• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.210-213
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• 2013

We herein describe a feline case of facial dermatitis whose histopathological features resembled to those of FHV-associated ulcerative dermatitis. A 3-year-old, intact male domestic short-haired cat was presented with 2-years history of pruritic dermatitis that initially appeared on periocular area and extended toward the entire face. The cat had ocular discharge and conjunctivitis from 2-month of age. Clinically, skin lesions were characterized as erythema, erosions and ulcers covered with crusts on the facial and perianal area. Histopathologically, the facial lesion was characterized as interface dermatitis with hydropic degeneration at the basal layer, and single cell necrosis of keratinocytes. In addition, the epidermal and dermal necrosis infiltrated with eosinophils, and intranuclear inclusion bodies in keratinocytes were also recognized. Moreover, feline herpesvirus-1 gene was detected by a PCR analysis using a swab obtained from the crusted lesions. Based upon these findings, the present case was considered as having FHV-associated ulcerative dermatitis. Therapy including oral acyclovir and topical recombinant feline interferon omega resulted in marked improvement of the skin and mucosal lesions.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-87
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• 1991

In order to know the influence of mast cells on the mammary tumor development, the growth of the mammary carcinoma, the numerical changes and the morphological findings of mast cells appeared in the tumor were microscopically observed in the rat treated with DMBA and each chemical of histamine, heparin, pyrilamine or cimetidine. The results observed were summarized as follows: The tumor induction time that represented the number of days elapsing between the 3rd DMBA administration until a first tumor became $10{\times}10mm$ in diameter was $42.5{\pm}4.7$ days, and the mean number of tumor mass per rat was $3.4{\pm}1.2$ in the DMBA-treated group. No significant difference was apparent in the tumor induction time of the histamine-treated group, heparin-treated group or pyrilamine-treated group compared with the control group, but in the cimetidine-treated group the tumor induction time was $61.8{\pm}10.6$ days (p<0.005). The mean number of tumors per rat was $2.1{\pm}0.9$ in the cimetidine-treated group in contrast to $3.4{\pm}1.3$ in the control group (p<0.005). Numerical changes of mast cells were observed according to the development of DMBA induced mammary tumors that were separated into three major classes of tumors. The numbers of mast cells in all the experimental group were inclined to increase significantly according to the mammary tumor development (p<0.005), and the histamine-treated group, heparin-treated group, or pyrilamine-treated group were nearly similar to the control group. But the mast cells in the each stage of tumor development were more numerous in the cimetidine-treated group than in the control group (p<0.005). There were not significant in the numerical changes of mast cells among the experimental groups on each stage of carcinomas separated by early stage, middle stage and late stage. In the morphological characteristics of mast cells, the degranulation was not detectable from the hyperplasia stages to the early stage of carcinoma, but its degranulation was observed at the middle stage of carcinoma. Most mast cells were nearly degranulated at the late stage of carcinoma. The histamine treated group, pyrilamine-treated group and cimetidine treated group did not differ from the control group in morphological changes of mast cells, but the degranulation was shown mild in the heparin-treated group. And the degranulation gave rise to the depletion of intercellular matrix via exocytosis all the experimental group. From above results, it is supposed that mast cells inhibit the tumor development and that the inhibition is not caused by a single-factor, but by a complex activities of mast cell mediators.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.8
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• pp.1010-1015
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• 2006

p-Pheylenediamimine (PPD) is one of hair dye's ingredients, and the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide is generally used to dye hair at beauty shop. This study is conducted to investigate the effect of oxidized PPD on rat skin. 6% hydrogen peroxide, PPD (5% PPD in 2% $NH_4OH$) or the mixture (isovolumed mixture of 5% PPD and 6% hydrogen peroxide in 2% $NH_4OH$) was applied to rat skin ($25\;mg/16.5\;cm^2$) five times every other day. The activity of acid phosphatase (ACP) was more increased in the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group than PPD applied group. Furthermore, the activity of glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) in the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group showed higher decreasing rate than that of PPD applied group. In histopathological findings, the mixed PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group showed more thickening of epithelium, increased numbers of dermal fibroblasts, and the dilatation of dermal capillaries than PPD applied group. The significant increasing of xanthine oxidase (XO) activity was determined in mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied group compared with PPD applied group. However, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were more significantly decreased in mixed PPD with hydrogen peroxide applied groups than in PPD applied group. In conclusion, topical application with the mixture of PPD with hydrogen peroxide compared with PPD application resulted in imbalance with ROS generating and scavenging which probably led to severe skin injury.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.17-23
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• 2020

