• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.417-423
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• 2002

The edible films were prepared from the protein of alaska pollack, Theragra chalcogrmma. Effects of plasticizer, cross linker and laminated film on physical properties such as tensile strength (TS), elongation (E) and water vapor permeability (WVP) of films were investigated. In adding various kinds of plasticizers, TS of the films prepared with propylene glycol (PG) was the highest, and followed sorbitol, polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG 200) and glycerol. Elongation of the films prepared with glycerol was the highest, then sorbitol, PEG 200 and PG. WVP of films showed lower in order of PG, sorbitol, glycerol and PEG 200.75 decreased with the increment of plasticizer concentration, but elongation increased, The addition of both PG and PEG 200 effected weakly on elongation, so they were inadequate as plasticizer for the film. Mixtures of glycerol and sorbitol, which showed opposing both TS and elongation in the films, could control the physical properties of the films. With increasing relative humidity, TS decreased, while elongation and equilibrium moisture content increased. By adding the cross linkers such as ascorbic acid, citric acid and succinic acid, TS and m of films increased, while elongation decreased. Ascorbic acid, citric acid, succinic acid were most effective for TS at 0.2, 0.1 and $0.1\%, respectively. Laminated film with alaska pollack protein and corn zein improved TS above two times, reduced WVP about $20\~30\%$, as compared with the Elm from alaska pollack protein. Two films did not show the difference to oxygen permeability, but they showed about tenfold greater oxygen resistance than polyethylene film. Laminated film showed higher b and $\Delta$E value of color difference, lower a and L value than the film from alaska pollack protein.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.1208-1214
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• 2011

Caffeine, a psychoactive stimulant, has been implicated in the modulation of learning and memory functions due to its action as a non-selective adenosine receptors antagonist. On the contrary, some side effects of caffeine have been reported, such as an increased energy loss and metabolic rate, decrease DNA synthesis in the spleen, and increased oxidative damage to exerted on LDL particles. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop a safe stimulant from natural plants mixture (Aralia elata, Acori graminei Rhizoma, Chrysanthemum, Dandleion, Guarana, Shepherd's purse) that can be used as a substitute for caffeine. Thirty SD rats were divided into three groups; control group, caffeine group (15.0 mg/kg, i.p.), and natural plants mixture group (NP, 1 mL/kg, p.o.). The effect of NP extract on stimulant activity was evaluated with open-field test (OFT) and plus maze test for measurement of behavioral profiles. Plasma lipid profiles, lipid peroxidation in LDL (conjugated dienes), total antioxidant capacity (TRAP) and DNA damage in white blood, liver, and brain cells were measured. In the OFT, immobility time was increased significantly by acute (once) and chronic (3 weeks) supplementation of NP and showed a similar effect to caffeine treatment. Three weeks of caffeine treatment caused plasma lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in liver cells, whereas there were no changes in the NP group. NP group showed a higher plasma HDL cholesterol concentration compared to the caffeine group. The results indicate that the natural plants mixture had a stimulant effect without inducing oxidative stress.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1217-1227
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• 2014

This study investigated the physicochemical properties and antioxidant activity of vinegar added with different levels (0%, 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%) of Akebia quinata fruit during two-step fermentation. The physicochemical properties of vinegar evaluated were pH, total acidity, alcohol, and total sugar and amino acid contents. The antioxidant activities were based on ABTS radical scavenging activity, SOD-like activity, and reducing power. During alcohol fermentation, total acidity and alcohol contents of vinegar increased, but total sugar contents decreased. During acid fermentation, total acidities of vinegar increased. Vinegar added with 7% A. quinata fruit showed the highest total sensory score. Total polyphenol contents of vinegar added with 0% and 1% A. quinata fruit were not significantly different. However, vinegar added with 3, 5, and 7% A. quinata fruit showed significantly higher total polyphenol contents of 136.6, 381.59, and 415.35 mg/100 g, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. Further, total flavonoid contents of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 21.73, 15.79, 15.15, 26.19, and 26.87 mg/100 g, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. In addition, tannin contents of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 0.2042, 0.2004, 0.1255, 0.1384, and 0.1255 mg/100 g, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. Moreover, ABTS radical scavenging activities of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 5.87, 12.59, 25.63, 34.02, and 35.25, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation at a concentration of 5 mg/mL. Additionally, SOD-like activities of vinegar added with 0~7% A. quinata fruit significantly increased to 8.22, 17.49, 16.86, 16.89, and 15.68%, respectively, after 13 days of fermentation. Reducing power of 7% A. quinata fruit was 0.527 after 1 day and 1.539 at the end of fermentation. Our results demonstrate that antioxidant activity significantly increased during fermentation according to the content of A. quinata. Further, the total polyphenol, flavonoid, and tannin contents were shown to be closely related with antioxidant activities. Thus, A. quinata could be effectively used as a vinegar and functional food material based on its antioxidant activity.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1214-1222
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• 1998

