• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.19-35
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• 2009

Objectives : This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of KangwhalSokdan-tang(Jianghuoxuduan-tang) on the muscle regeneration of atrophied rat muscle by hindlimb suspension. Materials and methods : In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 250g were subjected to hindlimb suspension and divided into total four groups: Normal group(n=6), Control group(n=6), Hindlimb non-treatment group(n=6), Hindlimb treatment group(n=6). Experiments were seperately tried two times. The first trial was studied by the following two groups; The first was normal group(n=6). The second was group(n=18) for hindlimb suspension during 2 weeks (control I group). The second trial after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension was studied by the following three groups; The third group(n=6) was expired immediately after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. The forth group(n=6) was given free activity during 2 weeks after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. The fifth group(n=6) was administrated of KST during 2 weeks after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. In order to investigate degree of muscle atrophy, body weight and gastrocnemius muscle mass were compared. To analyze muscle regeneration factors(expression of IGF-1, Myogenin, MyoD), Western blot was used. Results : The results were analyzed by statistical process as follows, 1. In body weight, all hindlimb suspension groups were lower than normal group, but tendency of increase was shown in KST group compared to non-treatment group after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. 2. In gastrocnemius muscle mass, KST group on both side was significantly higher than non-treatment group after 2 weeks hindlimb suspension. 3. In case of IGF-I, Type I of KST group was significantly increased than non-treatment group, but Type II was not shown significance. 4. There was no significantly difference in Myogenin. 5. In MyoD, Type I of KST group was significantly increased than control group, and Type II of KST group was significantly increased than non-treatment group. Conclusions : In summary, this study demonstrates that KST administration has an effect to prevent muscle atrophy and contribute muscle regeneration and proliferation. And also it is suggested that IGF-I and MyoD is major factors of myogenesis expression to KST adminstration after hindlimb suspension.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.371-380
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Cu/Zn SOD on reduction of hindlimb muscular atrophy induced by cisplatin in rats. Methods: Forty-two rats were assigned to three groups; control group, Cisplatin (CDDP) group and cisplatin with Cu/Zn SOD (CDDP-SOD) group. At day 35 hindlimb muscles were dissected. Food intake, activity, withdrawal threshold, muscle weight, and Type I, II fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) of dissected muscles were measured. Relative SOD activity and expression of MHC and phosphorylated Akt, ERK were measured after dissection. Results: Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber CSA of hindlimb muscles in the CDDP group were significantly less than the control group. Muscle weight and Type I, II fiber CSA of hindlimb muscles, food intake, activity, and withdrawal thresholds of the CDDP-SOD group were significantly greater than the CDDP group. There were no significant differences in relative SOD activities of hindlimb muscles between the CDDP-SOD and CDDP groups. MHC expression and phosphorylated Akt, ERK of hindlimb muscles in the CDDP-SOD group were significantly greater than the CDDP group. Conclusion: Cu/Zn SOD attenuates hindlimb muscular atrophy induced by cisplatin through increased food intake and activity. Increment of phosphorylated Akt, ERK may relate to attenuation of hindlimb muscular atrophy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.170-185
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• 2001