Objectives : In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Charybdis japonica (C. japonica) water extract on the acute reflux esophagitis in rat models. Methods : Twenty rats were divided into four groups for examination: normal control group (n=6), the reflux esophagitis group (n=6), reflux esophagitis treated with positive control group (ranitidine 40 mg/kg, n=6), reflux esophagitis treated with C. japonica group (100 mg/kg, n=6). All rats fasted for 18 hr and then were induced with reflux esophagitis by a pylorus and forestomach ligation operation. After 4 hr, the rats were sacrificed. The proinflammatory cytokine and proteins expression measured by western bolt assay, and the histopathological analysis of the esophageal mucosa measured by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results : C. japonica administration significantly was protecting esophageal mucosal damage upon histological analysis of reflux esophagitis in rats. The C. japonica treatment confirmed the protection of the reduction of claudin-5, an evaluation index of the damage of tight junctions in the reflux esophagitis. C. japonica was also found to inhibit the expression of proteins such as COX-2 and TNF-α in the rat esophagus. C. japonica markedly attenuated the activation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of IκBα at the same time. Conclusion : These results indicated that C. japonica suppressed the development of esophagitis through the modulation of inflammation by regulating NF-κB activation. Based on these findings, we concluded that C. japonica can prevent reflux esophagitis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2020

Background: 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (C₄₂H₇₂O₁₃), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is extracted from red ginseng. The increasing use of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has raised product safety concerns. Methods: In acute toxicity, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was singly and orally administrated to Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at the maximum doses of 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. In the 26-week toxicity study, we used repeated oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in SD rats over 26 weeks at doses of 0, 20, 60, or 180 mg/kg. Moreover, a 4-week recovery period was scheduled to observe the persistence, delayed occurrence, and reversibility of toxic effects. Results: The result of acute toxicity shows that oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 to mice and rats did not induce mortality or toxicity up to 1600 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. During a 26-week administration period and a 4-week withdrawal period (recovery period), there were no significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis parameters, biochemical and hematological values, or histopathological findings. Conclusion: The mean oral lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, in acute toxicity, is above 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. In a repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for female and male SD rats was 180 mg/kg.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.11-21
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• 2014

Atractylodes macrocepala KOIDZ. (AmK) is a herbal medicine and resources of functional food which has been used for the treatment of indigestion, anorexia, diarrhea and digestive dysfunction. Recently AmK is frequently used as resources of functional food and whitening cosmetics. In this study was carried out to evaluate the acute oral toxicity of Amk in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. male and female rats were administered orally with Amk extract of 1,000 mg/kg (low dosage group), 2,000 mg/kg (middle dosage group) and 4,000 mg/kg (high dosage group). We daily observed number of deaths, clinical signs and gross findings for 7 days. No dead SD rats and no clinical signs were found during the experiment period. Also other specific changes were not found between control and treated groups in hematology and serum biochemistry. But we found out feeble histopathological changes in liver fat tissues. In addition no significant changes of gross bady and individual organs weight. These results suggest that water soluble extract of AmK has not acute oral toxicity and oral $LD_{50}$ value was over 4,000 mg/kg in SD rats.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1341-1348
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• 2009

Hoechunyanggyeok-san (HYS) is a traditional oriental herbal medicine widely used for treating inflammatory disorders. Although there are numerous clinical results of HYS reported in the literature of oriental hebal medicine, it has been rarely conducted to evaluate the immuno-biological activity. The present study was conducted to examine the anti-inflammatory effects of HYS extract (HYSE) in vivo and in vitro. To determine the cytotoxic concentration of HYSE, cell viability was tested by MTT assay. All four doses of HYSE (0.01, 0.03, 0.10 and 0.30 mg/ml) had no significant cytotoxicity during the entire experimental period. In order to measure NO levels in culture medium, the cells were treated with $1\;{\mu}g/ml$ of LPS 1h before adding HYSE for 24 h and then culture medium were reacted with Griess reagent. Increased NO production and iNOS expression were detected in LPS-activated cells compared to control. However, these increases were dose-dependently attenuated by treatment with HYSE. LPS plays a key role in leading to the massive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 in macrophages. Thus, we next determined the levels of these cytokines. HYSE reduced the elevated production of TNF-$\alpha$, IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 by LPS. Moreover, the effects of HYSE were in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo, histopathological study, HYSE effectively inheefed the increases of hind paw skin thicknesses and inflammatory cell infiltrations induced by carrageenan treatment. It, therefore, considered that HYSE will be favorably inheefed the acute edematous inanner. In s. These findings showed that HYSE could have anti-inflammatory effects through the reduction of NO and inflammatory cytokines in macrophage. Furthermore, the reduction of carrageenan-induced paw oedema by HYSE helps to understand its actions on inflammatory conditions.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.639-652
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• 2006

