• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.427-441
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• 2016

Objectives: This study investigated the aconitine contents analysis of Buja extracts (raw material of Buja, hot water extract of Buja, and hot water extract of Sambu-tang) and the single oral dose toxicity of Sambu-tang-R in six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats in order to compare the toxicity of Buja extracts.Methods: Aconitine content analysis is that Buja extracts were hold purity test. To detect single oral dose toxicity, six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, a normal control group and a sambutang-R (2,000 mg/kg) group. For 14 days of treatment, clinical signs, body weight, clinical chemistry, necropsy, and histopathology were examined.Results: The aconitine contents of the Buja extracts were Buja-RH (0.1738%), Buja-RD (0.1746%), and Sambu-tang-R (0.0961%). There were no cases of death in either the control group or the experimental group. Nor was there any disorder to the clinical signs or any significant change in body weight in either group. There was no significant change of clinical chemistry or disorder of necropsy findings in either the control or the experimental group. And there was no difference in histopathological findings in comparing the control group with the experimental group.Conclusions: These results suggest that the aconitine content of the hot water extract of Buja was similar to the raw material of Buja, but the hot water extract of Sambu-tang had greatly decreased aconitine content. These results also suggest that a single oral lethal dose of Sambu-tang-R for Sprague-Dawley rats exceeds 2,000 mg/kg for both female and male rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.293-300
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• 2010

tert-Butyl acetate (TBAc) is an organic solvent, which is commonly used in architectural coatings and industrial solvents. It has recently been exempted from the definition of a volatile organic compound (VOC) by the Air Resources Board (ARB). Since the use of TBAc as a substitute for other VOCs has increased, thus its potential risk in humans has also increased. However, its inhalation toxicity data in the literature are very limited. Hence, inhalation exposure to TBAc was carried out to investigate its toxic effects in this study. Adult male rats were exposed to TBAc for 4 h for 1 day by using a nose-only inhalation exposure chamber (low dose, $2370\;mg/m^3$ (500 ppm); high dose, $9482\;mg/m^3$ (2000 ppm)). Shamtreated control rats were exposed to clean air in the inhalation chamber for the same period. The animals were killed at 2, 7, and 15 days after exposure. At each time point, body weight measurement, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) analysis, histopathological examination, and biochemical assay were performed. No treatment-related abnormal effects were observed in any group according to time course. Based on those findings, the median lethal concentration ($LC_{50}$) of TBAc was over $9482\;mg/m^3$ in this study. According to the MSDS, the 4 h $LC_{50}$ for TBAc for rats is over $2230\;mg/m^3$. We suggested that this value is changed and these findings may be applied in the risk assessment of TBAc which could be beneficial in a sub-acute study.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.4353-4356
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• 2016

Purpose: To study the prevalence of CIN2+ diagnosis in women with atypical Papaniculoau (Pap) smears to suggest appropriate management option for Thai health care. Materials and Methods: Data from all patients with liquid based cytology with human papillomavirus (HPV) testing between May 2013 - May 2016 were collected from medical records. Women with atypical cervical Pap smears were recruited. Results for age, HPV testing, HPV 16, 18, 45 and other genotypes tested, colposcopic examination and histopathological assessment were all collected. Atypical smears were defined as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and atypical squamous cells cannot be exclude high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC-H). Results: A total of 2,144 cases were recruited. Twenty six women with ASC-US on cytology had high risk (HR) HPV detection while eight cases with ASC-H had HR-HPV (40.0% VS 72.7%, p=0.005). Among the 26 women with ASC-US cytology and positive HR-HPV, HPV type 16 (n=8, 30.8%), type 18 (n=1, 3.8%), type 45 (n=1, 3.8%) and other HPV types (n=17, 65.4%) were found. Eight women with ASC-H and positive HR-HPV demonstrated type 16 (n=6, 75%) and other HPV types (n=2, 25%). Fifty seven women with ASC-US had normal colposcopy, CIN1 and CIN2+ at percentages of 80.7 (46/57), 14.0 (8/57) and 5.3 (3/57), respectively. In the ASC-H group, 7 out of 10 women had normal colposcopy and three (30%) had CIN2+ results. Conclusions: In women with ASC-US cytology, immediate colposcopy is highly recommended. HPV testing can be performed if colposcopy is not an available option because there was high prevalence (5.3%) of CIN2+ in our findings. ASCCP recommendations for ASC-H that colposcopy should be performed on all ASC-H cases regardless of HPV result are thereby supported by the findings of this investigation.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2014