Objective : This experimental study was designed to investigate the effect of Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture on the soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscle of hindlimb-suspended rats. The measurement have been performed on the composition of type I, type IIa and type IIb muscle fibers in the soleus muscle and tibialis anterior muscie - histochemical study. Materials and Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats weighing about 250g were subjected to hindlimb suspension and divided into six groups; 1. Normal group: normai group 2. Control group: group of hindlimb suspension for 7 days 3. NT group: non-treatment group for 2 or 4 weeks after 7days of hindlimb suspension. 4. EX gtoup: running exercise group for 2 or 4 weeks after 7days of hindlimb suspension. 5. HA group: administration of Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture during 2 or 4 weeks after 7 days of hindlimb suspension. 6. EXHA group: administration of Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture and running exercise during 2 or 4 weeks after 7 days of hindlimb suspension. Results Results : 1. The composition of type I muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group, and the composition of type IIa muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly decreased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA goups more than control group. 2. The composition of type I muscie fibers in the tibialis anterior muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group, and the composition of type IIb muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly decreased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group. 3. The size of type I muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group, and the size of type IIa muscle fibers in the soleus muscle significantly increased in 2 weeks EXHA group and 4 weeks HA and EXHA groups more than control group. 4. The size of type I, IIa muscle fibers in the tibialis anterior muscle significantly increased in 2 or 4weeks HA, EXHA and EX groups more than control group, and the size of type IIb muscle fibers significantly increased in 2 weeks EXHA group and 4 weeks HA, EXHA and EX groups more than control group. 5. The capiliaries number per fiber of muscle fibers in the soleus and tibialis anterior muscle showed no differences in all experimental groups more than control group. Conclusion : According to the above results, it is shown that Chaenomelis fructus herbal acupuncture could be effective in the treatment of muscle atrophy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.96-108
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• 1997

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of endurance training prior to occurrence of muscle atrophy on the mass, myofibrillar protein content and fiber crossectional area of atrophied hindlimb muscles of rats. Adult female Wistar rats were trained prior to occurrence of muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension. Training began on the 1st day for 10min /day at 15m /min on a 0% grade, training exercise increased daily in time and intensity so that by the 4th week rats were running 60min /day, at 34m /min on a i3.5% grade. Wet weight and relative weight of soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly after seven days of hindlimb suspension. Wet weight and relative weight of soleus tended to increase and that of plantaris and gastrocnemius tended to decrease in the exercise group as compared to the control group. Myofibrillar protein content of soleus and gastrocnemius tended to increase and that of plantaris tended to decrease in the endurance trained group as compared to the control group. Fiber crossectional area of Type I, II fiber in soleus and plantaris muscle tended to increase in the exercise group as compared to the control group. Wet weight and relative weight of soleus. plantaris and gastrocnemius decreased significantly, myofibrillar protein content of soleus, plantaris and gastrocnemius increased in hindlimb suspended rats following endurance training as compared to the control group. There was no change in fiber type percentage and crossectional area of type I and II fiber in soleus muscle and that of type I and IIfiber in plantaris muscle decreased in the hindlimb suspended rats following endurance training as compared to the control group. Wet weight and relative weight of soleus and plantaris tended to increase, that of gastrocnemius increased significantly, myofibrillar protein content of soleus and plantaris muscle increased significantly and that of gastrocnemius tended to increase in the hindlimb suspended rats following endurance training as compared to sedentary rats following endurance training. Crossectional area of type I fiber of soleus muscle tended to increase. that of type I fiber of plantaris muscle increased significantly and that of type II fiber tended to increase in hindlimb suspended rats following endurance training as compared to sedentary rats following endurance training. The results suggest that endurance training prior to occurrence of muscle atrophy can attenuate the decrease of mass, myofibrillar protein content and fiber crossectional area induced by hindlimb suspension.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.665-675
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• 2001

The aim of this study was to compare features of muscle atrophy induced by cast fixation. denervation and suspension of rat hindimb. Muscle mass and glycogen of the soleus and plantaris muscles were studied after 3, 7, or 14 days of cast fixation, denervation and suspension. The results as follows: 1. Body weight of rats decreased significantly after 3 days and showed gradually increase after 7 and 14 days of hindlimb cast fixation, denervation and suspension. Particularly hindlimb suspended rats showed a rapid decrease after 3 days in body weight. 2. Relative weight of soleus and plantaris musclcs decreased significantly by hindlimb cast fixation, denervation and suspension, particularly after 7 days. The decrease rate was the lowest in suspended rats. 3. Glycogen content of soleus muscle decreased significantly after 14 days of hindlimb cast fixation, denervation and suspension. Also glycogen content of plantaris muscle decreased significantly after 14 days of hindlimb cast fixation and denervation, but not significantly after hindlimb suspension. These results indicate that suspension of hindlimb muscles causes less atropy than cast fixation or denervation, likely due to maintainment a few activities during hindlimb suspension. We concluded that the decrease in mechanical strains imposed on the muscle during inactivity was the main factor for the development of atrophy. These basic data suggest that some experimental conditions such as electrostimulation or stretching, participate in countermeasure programmes.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.325-336
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• 1992

