• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.28 no.4 s.69
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• pp.581-589
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• 1998

In order to correct a maxillofacial-skeletal disharmony successfully and achieve a favorable facial profile, orthodontic treatment must begin at pubertal growth spurt. Therefore predicting the pubertal growth pattern and evaluating the growth potential is very important. For an orthodontist, estimating skeletal maturity in relation to one's personal growth spurt is essential and it must be considered into the treatment. The objective of this study was to find out whether there was a difference in menacheal age among different malocclusion groups and to evaluate the skeletal maturity at menarche. The subjects were 64 Class I malocclusion patients, 51 Class II patients and 38 Class III patients. Skeletal maturity was estimated from handwrist radiographs of these patients. Handwrist radiographs were taken between 3 months before and after the menarche. The results were as follows. 1. The mean chronologic age of menarche was $12.50{\pm}1.01$ years. 2. For the Class I malocclusion group the mean age of menarche was $12.36{\pm}1.04$ years, for Class II $12.81{\pm}1.03$ years and for Class III $12.32{\pm}0.82$ years. According to these results Class II malocclusion patients started mensturation later than Class I and Class III malocclusion patients. 3. No difference was found considering the skeletal maturity at menarche among the malocclusion groups. 4. The skeletal maturity index at menarche was SMI 7 for $45.10\%$, SMI 8 for $27.25\%$, SMI 9 for $10.46\%$, SMI 6 for $7.84\%$, SMI 10 for $7.84\%$ and SMI 5 for $1.31\%$ patients. 5. Statistically there was a significant correlation between skeletal maturity estimated by handwrist radiographs and menacheal age(p<0.05, r=0.25430).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2011

Social welfare services for respiratory-disabled persons in Korea are offered based on the respiratory impairment grade, which is determined by 3 clinical parameters; dyspnea, forced expiratory volume in 1 second ($FEV_1$), and arterial oxygen tension. This grading system has several limitations in the objective assessment of respiratory impairment. We reviewed several guidelines for the evaluation of respiratory impairment and relevant articles. Then, we discussed a new grading system with respiratory physicians. Both researchers and respiratory physicians agreed that pulmonary function tests are essential in assessing the severity of respiratory impairment, forced vital capacity (FVC), $FEV_1$ and single breath diffusing capacity ($DL_{co}$) are the primarily recommended tests. In addition, we agreed that arterial blood gas analysis should be reserved for selected patients. In conclusion, we propose a new respiratory impairment grading system utilizing a combination FVC, $FEV_1$ and $DL_{co}$ scores, with more social discussion included.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.166-181
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• 2020

The egg development, early life history and spawning site characters of Korean endemic fish, Coreoleuciscus splendidus (Gobioninae), were investigated at the part of Jo-jong stream in Korea from May 2020. The fertilized eggs were 2.05~2.23 mm (mean, 2.13 mm) in diameter and had no oil globules. The embryo began to hatching about 98 hrs after fertilization under water temperature of 20±1℃. The newly-hatched larvae were 5.03~5.68 mm (mean, 5.31 mm) in total length (TL), and their mouth and anus were not opened. 4 days after hatching, Several rod-like cupulae were observed on the head and lateral side of the body at 6.95~7.89 mm (mean, 7.51 mm). 7 days after hatching, the post-larva stage were 8.39~9.29 mm (mean, 8.78 mm) in total length, and their york were completely absorbed. The cupulae were completely distinguished. They entered the juvenile stage when all fin-rays were formed at 29 days after hatching, and their TL were 14.16~17.04 mm (mean, 14.99 mm). Squamation was initiated on the caudal body at approximately 18.21~23.74 mm (mean, 30.28 mm), 38 days after hatching, and completed at 26.82~33.33 mm (mean, 19.42 mm), 73 days after hatching, the external characteristics from of juveniles were same to adults. The spawning site was characterized by bottom structure of pebble (64~16 mm) and gravel (16~2 mm), environmental conditions of the spawning sites were 6~18 cm in water depth, 0.43~0.73 m/sec in bottom water velocity. In spawning sites, an egg mass or separated eggs were located a small gap of under the pebble and gravel.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.1326-1333
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• 2007