Purpose : To review MR imaging finding of papillary lesion identified as additional suspicious lesion on MR image in women with biopsy-proven breast cancer and to evaluate upgrading rates after subsequent surgical histopathological diagnosis. Materials and Methods: Among 1729 preoperative MR image of women with biopsy proven breast cancer, US-guided CNB-proven 22 papillary lesions from 21 patients, which showed additional suspicious contrast enhancement other than index cancer on MR image, were subjected to the study. Some of these lesions underwent surgery, thus the comparisons between the histopathologic results were able to be compared to the results of US-guided CNB. Also retrospective analysis was done for MR findings of these lesions by BI-RADS MRI lexicon. Results: On MR imaging, 8 mass lesions, 7 non-mass lesions, 7 focus lesions were detected. All of the focus lesion (100%, 7/7) was diagnosed as benign lesion and showed plateau and washout pattern in dynamic MR image. After excisional biopsy, one of 9 benign papilloma (11.1%), 3 of 3 papillary neoplasm with atypia component (100%), 3 of 5 papillary neoplasm (60%) were upgraded to malignancy such as ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC). Conclusion: The MR images of papillary lesions diagnosed by US-guided CNB exhibit no significant differences between malignancy and benign lesion. Also 41.2% of the lesion (7/17) was upgraded after subsequent surgery. Thus all of the papillary lesions require excisional biopsy for definite diagnosis and the MR imaging, it's just not enough by itself.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.239-253
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• 2017

Neodymium is a future-oriented material due to its unique properties, and its use is increasing in various industrial fields worldwide. However, the toxicity caused by repeated exposure to this metal has not been studied in detail thus far. The present study was carried out to investigate the potential inhalation toxicity of nano-sized neodymium oxide ($Nd_2O_3$) following a 28-day repeated inhalation exposure in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Male rats were exposed to nano-sized $Nd_2O_3-containing$ aerosols via a nose-only inhalation system at doses of $0mg/m^3$, $0.5mg/m^3$, $2.5mg/m^3$, and $10mg/m^3$ for 6 hr/day, 5 days/week over a 28-day period, followed by a 28-day recovery period. During the experimental period, clinical signs, body weight, hematologic parameters, serum biochemical parameters, necropsy findings, organ weight, and histopathological findings were examined; neodymium distribution in the major organs and blood, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and oxidative stress in lung tissues were analyzed. Most of the neodymium was found to be deposited in lung tissues, showing a dose-dependent relationship. Infiltration of inflammatory cells and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) were the main observations of lung histopathology. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was observed in the $2.5mg/m^3$ and higher dose treatment groups. PAP was observed in all treatment groups accompanied by an increase in lung weight, but was observed to a lesser extent in the $0.5mg/m^3$ treatment group. In BALF analysis, total cell counts, including macrophages and neutrophils, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, increased significantly in all treatment groups. After a 4-week recovery period, these changes were generally reversed in the $0.5mg/m^3$ group, but were exacerbated in the $10mg/m^3$ group. The lowest-observed-adverse-effect concentration of nano-sized $Nd_2O_3$ was determined to be $0.5mg/m^3$, and the target organ was determined to be the lung, under the present experimental conditions in male rats.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2010

The natural herbal antimicrobial additive, Flavo-$SK^{TM}$, was developed by Zoonosis Research Center of Wonkwang University. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Flavo-$SK^{TM}$ on the health status and performance of growing chickens. This study was conducted on the growing chickens (n=20,000) for 31 days in a growing chickens husbandry. The animals were divided with two groups; Flavo-$SK^{TM}$ treated group (n=10,000) and commercial diet feeding group (n=10,000). The Flavo-$SK^{TM}$ treated animals had provided with commercial diet adding the Flavo-$SK^{TM}$ as 0.29%. During the study period, we compared clinical signs, weight increase rate, diet consumption amount, gross finding, necropsy findings and histopathological findings between the treated group and non treated group. As the results of this clinical trial, the natural herbal antimicrobial additive, Flavo-$SK^{TM}$, showed the effects on disease reduction. It is suggested that Flavo-$SK^{TM}$ has the antimicrobial effects.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.209-216
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• 2013

Soybean polyunsaturated phosphatidylcholine (PC) is thought to exert anti-inflammatory activities and has potent effects in attenuating acute renal failure and liver dysfunction. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of PC in protecting multiple organ injury (MOI) from lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Six groups of rats (N=8) were used in this study. Three groups acted as controls and received only saline, hydrocortisone (HC, 6 mg/kg, i.v.) or PC (600 mg/kg, i.p.) without LPS (15 mg/kg, i.p.) injections. Other 3 groups, as the test groups, were administered saline, HC or PC in the presence of LPS. Six hours after the LPS injection, blood and organs (lung, liver and kidney) were collected from each group to measure inflammatory cytokines and perform histopathology and myeloperoxidase (MPO) assessment. Serum cytokines (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and IL-10) and MPO activities were significantly increased, and significant histopathological changes in the organs were observed by LPS challenge. These findings were significantly attenuated by PC or HC. The treatment with PC or HC resulted in a significant attenuation on the increase in serum levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6, pro-inflammatory cytokines, while neither PC nor HC significantly attenuated serum levels of IL-10, anti-inflammatory cytokine. In the organs, the enhanced infiltration of neutrophils and expression of ED2 positive macrophage were attenuated by PC or HC. Inductions of MPO activity were also significantly attenuated by PC or HC. From the findings, we suggest that PC may be a functional material for its use as an anti-inflammatory agent.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.29-37
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• 2005

