• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 2009

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of stretching and strengthening exercise on the static flexibility and pain intensity for the iliopsoas muscle, which is one of the main reasons for the chronic low back pain. Methods: The subjects of this study were 15 male adult patients with showed 6 score or higher in the visual analogue scale(VAS) and complained of low back pain over three months who visited department of the physical therapy, KIA motors Industrial Health Center, from October, 2008 through December, 2008. Fifteen subjects were trained stretching, mat exercises and sling exercises for iliopsoas muscle at 4-5 times a week for 4 weeks. I measured the changes on the extensibility of iliopsoas muscle, static flexibility of low back and VAS between pre- and post exercise treatment. Date were analyzed using the Wilcoxon's signed rank test considering the size of the samples. Results: 1. The angle of the hip joint that showed the extensibility of iliopsoas muscle was relieved, which was significant statistically (p<.05). 2. The static flexibility was statistically significantly improved in the trunk flexion test, trunk extension test and Schober-Test (p<.05). 3. The VAS showed decrease, which is significant statistically (p<.05). Conclusion: It is believed that the exercise treatment of iliopsoas muscle has the significant effects on the improvement of static flexibility and decrease of pain intensity for the chronic low back pain patients.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.328-335
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• 1999

This study was designed to investigate the effects of exercise therapy on joint mobility, daily activity. pain and depression of patients with ankylosing spondylitis. 25 persons with the experimental group and 25 persons with the control group were conveniently sampled among out-patients diagnosed with ankylosing spondylitis at the rheumatism center of H University Medical Center. The control patients were matched to the experimental group and they were selected considering sex and age. The exercise therapy was developed by the author with the assistance of exercise specialists. The program includes muscle relaxation, flexibility, muscle strengths, breathing strengths and straight posture exercises. The 20-minute exercise therapy was carried out to the experimental group once a day for eight weeks from October. 1997 to February, 1998. Before and after the experiments, joint mobility, daily activity, pain and depression were measured respectively. Data were analyzed by $\chi$$^2$-test. t-test, paired t-test and unpaired t-test. The results were as follows : Joint mobility(cervical flexion, extension, shoulder flexion, abduction, hip abduction, knee flexion and fingertip to floor distance) and daily activity in the experimental group after the exercise were significantly increased than that in the control group. The pain and depression score in the experimental group after the exercise were significantly decreased than that in the control group. These findings may indicate that the exercise therapy is effective in increasing the joint mobility and daily activity, and also effective in decreasing pain and depression in patients with ankylosing spondylitis, Accordingly, the exercise therapy can be adopted as an effective nursing intervention for ankylosing spondylitis.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 2021

Background: The hamstring is a muscle that crosses two joints, that is the hip and knee, and its flexibility is an important indicator of physical health in its role in many activities of daily living such as sitting, walking, and running. Limited range of motion (ROM) due to hamstring tightness is strongly related to back pain and malfunction of the hip joint. High-frequency diathermy (HFD) therapy is known to be effective in relaxing the muscle and increasing ROM. Objects: To investigate the effects of HFD on active knee extension ROM and hamstring tone and stiffness in participants with hamstring tightness. Methods: Twenty-four participants with hamstring tightness were recruited, and the operational definition of hamstring tightness in this study was active knee extension ROM of below 160° at 90° hip flexion in the supine position. HFD was applied to the hamstring for 15 minutes using the WINBACK device. All participants were examined before and after the intervention, and the results were analyzed using a paired t-test. The outcome measures included knee extension ROM, the viscoelastic property of the hamstring, and peak torque for passive knee extension. Results: The active knee extension ROM significantly increased from 138.8° ± 9.9° (mean ± standard deviation) to 143.9° ± 10.4° after the intervention (p < 0.05), while viscoelastic property of the hamstring significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Also, the peak torque for knee extension significantly decreased (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Application of HFD for 15 minutes to tight hamstrings immediately improves the active ROM and reduces the tone, stiffness, and elasticity of the muscle. However, further experiments are required to examine the long-term effects of HFD on hamstring tightness including pain reduction, postural improvement around the pelvis and lower extremities, and enhanced functional movement.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2014