For preparing the basic ingredients of Gomtang-like products from the extracts of salmon frame, the extraction conditions of salmon frame were examined, and the characteristics of the extracts were compared with commercial Gomtang. Based on the crude protein, Ex-N and sensory attributes, the extractions were optimized by extracting pretreated-salmon frame in 12 times (v/w) of water for 12 hrs, before filtering with cheese cloth to yield 3 times the volume of the raw material. The concentrations of heavy metals in extracts from salmon frame were below the safety limits suggested by KFDA. The mai or amino acids were glutamic acid and aspartic acid as the free amino acids, and glycine, proline, and glutamic acid as the total amino acids. The calcium and phosphorus contents were 18.0 mg/100 mL and 33.1 mg/100 mL, respectively, and they accounted for 20% and 18% of the recommended daily allowance for mineral intake. The angiotensin I converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was improved by incubation with Flavourzyme for 4 hrs and its $IC_{50}$ was 2 mg/mL. The results above suggested that the enzymatic hydrolysates from extracts of salmon frame could be used as a basic ingredient for preparing Gomtang-like products.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2011

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a substantially under-diagnosed disorder, and the diagnosis is usually delayed until the disease is advanced. However, the benefit of early diagnosis is not yet clear, and there are no guidelines in Korea for doing early diagnosis. This review highlights several issues regarding early diagnosis of COPD. On the basis of several lines of evidence, early diagnosis seems quite necessary and beneficial to patients. Early diagnosis can be approached by several methods, but it should be confirmed by quality-controlled spirometry. Compared with its potential benefit, the adverse effects of spirometry or pharmacotherapy appear relatively small. Although it is difficult to evaluate the benefit of early diagnosis by well-designed trials, several lines of evidence suggest that we should try to diagnose and manage patients with COPD at early stages of the disease.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.117-121
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• 2018

Puffing process modifies the chemical and physical properties of the grains. In this study, oats were puffed by subjecting them to pressure of 1.0 and 1.2 MPa, following which the bioactive constituents and antioxidant activities in the oat extracts were investigated. The polyphenol content in puffed oat extracts increased in a pressure-dependent manner (109 and 157 mg gallic acid equivalent/100 g at 1.0 and 1.2 MPa, respectively). In addition, gallic acid was synthesized after puffing ($518{\mu}g/g$ of extract at 1.0 MPa) and was the most abundant phenolic acid in puffed oats. The antioxidant activities, which were determined by 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2, 2-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) radical scavenging activities, were improved in oat extracts after puffing (+245 and +184% at 1.2 MPa, respectively). In conclusion, puffing process of oats increased the extractability of polyphenols, including gallic acid, which positively affected its antioxidant activities. These results will provide useful information when using puffed oats for food production.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.600-605
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• 2010

'Dagreen' (Scale cereal L.), a new rye variety was developed from the open pollination among 10 rye lines at the National Institute of Crop Science in 1995 and mass selection were made at National Institute of Crop Science from 1996 to 1999. Recurrent selections were made at Dept. Rice and Winter Cereal Crop, NICS, RDA from 2000 to 2006. This new variety has erect plant type with medium size pale green leaves. The number of spike per $m^2$ was 713 and the plant height was 103cm. The heading date of 'Dagreen' was April 24 which was 7 days earlier than that of "Koolgrazer". It was adaptable for forage use at an early stage as a whole crop. Lodging resistance was higher than that of check variety 'Koolgrazer'. The chemical components and quality of forage showed 10.2 % crude protein, 36.6 % ADF, 62.4 % NDF and 59.9 % TDN. 'Dagreen' showed high resistance to powdery mildew and leaf rust than those of check variety in the field condition. The average dry matter (7,010kg $ha^{-1}$) of 'Dagreen' harvested at April 28 were 6 % higher than 'Koolgrazer'. This variety is recommended for all of the rye cultivation area in Korea.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.11
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• pp.1091-1096
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• 2007

