• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.676-681
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• 1999

Itraconazole is an important drug for oral treatment of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis. ltraconazole has been the targets of many synthetic efforts due to their diverse antifungal activities. ln this study, an efficient synthetic route for Itraconazole intermediates has been developed using new procedures. Also, ltraconazole analogues introducing 2- and 3-methoxy group instead of ltraconazole intermediates with 4-methoxy group were synthesized.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1979

Pulmonary aspergillosis is being recognized with increasing frequency in recent years and the-rising incidence of this infection parallels certain medical advances in antibiotics, chemotherapeutic and immunosuppressive therapy. The cavities of lungs resulting from tuberculosis, histoplasmosis or neoplasm are apt, to be infected by one of the species of the genus Aspergillus and eventually mycetomas are formed within the cavities. Authors have experienced 6 cases of pulmonary aspergillosis forming mycetoma in Dept. of Thoracic Surgery, Catholic Medical Center from Aug. 1976 to Feb. 1979. Hemoptysis or blood tinged sputum, the predominant symptom, occurred in all cases. All patients underwent pulmonary resection, 1 pneumonectomy, 3 lobectomies, 1 lobectomy with segmental resection and 1 segmental resection and survived well without death or complication. Primary aspergillosis was in 2 cases and underlying diseases were present in 4 cases: 3 pulmonary tuberculosis, 1 bronchiectasis. The common diagnostic study of intracavitary mycetoma was the posterioanterior chest roentgenogram; in cavities suspected of being diseased or in doubtful cases, tomography was most available to find fungus ball with air-meniscus shadow.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.259-264
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• 1986

Broncholithiasis is defined as a cor9ition in which a concretion is present within a bronchus or a cavity in the lung communicating with a bronchus. The usual causes of broncholithiasis are known as tuberculosis, histoplasmosis, silicosis, aspirated calculi, and a few fungal infections. It is generally accepted that the constant motion created by respiration and beating of the heart may cause the peribronchial calcified lymph node to erode into the tracheobronchial tree and to form broncholith. After the analysis of our 6 cases of broncholithiasis which were treated surgically in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital from 1960 to December, 1985, we could suggest that intrinsic formation of calculi should be regarded as the pathogenesis of broncholithiasis in addition to the extrinsic formation of calculi.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1019-1023
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• 1991

Broncholithiasis is defined as a condition in which a concretion is present within a bronchus or a cavity in the lung communicating with a bronchus. Broncholithiasis, although recognized in antiquity by Aristotle and well known to accompany the mediastinal calcifications of tuberculosis and histoplasmosis frequently seen in our society, is rarely mentioned in recent medical literature. Esophagobronchial fistula is an uncommon finding in broncholithiasis. This report is a case of esophagobronchial fistula with broncholithiasis in 58-year-old male patient who complained paroxysmal coughing after ingestion of fluids. The fistulous tract was successfully resected and reinforced by mediastinal pleura. Broncholithiasis was confirmed by lithoptysis as the cause of previous esophagobronchial fistula.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.1146-1157
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• 1997

Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare disease which is characterized by excessive fibrosis of mediastinum and symptoms caused by compression and obstruction of mediastinal structures. Although the pathogenesis of this disease is unknown, granulomatous infection is cinsidered to be the most common cause of this disease. Histoplasmosis is the most common etiology, especially in the endemic areas in United States. Tuberculosis is another etiology of fibrosing mediastinitis. We experienced two cases of fibrosing mediastinitis associated with tuberculous infection.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.104-108
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• 2005

A broncholith is a calcified mediastinal lymph node, which partially or completely erodes into the bronchial lumen, and is related to the late tissue response to healing of granulomatous pulmonary infections, most commonly histoplasmosis or tuberculosis. However, there have been a few reports on broncholithiasis caused by Aspergillus. We experienced a case of broncholithiasis caused by Aspergillus, with broncho-obstructive pneumonia and massive hemoptysis. A 39 year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with right middle lobar pneumonia. On the fourth day following admission, massive hemoptysis developed, so an emergent bronchial artery embolization was performed. On the ninth day following admission, a broncholith on the lateral segmental bronchus of the right middle lobe was found by bronchoscopy, which was proved to be Aspergillus hypae with calcification on histological examination. After the simple bronchoscopic removal of the broncholith and empirical antibiotic therapy, the patient recovered without any complications.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.136-141
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• 1999

Broncholith is a calcified lymph node which partially or completely erodes into the bronchial lumen and broncholithiasis is a relatively rare condition which related to late tissue response to healing granulomatous pulmonary infections, most commonly histoplasmosis or tuberculosis. The prominent symptoms of broncholithiasis are coughing followed by hemoptysis and symptoms related to bronchial obstruction. The complications include bronchoesophageal fistula and aortotracheal fistula. We report one case of broncholithiasis caused by Aspergillus. The case was a 53 year-old house wife whose chief complaints were recurrent fever, chill and malaise. The chest film revealed an avoid hazziness on the right middle lobe and chest cr scan showed consolidation of lateral segment of right middle lobe with calcified small low attenuated lesion in right middle lobe bronchus. Aspergillosis confirmed by pathology after bronchoscopic removal of impacted Aspergillus containing muddy plug from lateral segmental branch of right middle lobe bronchus.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.63 no.4
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• pp.387-391
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• 2007

Fibrosing mediastinitis is a rare disease that is characterized by the proliferation of dense fibrous tissue of the mediastinum. The pathogenesis of fibrosing mediastinitis is unknown in most cases. However, histoplasmosis, tuberculosis, autoimmune disease, radiation therapy, and other idiopathic fibroinflammatory diseases have been implicated in some cases. Most clinical features are related to an obstruction or compression of the mediastinal structure. Fibrosing mediastinitis is often progressive and occurs diffusely throughout the mediastinum. We encountered a case of fibrosing mediastinitis of a very focal lesion without evidence of mediastinal involvement. The condition was confirmed by biopsy and graft bypass surgery was performed because of SVC syndrome.