13-week orally repeated dose toxicity was investigated to ascertain the toxic effects of Aristolochiae radix in F344 rats at dose levels of 0, 1 (0.003 AA, aristolochic acid, mg/kg), 5 (0.014 AA mg/kg), 25 (0.068 AA mg/kg), 125 (0.34 AA mg/kg), and 500mg/kg (AA 1.36 mg/kg). No mortalities were found in any of the dose groups including vehicle control groups of both sexes during the study period. Hematologic and serum biochemical examinations revealed no changes related to the test item in any of the dose groups of both sexes. However, gross findings at necropsy implicated thickening of the stomach wall. In histopathological examinations, prominent findings related to the test item treatment were observed in the stomach and urinary bladder. There were squamous cell papilloma, squamous cell hyperplasia, ulceration and erosion observed in the non-glandular stomach. Squamouse cell hyperplasia was observed at dose levels of more than 125 mg/kg in both sexes and squamous cell papilloma was observed at dose level of 500 mg/kg in both sexes. The incidence and severity of these proliferating lesions including squamous cell hyperplasia and squamous cell papilloma increased with dose dependency. Transitional cell hyperplasia was also observed in the urinary bladder at dose levels of more than 25 mg/kg in both sexes and the incidence and severity of the lesion increased with dose dependency. In conclusion, the toxic changes related to the test item treatment were observed in the stomach and urinary bladder, and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was estimated to be 5 mg/kg/day for both males and females in F344 rats.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.170-176
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• 2018

Objective: To assess whether the "testicular pool" could be used for histological analysis and whether it gave more accurate information than the standard testicular biopsy. Methods: Between January 2017 and March 2018, this single-center prospective study included 60 azoospermic men undergoing conventional bilateral testicular sperm extraction. Six samples were excised from each testicle and transferred to an embryologist. One additional biopsy was randomly taken from each testis for a histological analysis. After processing, the testicular pool was also sent for a histological analysis, which showed normal spermatogenesis (NS), hypospermatogenesis (HYPO), maturation arrest (MA), Sertoli cell-only syndrome (SCOS), and tubular atrophy (TA). Results: Twenty of the 60 patients (33.3%) had obstructive azoospermia (OA), while the remaining 40 (66.6%) had nonobstructive azoospermia. Their mean age was 40.5 years. All patients with OA had previously undergone unsuccessful testicular fine-needle aspiration. Successful sperm retrieval (SSR) occurred in 93.3% of patients. Histological analysis of the testicular biopsy revealed NS in 12 patients (20%), HYPO and TA in 28 patients (46.6%), MA in eight patients (13.3%), and SCOS in 12 patients (20%). The testicular pool analysis showed NS in 12 patients (20%), HYPO and TA in 44 patients (73.3%), MA in four patients (6.6%), and SCOS in no patients. In four patients with MA (6.6% of the total sample) and 12 patients with SCOS (20% of the total sample) according to the standard testicular biopsy, the embryologist found SSR with cryopreservation. Overall, in 44 patients (73.3%), the testicular pool analysis confirmed the histological findings of the standard testicular biopsy. In the 16 cases (26.6%) with a discrepancy between the single-biopsy histological findings and SSR, the testicular pool analysis confirmed the embryological data on SSR. Conclusion: The testicular pool proved to be easily analyzable, practical, manageable, and more accurate for predicting sperm retrieval than standard testicular biopsy.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.101-108
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• 2021

Objectives : A root of Dipsacus asperoides C. Y. Cheng et T. M. Ai (D. asperoides) has been traditionally used as a medicinal resource in several Asian countries, including Korean and traditional Chinese medicine that has been traditionally used for treating several medical conditions including pain, arthritis, and bone fractures in Korea. In the present study, we investigated potential subacute toxicities of D. asperoides extract. Methods : C57BL/6 mice (male, 7weeks) were randomly divided into 4 groups of 5 mice. Except for the control group, the mice were orally administrated D. asperoides extract at doses of 50, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day for 2 weeks. At the end of the treatment period, all mice were euthanized, and the following parameters were examined: mortality, body weight, clinical signs, gross findings, hematology, serum biochemistry, organ weight, and histopathology. Results : There were no abnormalities in mortality, clinical signs, body weight, gross findings, or organ weight after repeated administration of D. asperoides extract for 2 weeks, compared with the control group. In addition, there were no significant changes in hematological, serum biochemical, and histopathological parameters between the control group and D. asperoides extract administrated groups with doses of up to 450 mg/kg/day. Conclusion : In this study, D. asperoides extract showed no significant toxicities at a dose of up to 450 mg/kg/day in mice. Although we could not confirm the toxic dose of D. asperoides extract, it can be considered safe for further pharmacological use.