• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.275-284
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• 2000

The organ culture model of the whole mammary gland has many advantages for the study of branching morphogenesis and biological characteristics, including tumorigenesis. Prior to whole gland organ culture, rats were treated with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) or N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU) for one week. The tramdorming effect and the morphological changes were assessed by the whole mount preparations and histopathological examination in terminal end buds (TEB), terminal ducts (TD), alveolar buds (AB), alveolar lobules (AL) and hyperplastic alveolar nodules (HAN) of the mammary gland. Grossfindings of the mammary glands at dissection were higher branching morphogenesis and larger volume in carcinogen-treated groups than in carcinogen-non-treated groups. Results of the whole mount method were coincided with those of the histopathological observations. Circular TEB, normally maintained AB, AL, and high cellular density were more frequently observed in carcinogen-treated groups than in carcinogen-nan-treated groups. Histopathologically, as a preneoplastic marker, HAN was maintained only in mammary organ culture of the carcinogen-treated groups. These findings suggest that in vivo trans-formation effects by carcinogens persisted during the mammary organ culture. These results were more characteristic in DMBA than in MNU-treated group. Ducts and terminal ducts appeared to have lost morphology during their growths in case of without diethylstilbestrol (DES). The fact that in vitro organ culture without DES was resulted in abnormal ductular morphogenesis confirms that DES is a physiological regulator of ductular epithelial cell growth.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제29권2호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2008

Objective: There is increasing evidence that chronic non-bacterial prostatitis is recognized to be a local inflammatory disease, and there is substantiating evidence to support the role of the inflammatory responses in its pathogenesis, and clinical value in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy. Prunella vulgaris has been traditionally used in treatment of inflammatory diseases, including of scrofula, goiter, and allergy diseases. In this study, we investigated the effects of Prunella vulgaris on inflammatory cytokines and cytopathological alternation in the rat model of non-bacterial prostatitis induced by castration and $17{\beta}-estradiol$ treatment. Methods: Two-month-old rats were treated with $17{\beta}-estradiol$ after castration for induction of experimental non-bacterial prostatitis, which is similar to human chronic prostatitis in histopathological profiles. Prunella vulgaris as an experimental specimen, and testosterone as a positive control, were administered orally. The prostates were evaluated by histopathological parameters including the epithelial score and epithelial-stromal ratio for glandular damage, and the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes including the interleukin $(IL)-1{\beta}$, IL-5, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$. Results: While prostates of control rats revealed severe acinar gland atrophy and stromal proliferation, the rats treated with Prunella vulgaris showed a diminished range of tissue damage. Epithelial score was improved in Prunella vulgaris over that of the control (P<0.05). The epithelial-stromal ratio was lower with Prunella vulgaris when compared to that of the control (P<0.05). In the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) of inflammatory cytokine genes, Prunella vulgaris inhibited the expression of $IL-1{\beta}$ and $TNF-{\alpha}$ genes, while it modulated the expression of IL-5, which is an anti-inflammatory cytokine. Conclusions: These findings suggest that Prunella vulgaris may protect the glandular epithelial cells and also inhibit stromal proliferation in association with the immune modulation including the suppression of inflammatory cytokines and promotion of anti-inflammatory cytokine. From theses results, we suggest that Prunella vulgaris could be a useful remedy agent for treating chronic non-bacterial prostatitis.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.103-111
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• 1989

방사선 조사후 방광의 손상에 관한 실험에서 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 손상군, 회복군 모두에서 암수가 비슷한 변화를 보여 방사선에 의한 손상에서 암수의 차이는 없었다. 2. 점막의 변화는 40GY 조사군에서 50GY군 보다 빨리 회복됨이 관찰되었고 14주에서 대부분 소실되었다. 3. 혈관의 변화는 40GY, 50GY 모두에서 혈관확장증, 초자질화, 내피하층과 중간층의 섬유화 등이 관찰되었으며 혈관주변의 섬유화는 15주까지 관찰되었다. 결체조직과 균육층의 변화는 40GY, 50GY 모두에서 조사후 15주까지 지속됨을 볼 수 있었다. 마우스의 평균수명(460일-1000일)에 비해 본 연구의 추적 기간이 105일로서 충분히 길다고는 할 수 없으나 상기 여러 결과로 미루어 후기 반응의 감소 및 예방을 위해 세심한 조사 계획이 있어야 함을 시사하였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.2651-2654
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• 2014

