• BMB Reports
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.691-699
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• 2004

Osteoporosis is a disease characterized by exaggerated loss of bone mass, with as much as 50 to 85% of the variation in bone mineral density (BMD) commonly accepted as being genetically determined. Although intensive studies have attempted to elucidate the genetic effects of polymorphisms on BMD and/or osteoporosis in several genes, the genes involved are still largely unknown. The possible associations of genetic variants in five-candidate genes (IL10, CCR3, MCP1, MCP2 and GC) with spinal BMD were investigated in Korean postmenopausal women (n = 370). Fourteen SNPs in five candidate genes were genotyped, and the haplotypes of each gene constructed. The associations of adjusted spinal BMD by age, year since menopause (YSM) and body mass index (BMI), with genetic polymorphisms, were analyzed using multiple regression models. Genetic association analysis of Korean postmenopausal women revealed that IL10 -592A > C and/or IL10 ht2 were associated with decreased bone mass, whereas no significant associations were observed with all polymorphisms in other genes. The levels of spinal BMD in individuals bearing the IL10 -592CC genotype were lower ($0.78{\pm}0.16$) than those in others ($0.85{\pm}0.17$) (P = 0.02), and the BMD of IL10 ht2 bearing individuals were also lower ($0.82{\pm}0.15$) than those in others ($0.85{\pm}0.17$) (P = 0.04). Our results suggest that variants of IL10 might play a role in the decreased BMD, although additional study might need to be followed-up in a more powerful cohort.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.558-567
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• 2020

This study examined the defect characteristics of fuel flow proportioner-mounted structures to analyze the causes of structural defects during aircraft operation. System vibrations and single component vibrations that occur during aircraft operations are usually the cause of structural defects. The fuel flow proportioner causes a defect in the support structure due to the vibration caused by the pressure change caused by the sudden increase in the flow rate. Defects in the support structure of the fuel flow proportioner are not correlated directly with the cracking of the maneuver, and flight time according to aircraft operation analysis is related to the use of A/B. The structural reinforcement configuration was confirmed through static and life analysis of the cracks of the bracket mounted under the fuel flow proportioner for improvement of the defect. An analysis of the reinforcement revealed a minimum structural strength of +0.15. Structural life analysis confirmed that the stress acted on the site under 15Ksi. The fatigue life was confirmed to be more than 7,700 Cycles.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.81-87
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• 2016

Purpose - In recent, a research finds that advanced selling can influence a consumer's choice(Kim et al., 2013). Advanced selling is defined as the new product launching strategy which company allows consumers to preorder new product before its release(Chu & Zhang, 2011). Prior researches have focused on the benefits of advanced selling(e.g., information gathering for demand prediction, an advantage for pricing strategy, and so on) for companies using this strategy(Chen, 2001; Chu & Zhang, 2011; Li & Zhang, 2013; Tang et al., 2004; Xie & Shugan, 2009). However, Kim et al.(2013) find it can also influence a consumer's choice. In detail, they suggest that when consumers use advanced selling, they are likely to prefer high-performance options rather than low-price options based on construal level theory(Trope & Liberman, 2003). In this paper, we tried to expand the prior researches for finding the mechanism of the influence of advanced selling on a consumer's choice. The purpose of this research is to test the mediating effect on the influence of advanced selling. Research design, data, and methodology - To find the mechanism of the influence of advanced selling, we designed an experiment for testing mediation effect. we recruited 93 students from a university. We assigned participants into one of two groups using randomization method. The participants with each group were given a scenario describing the sales strategy. Finally, they made a choice between high-performance option and low-price option. Sequentially, they also responded some questions for testing mediation effect. Results - First, we replicated prior research to test the influence of advanced selling. As a result, we could find that consumers prefer the high-performance option when they preorder it to purchase at the time of consumption. Thus, the replication result is the same as prior research. Second, we tested that advanced selling can influence the perception of temporal distance. The results confirmed that consumers perceived longer temporal distance in advanced selling condition(β = 1.575, SE = 0.272, p < 0.001). Third, we predicted that temporal distance can increase the importance of desirable attributes and decrease the importance of feasible attributes. The results suggested that temporal distance decreased significantly the importance of attributes related to feasibility(β = -0.19, SE = 0.07, p < 0.01), however, it had non-significant effect on increasing the importance of desirable attributes. Finally, we used Sobel-test for testing mediation effect, and it confirmed that the importance of feasible attributes had mediating role of the influence of advanced selling(Sobel test statistic = -2.110, SE = 0.111, p < 0.05). Conclusions - In this paper, we tried to find the mechanism of the influence on advanced selling from a consumer's choice. With an experiment, we confirmed that the importance of feasible attributes could mediate the effect on advanced selling. Therefore, we suggested some theoretical and practical contributions from this research. Finally, we discussed research limitations and suggested future research topics.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.35-41
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• 2012