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise training on the length and circumference of atrophied muscles to see whether improvement in restoring the atrophied muscle mass, of either length or circumference growth could be induced through exercise training. Adult female Wistar rats were maintained for 14 days with hindlimb suspension. Rats were then assigned randomly to a sedentary group or training group. The length and circumference of both atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle for the training and sedentary groups following hindlimb suspension were compared with those of a control group. Length and circumference of both atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle in trained group was compared with those in the sedentary group. The results can be summarized as follows ; 1) Atrophy of soleus and plantaris muscle was induced with hindlimb suspension. 2) The circumference of both the soleus and plantaris muscle following hindlimb suspension was reduced to 51. 72%, 66.67% respectively compared to the control group. The length of both the soleus and plantaris muscle following hindlimb suspension did not show any difference compared to the control group. 3) There was no difference in length for either the atrophied soleus or plantaris muscle between the trained and the sedentary group during recovery from hindlimb suspension. 4) The circumference of both the atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle did not return to normal in the sedentary group, however, the circumference of both the atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle were significantly greater than of the control in the trained group, 14.22% and 9.38% respectively. 5) The circumference of both the atrophied soleus and plantaris muscle in the trained group was significantly larger than that of both muscles in the sedentary group at day 28 of recovery. From these results, it can be suggested that improvement in restoring the atrophied muscle mass through exercise training might be induced by growth of the muscle circumference.

• Perspectives in Nursing Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-36
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• 2005

Muscle atrophy is defined as a decrease in muscle mass, cross-sectional area, and myofibrillar protein content. Causes inducing muscle atrophy may be inactivity, denervation, undernutrition and steroid. Inactivity may decrease protein synthesis and increase protein breakdown of skeletal muscle. The muscle atrophy due to inactivity was induced by bed rest, hindlimb suspension, cast, total hip replacement arthroplasty, anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Denervated atrophy may be induced by the loss of innervation from lower motor neuron. The atrophy was apparent in the lower limb of hemiplegic patients following ischemic stroke and in the hindlimb of ischemic stroke rats. Protein breakdown of skeletal muscle in the undernourished state results in muscle atrophy. The atrophy due to undernutrition was evident in cancer and leukemia patients and in the undernourished rats. Steroids have been used to treat allergies, inflammatory diseases, autoimmune diseases and to inhibit immune function following transplantation. Steroids may induce muscle atrophy by protein breakdown of skeletal muscle. Muscle Physiology Laboratoryat College of Nursing, Seoul National University proved that dexamethasone may induce hindlimb muscle atrophy in rats and exercise and DHEA may attenuate hindlimb muscle atrophy induced by the steroid in rats. Nurses working with patients undergoing steroid treatment need to be cognizant of steroid induced muscle atrophy. They need to assess whether muscle atrophy is being occurred during and after the steroid treatment. Moreover, they need to apply exercise and DHEA to the patients undergoing steroid treatment in order to attenuate the steroid induced muscle atrophy.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 1992