Background: Lung cancer (LC) is still the primary cause of cancer deaths worldwide, and late diagnosis is a major obstacle to improving lung cancer outcomes. Recently, elevated preoperative or pretreatment neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet to lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and mean platelet volume (MPV) detected in peripheral blood were identified as independent prognostic factors associated with poor survival with various cancers, including colon cancer, esophageal cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer. Objective: The aim of this study was to examine whether MPV, NLR and PLR could be useful inflammatory markers to differentiate lung cancer patients from healthy controls. An investigation was also made of the relationship between these markers and other prognostic factors and histopathological subgroups. Materials and Methods: Retrospectively eighty-one lung cancer patients and 81 age-sexes matched healthy subjects included into the study. Patients with hypertension, hematological and renal disease, heart failure, chronic infection, hepatic disorder and other cancer were excluded from the study. The preoperative or pretreatment blood count data was obtained from the recorded computerized database. Results: NLR and PLR values were significantly higher in the LC patients compared to the healthy subjects.( NLR: 4.42 vs 2.45 p=0.001, PLR: 245.1 vs 148.2 p=0.002) MPV values were similar in both groups (7.7 vs 7.8). No statistically significant relationship was determined between these markers (MPV, NLR and PLR) and histopathological subgroups and TNM stages. Conclusions: NLR and PLR can be useful biomarkers in LC patients before treatment. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm these findings.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제28권
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• pp.14.1-14.9
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• 2013

Objectives This study was conducted to determine whether nano-sized carbon black exposure results in greater damage in high fat diet-induced overweight rats than normal weight ones and to identify the possible causes of any differences. Methods Two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats allocated by body weight (normal and overweight) were exposed to aerosolized nano-sized carbon black for 6 hours a day, 5 days per week over a 4-week period. Differential cell counts, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities and albumin concentrations were measured in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid, and histopathological findings in the lungs were evaluated. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin (IL)-6 were measured in BAL fluid and supernatants of lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-stimulated lymphocyte culture. Results Rats exposed to high concentrations of nano-sized carbon black showed significantly increased (p <0.05) polymorphonuclear leukocyte number and LDH activity in the BAL fluid from both overweight and normal rats. Mild histopathological changes were observed in normal rats irrespective of carbon black concentrations. However, severe histological scores were found in overweight rats ($1.75{\pm}0.46$, $2.25{\pm}0.46$, and $2.88{\pm}0.35$ after low, medium, and high concentration exposures). Proinflammatory cytokine levels of TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-6 were significantly higher in the supernatant of LPS-stimulated lymphocytes of overweight rats, whereas there was no significant difference in the BAL fluid between normal and overweight rats. Conclusions Inflammation and damage to lungs exposed to nano-sized carbon black was more severe in high fat diet-induced overweight rats compared to normal rats.

• 대한한의학방제학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.186-199
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• 2013

Objectives : The objectives of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Red-Koji (Monascus purpureus 12002) Fermented Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts (fSR), has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various diseases including inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose (LD50), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, fSR powders were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.). The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14days after single oral treatment of fSR with organ weights and histopathological observations of 12 types of principle organs. Results : After single oral treatment of fSR, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents, on the body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations, except for some accidental findings. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the LD50 and ALD of fSR in both female and male mice after single oral treatment were considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg and can be safety used in clinics.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.46-58
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• 2013