Background : The intrapleural hypofibrinolysis is caused by mainly excessive concentration of pleural plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 antigen(PAI-1 Ag), which binds tissue type plasminogen activator. In pleural inflammation induced by sclerosing agents for pleurodesis, levels of pleural PAI-1 antigen increase in relation to decreasing D-dimer levels. It has been known that the pleural mesothelial cells have the capability of secreting PAI-1 Ag in response to inflammation in vivo. Therefore, we estimated whether pleural inflammation changes the balance between fibrinolytic and coagulative properties in exudative pleural effusions. Method : The thirty cases was included in our study. We determined the pleural levels of glucose, lactic dehydrogenase(LDH), pH and the counts of white blood cell(WBC), polymorpho leukocyte(PMN), lymphocyte as the parameters of pleural inflammation and cellular components of pleural fluid. The plasma level of fibrinogen in fluid and the neutrophil count in blood were determined. The levels of D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag and thrombinantithrombin III complex(TAT) were determined by ELISA(Behring, Marburg, Germany). Result : The causes of pleural effusion were as following : tuberculous in 14 cases, malignant in 10 cases and parapneumonic in 6 cases. The levels of pleural D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag and TAT was significantly higher than that of plasma(p<0..001). The severity of pleural inflammation did not correlated with pleural D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag, TAT and their plasma levels. But the level of pleural TAT correlated with pleural WBC and lymphocyte count. Conclusion : We found that the severity of pleural inflammations did not correlated with pleural D-dimer, PAI-1 Ag, TAT and the possibility of local production of PAI-1 antigen is present.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.64 no.5
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• pp.347-355
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• 2008

Background: IPF is characterized by chronic, fibrosing inflammatory lung disease of unknown etiology. Typical symptoms of IPF are exertional dyspnea with nonproductive cough. Why patients with typical IPF have dry cough rather than productive cough, is unknown. IP-10 plays an important regulatory role in leukocyte trafficking into the lung. The present study investigated the effect of IP-10 in the pathogenesis of dry cough rather than productive cough in IPF patients. Methods: IP-10 concentration was measured by ELISA from BALF of IPF patients. To evaluate the role of IP-10 in mucin expression, the expression of the MUC5AC mucin gene was measured in NCI-H292 cells, a human pulmonary mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line, after stimulation by TNF-${\alpha}$ with or without IP-10 pretreatment. EGFR-MAPK expression was also examined as a possible mechanism. Results: IP-10 levels were significantly higher in the BALF of IPF patients compared to healthy controls. IP-10 pretreatment reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ induced MUC5AC mucin expression by inhibiting the EGFR-MAPK signal transduction pathway in NCI-H292 cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest that little mucus production in IPF patients might be attributable to IP-10 overproduction, which inhibits the EGFR-MAPK signal transduction pathway required for MUC5AC mucin gene expression.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.929-936
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to examine the ability of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) synthesis of MC3T3-E1 cells when above edible sources, Solidago virga-aurea var. gigantea Miq. root (SVR) extracts, were supplimented. MC3T3-E1 cells were cultured with $\alpha-MEM$(vehicle control), dexamethasone and genestein (positive control), and SVR extracts for 27 days. The effects of SVR MeOH extracts and its fractions on cell proliferation were measured by MTT assay. At 10, 100${\mu}g/mL$ of SVR methanol extract treated, that were elevated of cell proliferation to 140 and $120\%$ via vehicle control, respectively. And then ALP synthesis was measured by spectrophotometer for enzyme activity and by naphthol AS-BI staining for morphometry at 3, 9, 18, and 27th day. As the results, every extracts and fractions were promoted ALP activity by time course at 1, 10, 100${\mu}g/mL$, except n-hexane and chloroform fractions. Remarkably, the MeOH extracts were increased ALP activity more than 4.4 times compared with vehicle control, 2.2 times via positive control at 27th day (p<0.05). The SVR MeOH extracts treated cells, especially at a concentration of 10${\mu}g/mL$, showed remarkably higher than vehicle-treated control cells of mineralization which were checked by Alizarin red staining. These results indicate that SVR methanol extract have an induction ability of proliferation and differentiation on osteoblast.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.470-486
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• 1995