The aim of this study was to offer information about appropriate processing method for dry cured-ham with controlled ripening condition. In this study, three different treatments were performed: High salt group (HS), 18 hams were salted with 70 g $kg^{-1}$ salt (w/w) Middle salt group (MS), 18 hams were salted with 50 g $kg^{-1}$ salt Low salt group (LS), 18 hams were salted with 30 g $kg^{-1}$ salt. Also three drying periods were applied (180 days, 270 days and 360 days). The weight loss in HS was higher (5.62%) on curing step and in LS was higher (12.35%) on post-salting step compared to other groups. On fermentation stage, weight loss of HS was higher than that of LS (p<0.05). Weight loss on drying was increased as the drying period passes (p<0.05). Moisture contents were significantly (p<0.05) decreased and fat contents were significantly (p<0.05) increased in all treatment groups as drying period increased. The different drying periods affected fatty acid compositions on all salting levels; saturated fatty acid contents were increased (p<0.05) with more drying, whereas unsaturated fatty acid contents were decreased (p<0.05) as drying period increased.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.166-175
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• 2019

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) as prognostic factors in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) who received concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 66 patients with locally advanced NSCLC treated with definitive CCRT. Among these patients, 95% received paclitaxel/carboplatin or docetaxel/cisplatin. The median radiation dose was 66 Gy in 33 fractions. The NLR and PLR before/after CCRT were evaluated. The maximally selected log-rank test was used to obtain the cutoff values related to the overall survival (OS). Results: Patients with high post-CCRT NLR (>3.12) showed worse OS, locoregional progression-free survival (LRPFS), and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) than those with low NLR (2-year OS: 25.8% vs. 68.2%, p < 0.001; 2-year LRPFS: 12.9% vs. 33.8%, p = 0.010; 2-year DMFS: 22.6% vs. 38.2%, p = 0.030). Patients with high post-CCRT PLR (>141) showed worse OS and LRPFS than those with low PLR (2-year OS: 37.5% vs. 71.1%, p = 0.004; 2-year LRPFS: 16.5% vs. 40.3%, p = 0.040). Patients with high NLR change (>1.61) showed worse OS and LRPFS than those with low NLR change (2-year OS: 26.0% vs. 59.0%, p < 0.001; 2-year LRPFS: 6.8% vs. 31.8%, p = 0.004). The planning target volume (hazard ration [HR] = 2.05, p = 0.028) and NLR change (HR = 3.17, p = 0.025) were the significant factors for OS in the multivariate analysis. Conclusion: NLR change after CCRT was associated with poor prognosis of survival in patients with locally advanced NSCLC. An elevated NLR after CCRT might be an indicator of an increased treatment failure risk.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.53-57
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• 2013

In here, we investigated the quantitative analysis method of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with liquid chromatography-mass/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) or gas chromatography-MS. Two ways of clean-up process were investigated for LC-MS/MS instrumental analysis of IAA, but both a simple dilution and hydrophile-lipophile balance (HLB) solid phase extraction (SPE) were not met the optimal recovery rates for quantitative analysis. On the other hand, the clean-up method for GC-MS was finally optimized through HLB-SPE from 250-folds diluted sample and methylation with trimethylsilyl chloride in methanol for 4 h. The limit of detection for methyl ester of IAA and IBA were both 1.4 mg/L, and recovery rates showed 93-107% from the concentrated liquid fertilizer.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.427-437
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• 2019

