• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.680-695
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for developing nursing intervention for middle-aged women. This study identified health status, family functionality and spousal relationship and analyzed relationship between individual characteristics and family functionality/ spousal relationship. The subjects, of this study were 1.723 women from 45 to 55 years of age, who lived in J city. Data were analyzed using percentages, means, t-tests, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation coefficients with the SPSS statistical program. The results of the study were as follow: 1. The rate of women who perceived themselves to be healthy was 36.6%, those who did not was 30.8%. The most frequent health problem was a disease of the skeletal system (13.2%). 2. The mean score of family functionality was $3.25{\pm}.60$, with cohesion score of $3.58{\pm}.66$ and adaptability score of $2.99{\pm}.63$. 3. The mean score of total spousal relationship was $3.22{\pm}.42$; the relationship with in-laws was 3.78; sexual relationship, 3.74; life style, 3.44; and recreational activity. 3.39. 4. The women who experienced menopause perceived themselves to be unhealthier than those who did not. 5. Healthy women had a high score at total spousal relationship. personality of spouse. life style, recreational activity, and children's influence. 6. The women from 40 to 50 years of age. and women who graduated from middle or high school and had medium economic status showed a high score in family functionality. There was no correlation between family functionality and experience of the menopause. 7. Lower aged women were not good in personality of spouse (p<.05), sexual relationship (p<.05), and relationship with relatives (p<.05), Inexperienced women's menopause was influenced by their children (p<.05), Women who graduated from middle or high school (p<.001) and had medium economic status (p<.05) showed a high score in spousal relationship. 8. The higher the family functionality score. the higher spousal relationship. score (p<.001): love and communication (p<.001), personality of husband (p<.05), and religion (p<.001). relationship with relatives (p<.05), but the lower the score of recreational activity (p<.05), and share of role (p<.001) in the spousal relationship. 9. In the family functionality, the higher the cohesion score. the higher was the adaptability score (p<.001). l) The higher the cohesion score, the higher were love and communication, personality of husband. life style. sexual relationship. and children's influence, but the lower were share of role in spousal relationship(p<.001). 2) The higher the adaptability score, the higher were love and communication, religion, but the lower were the personality of husband, life style. sexual relationship, recreational activity, relationship with relatives, share of role(p<.001), and children's influence in spousal relationship (p<.05). 10. Variables within the spousal relationship have relationships with other variables. 1) The higher the love and communication score. the higher personality of husband religion, life style, communication. relationship with relatives, and children s influence (p<.001). 2) The higher personality of husband life style sexual relationship. recreational activity, relationship with relatives, share of role, and children's influence (p<.001). 3) The higher the religion score, the lower the recreational activity score (p<.05). 4) The higher the life style, the higher were the sexual relationship, recreational activity. relationship with relatives. share of role, and children's influence (p<.001). 5) The higher the sexual relationship score. the higher were recreational activity. relationship with relatives, share of role. and children's influence (p<.001). 6) The higher the recreational activity, the relationship with relatives, share of role. and children's influence (p<.001). 7) The higher the relationship with relatives, the higher were the share of role. the higher children's influence (p<.001). In conclusion. the spousal relationship was not good in unhealthy women, and the family functionality was related with the age of women and educational level. Also the spousal relationship was related with the age of women, personality of husband, sexual relationship. relationship with relatives by marriage and influence of sons and daughters. Menopause was related with spousal relationship, not related with family functionality. And the family functionality not related with perceived health status. but was correlated with spousal relationship. Therefore, the health management program for middle-aged woman should take place before menopause and must be based on promoting the family functionality and spousal relationship as well as physical health.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.265-285
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• 1999

The purposes of this investigation were to observe the reaction kinetics of five commercial dual cured resin cements (Bistite, Dual, Scotchbond, Duolink and Duo) when cured under varying thicknesses of porcelain inlays by chemical or light activation and to evaluate the effect of the porcelain disc on the rate of polymerization of dual cured resin cement during light exposure by using thermal analysis. Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) was used to evaluate the weight change as a function of temperature during a thermal program from $25{\sim}800^{\circ}C$ at rate of $10^{\circ}C$/min and to measure inorganic filler weight %. Differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) was used to evaluate the heat of cure(${\Delta}H$), maximum rate of heat output and peak heat flow time in dual cured resin cement systems when the polymerization reaction occured by chemical cure only or by light exposure through 0mm, 1mm, 2mm and 4mm thickness of porcelain discs. In 4mm thickness of porcelain disc, the exposure time was varied from 40s to 60s to investigate the effect of the exposure time on polymerization reaction. To investigate the effect on the setting of dual cured resin cements of absorption of polymerizing light by porcelain materials used as inlays and onlays, the change of the intensity of the light attenuated by 1mm, 2mm and 4mm thickness of porcelain discs was measured using curing radiometer. The results were as follows 1. The heat of cure of resin cements was 34~60J/gm and significant differences were observed between brands (P<0.001). Inverse relationship was present between the heat of reaction and filler weight % the heat of cure decreased with increasing filler content (R=-0.967). The heat of reaction by light cure was greater than by chemical cure in Bistite, Scotchbond and Duolink(P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in Dual and Duo(P>0.05). 2. The polymerization rate of chemical cure and light cure of five commercially available dual cured resin cements was found to vary greatly with brand. Setting time based on peak heat flow time was shortest in Duo during chemical cure, and shortest in Dual during light cure. Cure speed by light exposure was 5~20 times faster than by chemical cure in dual cured resin cements. The dual cured resin cements differed markedly in the ratio of light and chemical activated catalysts. 3. The peak heat flow time increased by 1.51, 1.87, and 3.24 times as light cure was done through 1mm, 2mm and 4mm thick porcelain discs. Exposure times recommended by the manufacturers were insufficient to compensate for the attenuation of light by the 4mm thick porcelain disc. 4. A strong inverse relationship was observed between peak heat flow and peak time in chemical cure(R=0.951), and a strong positive correlations hip was observed between peak heat flow and the heat of cure in light cure(R=0.928). There was no correlationship present between filler weight % or heat of cure and peak time. 5. The thermal decomposition of resin cements occured primarily between $300^{\circ}C$ and $480^{\circ}C$ with maximum decomposition rates at $335^{\circ}C$ and $440^{\circ}C$.