Mammary epithelial cells contain a subpopulation of cells with a large proliferativ potential which are responsible for the maintenance of glandular cellularity and are the progenitor cells of mammary cancer. These clonogens give rise to multicellular clonal alveolar or ductal units(AU or DU) on transplantation and hormonal stimulation. To isolate putative mammary clonogens, enzymatically monodispersed rat mammary epithelial cells from organoid cultures and from intact glands are sorted by flow cytometry according to their affinity for FITC labeled peanut lectin(PNA) and PE labeled anti-Thy-1.1 antibody(Thy-1.1) into four subpopulations : cells negative to both PNA and Thy-1.1(B-), PNA+cells, Thy-1.1+cells, and cells positive to both reagents(B+). The in vivo transplantation assays indicate that the clonogenic fractions of PNA+cells from out-growths of organoids in primary cultures for three days in complete hormone medium(CHM) are significantly higher than those of cells from other subpopulations derived from cultrues or from intact glands. Extracellular matrix(ECM) is a complex of several proteins that regulated cell function ; its role in cell growth and differentiation and tissue-specific gene expression. It can act as a positive as well as a negative regulator of cellular differentiation depending on the cell type and the genes studied. Regulation by ECM is closely interrelated with the action of other regulators of cellular function, such as growth factors and hormones. Matrigel supports the growth and development of several different multicellular colonies from mammary organoids and from monodispersed epithelial cells in culture. Several types of colonies are observed including stellate colonies, duct-like structures, two- and three-dimensional web structures, squamous organoids, and lobulo-duct colonies. Organoids have the greatest proliferative potential and formation of multi-cellular structures. Phase contrast micrographs demonstrate extensive intracellular lipid accumulation within the web structures and some of duct-like colonies. At the immunocytochemical and electron micrograph level, casein proteins are predominantly localized near the apical surface of the cells or in the lumen of duct-like or lobulo-duct colonies. Squamous colonies are comprised of several layers of squamous epithelium surrounding keratin pearls as is typical fo squamous metaplasia(SM). All-trans retinoic acid(RA) inhibits the growth of SM. The frequency of lobulo-ductal colony formation increased with the augmentation of RA concentration in these culture conditions. The current study models could provide powerful tools not only for understanding cell growth and differentiation of epithelial cells, but also for the isolation and characterization of mammary clonogenic stem cells.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.539-549
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• 2012