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics of microsatellite instability in early gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: The microsatellite instability status of resected early gastric tumors was evaluated using two mononucleotide repeat markers (BAT25 and BAT26) and three dinucleotide repeat markers (D5S346, D2S123, and D17S250). Tumors with instability in two or more markers were defined as microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) and others were classified as microsatellite stable (MSS). Results: Overall, 1,156 tumors were included in the analysis, with 85 (7.4%) classified as MSI-H compared with MSS tumors. For MSI-H tumors, there was a significant correlation with the female sex, older age, tumor location in the lower gastric body, intestinal histology, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), and submucosal invasion (P<0.05). There was also a trend toward an association with lymph node (LN) metastasis (P=0.056). In mucosal gastric cancer, there was no significant difference in MSI status in tumors with LN metastasis or tumors with LVI. In submucosal gastric cancer, LVI was more frequently observed in MSI-H than in MSS tumors (38.9% vs. 25.0%, P=0.027), but there was no difference in the presence of LN metastases. The prognosis of MSI-H tumors was similar to that of MSS tumors (log-rank test, P=0.797, the hazard ratio for MSI-H was adjusted by age, sex, pT stage, and the number of metastatic LNs, 0.932; 95% confidence interval, 0.423-2.054; P=0.861). Conclusions: MSI status was not useful in predicting prognosis in early gastric cancer. However, the frequent presence of LVI in early MSI-H gastric cancer may help guide the appropriate treatment for patients, such as endoscopic treatment or limited LN surgical dissection.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.12-22
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• 2012

This study investigated a utilization technology of light burned dolomite. light burned dolomite ($CaMg(CO_3)_2$) generated in furnace (steel manufacturer) is an alternative to quick lime. Using light burned dolomite has an effect on reducing the consumption of fluorite slag MgO concentration in supersaturated solution by prolonging the life of softening effect. Armophous MgO, not containing periclase is formed by firing dolomite under $800^{\circ}C$. It has larger surface area and higher reactivity than periclase, and also shows better expansion effect than quicklime. Due to those effects, therefore, armophous MgO produced from light burned dolomite is used as an alternative expansion agent in mortar. In the experiment, characteristics of light burned dolomite were compared to those of existing expansion agents such as anhydrite and quicklime. Then, each expansion and shrinkage rates were measured over a period of about 3 months in both of 1m Jis mold at labscale and apartment mortar flooring at field scale. In the result, it was observed that light burned dolomite in mortar flooring more compensates for the expansion and shrinkage rates than the existing expansion agents, showing low expansion rate of below 0.05% and also decreases the crack.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.389-400
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• 2013

Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) has been reported to exert anticancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, there has been no report on the effect of KRG on skin pigmentation. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of KRG on melanocyte proliferation. KRG extract (KRGE) at different concentrations had no effect on melanin synthesis in melan-A melanocytes. Saponin of KRG (SKRG) inhibited melanin content to 80% of the control at 100 ppm. Keratinocyte-derived factors induced by UV-irradiation were reported to stimulate melanogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and dendrite formation. In this study, treatment of melan-A melanocytes with conditioned media from UV-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes increased melanocyte proliferation. When UV-irradiated SP-1 keratinocytes were treated with KRGE or SKRG, the increase of melanocyte proliferation by the conditioned media was blocked. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was produced and released from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. This factor has been reported to be involved in regulating the proliferation and differentiation of epidermal melanocytes. In this study, GM-CSF was significantly increased in SP-1 keratinocytes by UVB irradiation ($30mJ/cm^2$), and the proliferation of melan-A melanocytes increased significantly by GM-CSF treatment. In addition, the proliferative effect of keratinocyte-conditioned media on melan-A melanocytes was blocked by anti-GM-CSF treatment. KRGE or SKRG treatment decreased the expression of GM-CSF in SP-1 keratinocytes induced by UVB irradiation. These results demonstrate that UV irradiation induced GM-CSF expression in keratinocytes and KRGE or SKRG inhibited its expression. Therefore, KRG could be a good candidate for regulating UV-induced melanocyte proliferation.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Fish community characteristics was investigated in Namyang Lake and tributaries in Han River basin, Korea from April to October 2015. During the period, there were 5,672 individuals of 20 species appeared from tributaries (St. 1~St. 6) and dominant species were Pseudorasbora parva (33.5%). Also 5,672 individuals of 20 species appeared in Namyang Lake (St. 7~St. 9) and dominant species were Carassius auratus (32.2%). There were 5 species of endemic species with Rhodeus uyekii, Acanthorhodeus gracilis, Squalidus japonicus coreanus, Abbottina springeri and Odontobutis interrupta from Namyang Lake watershed. The frequency of endemic species were higher tributaries (18.5%) than Namyang Lake (15%). Exotic species were 3 species with Carassius cuvieri, Lepomis macrochirus, and Micropterus salmoides. there were appeared more frequently Namyang Lake (15.0%) than tributaries(7.4%).