The present study was designed to evaluate effects of intermittent electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve on the atrophic response of antigravity muscles, such as the soleus (slow m.) and medial gastrocnemius (fast m.) muscles. Rats (Sprague-Dawley, 245-255g) were subjected to a hindlimb suspension and divided into three groups : one was with hindlimb suspension (MS) and another with hindlimb suspension plus intermittent electrical stimulation of the sciatic nerve (HS ES). Control group (CONT) was kept free without strain of the hindlimb. After 7 days of hindlimb suspension, the soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscles were cut at their insertion sites, and were then connected to the force transducer to observe their mechanical properties. Optimal pulse width and frequency of electrical stimulation were 0.2ms, 20Hz for the soleus muscle and 0.3ms, 40Hz for the medial gastrocnemius muscle under supramaximal stimulation. Body weight and circumference of the hindlimb were significantly decreased in HS and HS-ES groups compared with the control group. In HS-ES group, however, the weight of the soleus muscle was not different from that in the control group while the weight of the medial gastrocnemius muscle was lower than that in the control group. In HS group, mechanical properties of muscle contraction including contraction time, half relaxation time, twitch tension, tetanic tension, and fatigue index of both muscles were significantly decreased compared with the control group except for twitch tension and tetanic tension of medial gastrocnemius muscle. The degree of atrophy of the soleus muscle in HS group was more prominent than that of the medial gastrocnemius muscle. Twitch tension and fatigue index of the soleus muscle and fatigue index of the medial gastrocnemius muscle in HS-ES group were not different from those of the control group. While mechanical properties of the soleus muscle examined were all significantly increased in HS-ES group compared with HS group, only contraction time and fatigue index of the medial gastrocnemius muscle were significantly increased in HS-ES group. These data indicate that intermittent electrical stimulation may be useful in prevention of muscle atrophy.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.281-294
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to determine the amount of soleus muscle atrophy in rats due to 28 days of decreased activity induced by hindlimb suspension, to observe the restoration of mass and relative muscle weight of the atrophied soleus muscle at day 28 of recovery to control value, and to compare the effect of run training on the mass and relative muscle weight of the atrophied soleus muscle at day 28 of recovery with that of sedentary rats. Adult female Wistar rats were maintained for 28 days with hindlimb suspension. Rats were then assigned randomly to a cage sedentary or running group. Soleus muscle mass and relative muscle weight following hindlimb suspension were compared with a control value. The soleus muscle mass and relative muscle weight of the running and cage sedentary groups following hindlimb suspension were compared with those of a control group. Soleus muscle mass and relative muscle weight of the run training group were compared with those of cage sedentary group. The results obtained were as follows : 1. Soleus muscle mass and relative muscle weight was reduced to 53.28% and 51.11% respectively by hindlimb suspension. 2. Soleus muscle mass and relative muscle weight of the training group t day 28 of recovery was restored to the control value. 3. Soleus muscle mass of the training group was greater than that of the cage sedentary group by 6.6% without statistical significance at day 28 of recovery. 4. Relative soleus muscle weight of the traning group was significantly greater than that of the cage sedentary group by 15.79% From these results, it may be concluded that run training during the posthypokinetic period facilitates the recovery of the atrophied soleus muscle mass of rats.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.271-280
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of periodic walking during hindlimb suspension on the mass, relative weight, fiber type distribution and cross-sectional area of Type I and II fibers in the developing Type II plantaris muscle. To examine the effectiveness of periodic walking on mass and fiber size, the hindlimbs of young female Wistar rats were suspended (HS group) and half of these rats walked on a treadmill for 45 min／day(15 min every 4 hours) at 5 meters／min at a 15 degree grade(HS-W group) After seven days of hindlimb suspension, the plantaris muscle wet weight was 28.40％ significantly smaller（P＜0.005） and relative plantaris muscle weight was 26.97％ smaller compared with those of control rats（P＜0.05）. The plantaris muscle wet weight and the relative plantaris muscle weight increased by 46.60％ and 49.23％ respectively with periodic walking, moreover. the plantaris muscle wet weight and the relative plantaris muscle weight of the HS-W rats recovered to the level of the control rats. No change was observed in fiber type percentage of the developing plantaris muscle following one week of hindlimb suspension or periodic walking during hindlimb suspension. Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of the developing plantaris muscle were 42.51％ and 43. 68％ lower in the HS group than in the control group（p＜0.0001）, Type I and II fiber cross-sectional areas of the developing plantaris were 30.82％ and 45.97％ greater in the HS-W group than in the HS group（p＜0.0001）, whereas Type I and II fiber cross-sectional area of HS-W group were less than those of the control group（P＜0.0001） The results suggest that periodic walking can attenuate developing plantaris muscle atrophy induced by hindlimb suspension.