Purpose : The of common carotid artery intima media thickness (IMT) is an acknowledged noninvasive marker for early atherosclerotic changes. We investigate whether common carotid IMT is different between obese and normal-weight children and also evaluate the relationships IMT with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods : We collected the clinical data (age, sex, pubertal stage, body mass index) and measured blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipid profiles and adiponectin in 49 obese children (mean age, 12 years) and 24 nonobese children as controls. The control group was composed of 24 nonobese children of the same age, sex and pubertal stage. We measured the carotid IMT of all subjects by B-mode ultrasound with a 7.5-MHz linear transducer and analyzed. Results : Obese children demonstrated a significantly thicker intima media (mean, 0.34 mm, peak, 0.42 mm) compared to the control group (mean, 0.31 mm, peak, 0.38 mm, P<0.01). IMT was significantly correlated to the BMI (r=0.431, P<0.01), age (r=0.317, P<0.01), total cholesterol (r=0.377, P< 0.01), triglyceride (r=0.253, P<0.05) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=0.289, P<0.05). Serum adiponectin was significantly lower in obese children than in controls (11.2 ng/mL vs. 14.7 ng/mL, P<0.05) and negatively related with IMT (r=-0.267, P<0.05). Conclusion : Obesity is associated with increased carotid artery IMT in children. Our results suggest vascular changes in obesity seem to occur already in childhood and vascular ultrasonography may helpful for screening cardiovascular complications in obese children.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2010

A study was conducted to examine the effect of the castration time on growth, meat quality and fatty acid composition of Korean black goats. Forty five male kids were divided into five groups, including control (without castration) and four groups with the kids castrated at 0.5, 3, 5 and 7 months of age, respectively. Average daily body weight gain (ADG) for control was significantly (P<0.05) higher than the castrated groups. ADG did not differ between the castrated groups. The ADG of the male kids castrated at 3 and 5 months of age tended to be higher than the other castrated groups. Dressing percentage for 0.5 months-castrated group was higher than 7 months-castrated group. Retail cut percentages for control was higher (P<0.05) than others, but the retail cut percentages did not differ between the castrated groups. Compared with control, higher fat percentages of carcasses appeared in the castrated groups (P<0.05). The fat percentages gradually increased in earlier castrated animals. As castrated earlier, moisture contents tended to decrease, whereas crude protein and fat contents tended to increase. The different castration time did not affect physical properties of goat meat (shear force, cooking loss, and water holding capacity). Results from panel tests showed that juiciness or tenderness of meats for 5 months-castrated group tended to be higher than those for the other groups. The flavor of meatfor 7-months castrated group appeared to be more favorable compared with 0.5- or 3-months castrated groups (P<0.05). The proportion of saturated fatty acid in meat washigher for 5-months castrated group and lower for 3-months castrated group as compared to the other castrated groups, whereas the proportion of unsaturated fatty acid was vice versa (P<0.05). Mono-unsaturated fatty acid contents did not differ between thecastrated groups. Present results indicatedthat castration at 3 or 5 months of age increased growth performance and meat quality of Korean black goats.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.3
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• pp.295-298
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• 2005

We report a case of a 48-year-old man with a paradoxic upper airway obstruction and central sleep apnea that developed after an anterior cervical spinal fusion. Nine months before being admitted to this hospital, he was diagnosed with a herniated intervertebral disc between the 5th and 6th cervical spine, and the first operation was carried out. Two months later, a pseudoarthrosis has developed and a second operation, an anterior interbody fusion of the C5 and C6 using autogenous strut bone graft, was performed. After the second operation, he began to complain of snoring, excessive daytime sleepiness, insomnia, and a bizarre sound heard near the upper airway during breathing. Nasopharyngoscope and magnetic resonance imaging disclosed a paradoxical narrowing of the nasopharynx during expiration. On the overnight polysomnography, the apnea index was 8.7/h (central apnea, 7.0/h; obstructive apnea, 1.7/h). Nasal continuous positive airway pressure was applied, but he complained of pressure-intolerance, and laser-assisted uvulopalatoplasty was then performed. Two months after surgery, clinical symptoms as well as the apneas had improved markedly. We suggest that this paradoxic upper airway obstruction might be associated with the anterior cervical spinal surgery even though the mechanism is unclear. This case also emphasizes that an upper airway obstruction can contribute to the development of central sleep apnea.