Objective: In this study, we applied a neurodynamic sciatic nerve sliding technique to healthy adults to elucidate its effects on hamstring flexibility and postural balance. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study targeted twenty four healthy adults (16 men, 8 women). A neurodynamic sciatic nerve sliding technique was applied 5 times to all subjects' dominant leg. The subjects were asked to sit on the bed while performing cervical and thoracic flexion, as well as knee flexion with ankle plantar flexion. Then, they were asked to perform cervical and thoracic extension and knee extension with their ankle in dorsiflexion and maintain the position for 60 s. For postural balance, we measured postural sway while the subjects maintained a one-legged standing posture using the Good Balance System and measured the hip joint flexion range of motion using a standardized passive straight leg raise (SLR) test. Results: SLR test increased significantly from $79^{\circ}$ before the intervention to $91.67^{\circ}$ after the intervention (p<0.05). Regarding the participants' balance evaluated using the one-legged standing test, the X-speed decreased significantly from 18.61 mm/s to 17.17 mm/s (p<0.05), the Y-speed decreased from 22.28 mm/s to 20.52 mm/s (p<0.05), and the velocity moment was significantly decreased from $89.33mm^2/s$ to $74.99mm^2/s$ after the intervention (p<0.05). Conclusions: Application of the neurodynamic sciatic nerve sliding technique exhibited improved hamstring flexibility and postural balance of healthy adults.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2006

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of back muscle stretching on the flexibility of spinal column. Methods : The subjects were consisted of healthy adults (18 of females, 22 males ; mean aged 21.83) from 18 to 29. All subjects randomly assigned to the control group, back muscle stretching group. back muscle stretching group received back muscles stretching for 20 minutes per day and 3 times a week during 3 week period. Spine motion analyzer (Spinal Mouse) was used to measure the flexibility of spinal column. All measurement of each subjects were measured at pre-experiment, after 10 days, and after 21 days. Results : The results of this study were summarized below 1. The sacral tilt angle of the hip joint of control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the sacral tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group rather than the control group. 2. The thoracic vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 3. The lumbar vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 4. The spinal tilt angle of control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the spinal tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group rather than the control group(p>0.5). 5. The length of the spinal column of control group, back muscle stretching group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days (p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the length of the spinal column significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group rather than the control group(p<0.5). Conclusion : These data suggests that 3-week back muscle stretching improved the flexibility of sacrum, spinal column, and also improved spinal column lengthening. Additional randomized controlled trials to more fully investigate treatment effects and factors that may mediate these effects are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of abdominal muscle strengthening exercises and back muscle stretching on the flexibility of spinal column. Methods: The subjects were consisted of healthy adults ( 28 of females, 32 males; mean aged 21.6) from 18 to 29. All subjects randomly assigned to the control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group. back muscle stretching group received back muscles stretching for 20 minutes, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group received abdominal muscle strengthening exercises for 30 minutes per day and 3 times a week during 3 week period. Spine motion analyzer (Spinal Mouse) was used to measure the flexibility of spinal column. All measurement of each subjects were measured at pre-experiment, after 10 days, and after 21 days. Results: The results of this study were summarized below 1. The sacral tilt angle of the hip joint of control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the sacral tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group, rather than the control group. 2. The thoracic vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 3. The lumbar vertebral tilt angle of the control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment, after 10 days, after 21 days(p>0.5). 4. The spinal tilt angle of control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days(p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the spinal tilt angle significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group, rather than the control group(p<0.5). 5. The length of the spinal column of control group, back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group was no significantly differences at pre-experiment and after 10 days (p>0.5), but differency of each group occurred at after 21 days(p<0.5). the length of the spinal column significantly increased at the back muscle stretching group, abdominal muscle strengthening exercises group, rather than the control group(p<0.5). Conclusion: these data suggests that 3-week abdominal muscle strengthening exercises and back muscle stretching improved the flexibility of sacrum, spinal column, and also improved spinal column lengthening. Additional randomized controlled trials to more fully investigate treatment effects and factors that may mediate these effects are needed.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2000

The Sit-and-Reach Test (SRT) is commonly nea to assess flexibility of the spine and length of the hamstring muscle, The purpose of this study was to describe hamstring muscle length as reflected by use of the SRT, the Hip Joint Angle (HJA) and Sack length(from C7 to S2) in children, to examine the correlation between Back length, SRT and HJA measurements and to examine gender differences. The 162 subjects were participated without known musculoskeletal and neurological impairments of their spine or lower exeremities. In the Long-silting position, the Back length, SRT and HJA measurements were obtained. A mean Back length value of 46.2cm, a mean SRT value of 29.4cm and a mean HJA of 77,0 degrees were obtained including all subjects. There was a strong correlation between the SRT and HJA measurements (r=.66). There were a difference between boys and girls in Back(p=.0019) and HJA measurements (p=.015). The results of this study suggest that measurements for the SRT and HJA were correlated than Back. The HJA measurements guide treatment more effectively than do Back length and SRT measurements.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Orthopedic Manual Physical Therapy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.15-26
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• 2000