In order to acquire basic data on the development of squid processing food, we investigated changes in the composition of boiled squid upon heat treatment ($100^{\circ}C$), acid treatment (acetic acid, 0~5%), and pre-boiling ($55^{\circ}C$, $80^{\circ}C$). The proximate composition of squid was 73~78% moisture and 19~24% crude protein, treatment with acid solution had a significant effect on the proximate composition of boiled squid (p<0.05). The major free sugars were ribose and glucose in all treatment samples. The $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample had lower levels of glucose than the other samples. The total free sugar content of the non-peeled sample was the highest, followed by the $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample, whereas the sugar content in the $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample was very low. With regards to amino acid content, proline was the highest in all samples, followed by taurine and histidine. Treatment with acid solution had a significant effect on the total free amino content of boiled squid (p<0.05). The total free amino acid content of the $55^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample was the highest, followed by the $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled sample and non-peeled sample. Inosine and related compounds were not detected in any of the samples, and the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) content was low. The hypoxanthine contents of the $55^{\circ}C$ and $80^{\circ}C$ pre-boiled samples were the highest, the adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and inosine monophosphate (IMP) contents were similar, and the IMP content of the non-peeled sample was higher than those of the peeled samples. The palmitic acid content was very high and constituted 40% of total saturated fatty acids. eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contents were also high and constituted 60% of total unsaturated fatty acids. Of these, DHA content was the highest, followed by palmitic acid and EPA, which accounted for about 85% of total fatty acids. No difference in fatty acid content was observed between acid treatment and pre-boiling. The mineral P content was the highest on average in all boiled squid samples, followed by K, Na, Mg, and Ca contents. In addition, the pre-boiling temperature and acid solution concentration had significant effects on the mineral content. Further, heavy metal, Cd, Pb, and As contents were detected only at trace amounts, and their levels were lower than standard and permissible amounts for food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.8
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• pp.1099-1106
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• 2011

Cucumber fermentation has been used as a means of preservation. This study was performed to investigate the effects of fermented cucumber beverage (CF) containing beneficial materials for an ethanol hangover based on Hovenia dulcis (SKM) on ethanol-induced hepatotoxicity. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: ethanol control, ethanol plus SKM, and ethanol plus CF+SKM. SKM or CF+SKM was orally administered at a dose of 7 mL/kg body weight once per day for 5 weeks. Control rats were given an equal amount of water. CF+SKM significantly lowered plasma ethanol levels, whereas SKM tended to decrease the levels compared to the control. Both SKM and CF+SKM significantly lowered the plasma acetaldehyde levels and serum transaminase activities compared to those in the control. SKM and CF+SKM did not affect hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase activity; however, it significantly inhibited cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) activity. Hepatic aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was significantly higher in the SKM and CF+SKM groups than that in the control group. Plasma acetaldehyde concentration was significantly correlated with hepatic CYP2E1 (r=0.566, p<0.01) activity and ALDH (r=-0.564, p<0.01) activity. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as glutathione content increased with the SKM and CF+SKM administration, whereas lipid peroxide content decreased significantly. Furthermore, SKM and CF+SKM lowered plasma and hepatic lipid content and lipid droplets compared to those in the control group. These results indicate that SKM and CF+SKM exhibit hepatoprotective properties partly by inhibiting CYP2E1 activity, enhancing ALDH activity and stimulating the antioxidant defense systems in ethanol-treated rats.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.167-175
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• 2005

Houttuynia cordata THNUB (He; Uh-Sung-Cho) is a medicinal plant which has been widely used as a component of blood-building decoctions. This study was performed to investigate the immunomodulative effect of He in mice. In vitro experiment, the mice splenocytes proliferation and three kinds of cytokines (IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF- $\alpha$) production by mice peritoneal macrophages cultured with six (methanol, hexane, chloroform, ethylacetate, butanol and water) fractions of He were used to indicate the immunomodulative effect. Ex vivo experiment, the different concentrations of He water extract was orally administrated every other day for two weeks. The production of cytokines IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, TNF- $\alpha$) secreted by activated macrophages and the mice splenocytes proliferation were used as an index for the immunocompetence. The supplementation of all six fractions of He enhanced the splenocytes proliferation at the level of 6.58$\pm$1.23∼47.82$\pm$5.48 compared to that of control in the range of 1∼50 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. IL-1$\beta$ production was significantly increased with the supplementation of chloroform and water extract of He. Higher level of IL-6 production was detected by the supplementation of ethylacetate, butanol and water extract. TNF - $\alpha$ production was enhanced by the supplementation of all six fractions of He. From the ex vivo study, the highest proliferation of splenocytes was seen from the mice orally administrated with the He water extract at the concentration of 500 mg/kg bw In case of cytokines production, IL-1$\beta$, IL-6, and TNF- $\alpha$ release by activated peritoneal macrophages were augmented by the oral administration of He water extract. These results indicated that He may enhance the immune function by regulating the splenocytes proliferation and cytokines production capacity in mice.