Objectives : The object of this study was to obtain acute information (single oral dose toxicity) of Scutellariae Radix Aqueous Extracts (SR; yield = 27.20%) which traditionally have been used in Korean medicine for treating various diseases including inflammatory diseases. Methods : In order to observe the 50% lethal dose ($LD_{50}$), approximate lethal dosage (ALD) and target organs, SR Aqueous Extracts were once orally administered to female and male ICR mice at dose levels of 2,000, 1,000, 500 and 0 (control) mg/kg (body weight.) according to the recommendation of KFDA Guidelines. The mortality and changes on body weight, clinical signs and gross observation were monitored during 14 days after single oral treatment of SR according to KFDA Guidelines with organ weights and histopathological observations of 14 types of principle organs. Results : After single oral treatment of SR, we could not find any mortality and toxicological evidences up to 2,000 mg/kg treated group, the limited dosages in rodents, on the body and organ weights, clinical signs, gross and histopathological observations, except for some accidental findings. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the $LD_{50}$ and ALD of SR in both female and male mice after single oral treatment be considered as over 2,000 mg/kg because no mortalities were detected up to 2,000 mg/kg that was the highest dose recommended by KFDA and OECD, and can be safely used in clinics.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2000

In association with the international validation program to establish a rodent uterotrophic assay, we conducted preliminary uterotrophic assay proposed by GECD using immature female rats. In the present study, oral and subcutaneous routes were chosen to compare the effects of estrogenic com-pounds in the two dosing regimens. The reference compound ethinyl estradiol (EE) and the antagonist ZM189154(ZM) were administered by gavage or subcutaneously (s.c.) to immature female SD rats from 20 to 22 days of age. For each study, sixty-six female rats were randomly assigned to eleven groups: Untreated control, EE 0,0.01, 0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0,3.0 and 10.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, EE 3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg(gavage)/0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg(s.c) & ZM 0.1 mg/kg, and EE 3.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg(gavage)/0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg (s.c) & ZM 1.0 mg/kg. There were no treatment-related changes in clinical signs, body weights, food consumption, and necropsy findings in any groups of two studies. The wet and blotted uterus weights increased dose-dependently. Histopathological examination revealed that diameter of uterine duct, height of uterine luminal epithelium. and height oj vaginal epithelium increased dose-dependently. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoreactive cells were increased in number dose-dependently. The estrogenic effects observed in the present studies occurred at $\geq$ 0.3 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg of oral dose and $\geq$ 0.1 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg of s.c. dose. An antagonistic effect of ZM against EE was found in both uterus weight and histopathological parameters. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that dose-dependence of the uterotrophic assay using EE and ZM was well demonstrated by gavage and subcutaneous administration and that the estrogenic effects of EE by s.c. dose were higher than those by gavage administration. In addition, blotted uterus weight was more sensitive than wet uterus weight and vaginal epithelial height was found to be the most sensitive parameter among the parameters examined.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제35권4호
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• pp.150-154
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• 2018

A 9-month-old, castrated, male Labrador Retriever was referred for generalized progressing cutaneous reddish mass lesions with bleeding, scale, crust, and pruritus. On the basis of histopathological findings and the results of immunochemical staining, cutaneous nonepitheliotropic B-cell lymphoma was identified. A cyclophosphamide-doxorubicin-vincristine-prednisolone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy regimen was initiated, and the patient initially showed partial response to vincristine and $\text\tiny{L}$-asparaginase, but the cutaneous lesions progressed gradually. After the first cycle of the CHOP-based protocol, lomustine was administered instead. The cutaneous lesions showed partial response to lomustine, but the treatment did not stop the progression of cutaneous lymphoma. The patient was euthanized due to neurologic signs, including reduced consciousness and seizures, 53 days after initial presentation. The postmortem histopathological examination showed systemic metastasis involving the lymph nodes, skin, kidney, ureter, liver, brain, temporal muscle, diaphragmatic muscle, conjunctiva, and oral cavity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제71권5호
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• pp.355-358
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• 2011

Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a useful, safe diagnostic modality for evaluating mediastinal and hilar lymphadenopathy. We report a 51-year-old male who presented with a left renal mass and multiple pleural masses without lung parenchymal lesions. The pleural masses were thought to be metastatic tumors or malignant mesothelioma. The patient underwent two percutaneous needle biopsies of the pleural mass, but the specimens were insufficient for a histopathological diagnosis. Because one pleural mass was adjacent to the right main bronchus, we decided to perform EBUS-TBNA for the pleural mass. As a result, sufficient core tissue was obtained with no complications, and the histopathological findings were consistent with metastatic papillary renal cell carcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first case of using EBUS-TBNA for a pleural mass.