Purpose : This study was done to examine the actual effect of the scapular position in these flexibility tests. The purpose of this study was to examine the differences between the measurement of SRT(Sit-and-Reach Test) without intentional abduction of the scapular (pre-test) and with intentional abduction of the scapular (post-test). The hypothesis is: 1. There is no differences in the SRT result of the pre-test and the post-test. 2. There is no differences in the HJA(Hip Joint Angle) result of the pre-test and the post-test. 3. There is no differences in the Spine Motion Test(SMT) result of the pre-test and the post-test. Method : The total 60 people (30 men, 30 women) were participated in this study. In the pre-test, the subjects were asked to sit on the examination table and try the SRT motion; and then the HJA, SRT and the SMT numerical values were taken. In the post-test. the subjects were instructed to intentionally bring the scapula outward from the midline; and the HJA, SRT and the SMT numerical values were taken. Result : In the pre-test. the SRT result averaged 34.17cm. and in the post-test. the SRT result averaged 36.68cm. The difference was about 2.81cm which showed a significant mean statistically (p<0.01). The measurement increased by 8.22%. The HJA was $85.9^{\circ}$ in pre-test, and it was $85.5^{\circ}$ in post-test. giving the $0.4^{\circ}$ differences. Therefore, it didn't have a statistical mean (p>0.05). The SMT value was 69.56cm in the pre-test. and it was 69.28cm in the post-test, about 0.28cm decreased. Therefore, it didn't have a statistical mean (p>0.05). SRT values and HJA values were correlated (p<0.01). SMT values and SRT values (p<0.01), and SMT values and HJA values(p<0.05) were each in counter correlation. Conclusion : The result of the SRT without intentional scapular abduction (34.17cm) and with intentional scapular abduction (36.68cm) showed a significant increase about 8.22% (p<0.01). In SRT, the effect of the intentional scapular abduction on SMT showed no significant means, the pretest value being 69.56cm and the post-test value being 69.28cm (p>0.05).

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.2691-2697
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• 2011

The purpose of the dissertation is to offer basic data available for being conducive to application of a training program by comparatively analyzing the players' physical strength, the knee joint, a hip joint, power of the trunk joint and muscle power in order to study isokinetic strength and muscle power between short distance athletes and Taekwondo players. This study measured peak power, %Body weight peak power, always power, and %Body weight peak power targeting 8 male athletes and 8 male Taekwondo players who warmed up 10 minutes before from the test to reduce repulsion and unfamiliarity at the instrument. The power of the knee joint($60^{\circ}$/sec), muscle power($180^{\circ}$/sec), were measured by using HUNOM(U.S.A). As a result of the physical strength, statistically, short distance athletes were indicated to be better in muscle strength, muscular endurance than Taekwondo players, and there was no significant difference between flexibility, power, and muscular endurance. Although the short distance athletes were indicated to be better in right and left muscle strength of knee joint than Taekwondo player, there was no significant difference and Taekwonde players were indicated to be higher at the right and left muscle power than short distance athletes.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.403-413
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to develop a 3D mesh-type impact protection pad with excellent motion adaptability and functionality by applying 3D printing technology. The hexagonal 3D mesh, which constitutes the basic structure of the pad, comprises two types: small and large. The bridge connecting the basic units was designed as the I-type, V-type, IV-type, and VV-type. After evaluating the characteristics of the bridge, it was found that the V-type bridge had the highest flexibility and tensile elongation. The hip joint pad and knee pad were completed by combining the hexagonal 3D mesh structure with the optimal bridge design. The impact protection pad was printed using a fused deposition modeling-type 3D printer with a filament made of thermoplastic polyurethane material, and the protection pad's performance was evaluated. When an impact force of approximately 6,500N was applied to the pad, the force attenuation percentage was 78%, and when an impact force of approximately 8,000N was applied, the force attenuation percentage was 75%. Through these results, it was confirmed that the 3D-printed impact protection pad with a hexagonal 3D mesh structure connected by a V-shaped bridge developed in this study can adapt to changes in the body surface according to movement and provides excellent impact protection performance.