Objective : The etiology of chronic prostatitis is likely multifactorial, resulting from either a cascade of events after an initiating factor or from a variety of etiologic mechanisms. There is substantiating evidence to support the role of the inflammatory responses in its pathogenesis, and the clinical value in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Forsythiae Frucus has been traditionally used in treatment of inflammatory diseases, including of prostatitis and urinary tract inflammation. In this study, we investigated the effects of Forsythiae Frucus on inflammatory cytokines and cyto-pathological alternation in the rat model of chronic non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and $17{\beta}$-estradiol treatment. Methods : Two-month-old rats were treated with $17{\beta}$-estradiol after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis. which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Forsythiae Frucus as an experimental specimen, and testosterone as a positive control, were administered orally. The prostates were evaluated by histopathologlcal parameters including the epithelial score and epithelio-stromal ratio for glandular damage. and the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes including interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$, IL-5, IL-12, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$. eotaxin, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2(cox-2). Results : While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation. the rats treated with Forsythiae Frucus showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in the Forsythiae Frucus group over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelia-stromal ratio was lower in the Forsythiae Frucus group when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). In the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of inflammatory cytosine genes. Forsythiae Frucus inhibited the expression of IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-$\alpha$, iNOS, cox-2 genes, while it modulated the expression of IL-5, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Conclusions : These findings suggest that Forsythiae Frucus may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with the immune modulation including the suppression of inflammatory cytokines and increase of anti-inflammatory cytokines. From theses results. we suggest that Forsythiae Frucus could be a useful remedy agents for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.406-413
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• 2019

This study was undertaken to investigate the distribution of human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes and cervical lesions in Busan. Furthermore, the cytological and histological findings of cervical lesions were compared to determine the usefulness of the currently released vaccines. HPV subtypes of 2,130 patients who visited Haeundae Paik Hospital between January 2013 and March 2016 were analyzed by the HPV 9G DNA chip. Liquid-based cytological examination was performed, and subtypes were classified according to the 2001 guidelines of The Bethesda System. Biopsy or hysterectomy specimens were subjected to hematoxylin and eosin staining for histological examinations. Of the total 2,130 cases, 1,254 (58.9%) were positive for HPV, and 876 (41.1%) were negative. Of these, 152 (7.1%), 97 (4.6%) and 80 (3.8%) were identified as HPV 16, 68 and 56, respectively. Of the 329 cases encompassing the above three HPV subtypes, histopathological analysis diagnosed 155 (47.1%) cases with CIN2 or higher grade. Notably, the occurrences of HPV subtypes 16, 68, 56, 58 and 51 were most frequently diagnosed in Busan. Further analysis revealed that administration of Gardasil^Ⓡ 9, the currently available vaccine in the market, exerts no protection against subtypes 68, 59 and 51. This study aims to provide an important reference for future HPV vaccination programs in Busan.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.965-972
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• 2004

In the present study, it is observed that Monascus diet may have a hepatoprotective effect on the liver damage induced by bromobenzene in rats. By treatment with bromobenzene (400 mg/kg, i.p.) once a day for 3 consecutive days, the liver damage was reduced in rats fed 2% Monascus diet, based on the liver functional and histopathological findings. Furthermore, retreatment of bromobenzene to the animals with damaged liver showed higher decreasing rate of hepatic glutathione content and increasing rate of cytochrome P450 dependent aniline hydroxylase activity at 4 h in rats fed 2% Monascus diet than those fed STD diet, and V$_{max}$ in glutathione S-transferase was higher in liver of rats fed 2% Monascus diet than those fed STD diet. On the other hand, activities of antioxidant enzymes such as hepatic glutathione S-transferase, catalase and superoxide dismutase were generally higher both in bromobenzene and 2% Monascus diet treated group than those fed STD diet. In conclusion, the rats fed 2% Monascus diet showed lower liver damage than those fed STD diet, which may be due to the acceleration of bromobenzene metabolism and detoxication of oxygen free radicals.s.