilling. In connection with austere tectonic and climate conditions, their drivage every so often is associated with great and diversified technological difficulties causing emergencies on frequent occasions. As a rule, they are linked with drill string accidents. A key role in prediction of these situations should play methods of theoretical modelling. For this reason, there is a growing need for development and implementation of new numerical methods for computer simulation of critical and post-critical behavior of drill strings (DSs). In this paper, the processes of non-linear deforming of a DS in cylindrical cavity of a deep bore-hole are considered. On the basis of the theory of curvilinear flexible rods, non-linear constitutive differential equations are deduced. The effects of the longitudinal non-uniform preloading, action of torque and interaction between the DS and the bore-hole surface are taken into account. Owing to the use of curvilinear coordinates in the constraining cylindrical surface and a specially chosen concomitant reference frame, it became possible to separate the desired variables and to reduce the total order of the equation system. To solve it, the method of continuation the solution by parameter and the transfer matrix technique are applied. As a result of the completed numerical analysis, the critical states of the DS loading in the cylindrical channels of inclined bore-holes are found. It is shown that the modes of the post-critical deforming of the DS are associated with its irregular spiral curving prevailing in the zone of bottom-hole-assembly. The possibility of invariant state generation during post-critical deforming is established, condition of its bifurcation is formulated. It is shown that infinite variety of loads can correspond to one geometrical configuration of the DS. They differ each from other by contact force functions.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.197-208
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• 2022

암반층이 얕은 깊이에서 출현하는 국내 지층 조건과 지하 공간의 활용도 증가로 인해서, 발파에 의한 굴착은 여전히 이용되고 있다. 발파 천공 이후에 존재하는 물이 있는 조건에서 실시되는 표준 발파는 폭굉압력 감소, 일정 장약량 사용, 디커플링과 같은 기술적인 어려움이 있다. 하지만, 기존의 표준 발파 공법을 대체할 만한 공법이 없는 실정이다. 본 논문에서는 건공화 펌프 시스템을 이용하여, 천공 내부에 존재하는 물을 제거하는 건공화 ANFO (Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil) 발파와 발파 성능의 비교를 위해서 추가적으로 표준 발파를 수행하였다. 각각의 발파 공법에서 계측된 진동 속도 데이터들과 환산거리의 함수로 이루어진 경험적인 발파진동 추정식을 이용하여, 최소제곱법에 의한 선형회귀분석을 실시하고, 궁극적으로 발파 성능을 정량적으로 분석하였다. 그 결과, 건공화 ANFO 발파에서 진동 감쇠가 더 크게 발생하고, 암반 파쇄에 더 많은 에너지를 소비하여, 더 가까운 거리에서 진동 허용 기준을 만족하는 진동 속도를 보였다. 또한, 표준 발파의 발파 진동 영향권이 건공화 ANFO 발파보다 더 멀리 있고, 발파 패턴의 범위가 더 넓은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 수행된 현장 발파 실험 결과로부터, 건공화 ANFO 발파 공법의 발파 성능이 효율적임을 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집
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• 제5권3호
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• pp.199-206
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• 1981

This paper presents a method of calculation of the stresses, the strains and the deflections due to welding in L shape and in T shape. Using step by step method of plasticity and establishing the equilibrium conditions in section, we calculated thermal stresses and strains during welding and in the final step of calculation we got the residual stresses, strains and the deflections due to welding. Also we measured the stresses and the strains with hole-drilling method and compared the results with the method of calculation presented in this paper. Because of its symmetry of section, the deflection due to welding in T shape is generally much less than that in L shape. The residual stresses are tensile in welded joints and HAZ, and compressive in base metal as butt welding of plates, but the compressive stresses in base metal decrease repidly as the points are away from welded joint except horizontal plates of T shape. The theoretical method of calculaiton presented in this paper coincides faily well with the experiment.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.292-297
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• 2001

One of the major characteristics that affects the life of welded steel water pipes is the stress distribution caused by welding and external forces. Some studios have bean carried out on the residual stress of steel water pipes. But the results on the stress distributions by welding and complex external forces are rare, because real water pipes operate under the ground and many kinds of external forces act simultaneously on the joints. To understand the complex stress distributions of welded joints, therefore predictions by numerical or analytic methods are required. In this study, temperature and stress distributions in steel water pipes produced by welding are predicted by a three-dimensional finite element method(FEM). Based on these results, stress distributions by welding and complex external forces are evaluated by adopting the same numerical method. The influence of some post weld heat treatments on residual stress distributions is also investigated.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.129-134
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• 2018

Objective: In frozen and thawed embryos, the zona pellucida (ZP) can be damaged due to hardening. Laser-assisted hatching (LAH) of embryos can increase the pregnancy rate. This study compared thinning and drilling of the ZP before frozen embryo transfer (FET). Methods: Patients were randomly allocated into two groups for LAH using thinning or drilling on day 2 after thawing. Twenty-five percent of the ZP circumference and 50% of the ZP thickness was removed in the thinning group, and a hole $40{\mu}m$ in diameter was made in the drilling group. Results: A total of 171 in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection FET cycles, including 85 cycles with drilling LAH and 86 cycles with thinning LAH, were carried out. The thinning group had a similar ${\beta}$-human chorionic gonadotropin-positive rate (38.4% vs. 29.4%), implantation rate (16.5% vs. 14.4%), clinical pregnancy rate (36.0% vs. 25.9%), miscarriage rate (5.8% vs. 2.4%), ongoing pregnancy rate (30.2% vs. 23.5%), and multiple pregnancy rate (7.0% vs. 10.6%) to the drilling LAH group. There were no significant differences in pregnancy outcomes between subgroups defined based on age (older or younger than 35 years) or ZP thickness (greater or less than $17{\mu}m$) according to the LAH method. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that partial ZP thinning or drilling resulted in similar outcomes in implantation and pregnancy rates using thawed embryos, irrespective of women's age or ZP thickness.