• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.117-123
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to provide data to increase the success rate of penalty kicks through quantifying the shape of skilled kicks by performing a kinematic analysis on the change of movement during the kicking phase which the goalkeeper uses as a vital clue. Three high definition video cameras(GR-HD1KR, JVC, Japan) were used for the study and 18 reflective markers were attached to the body joints. Corners of the goal, difficult for goalkeepers to block, were set as aims and 1 m by 1.2 m targets were installed. Each subject had five sets of kicks at random, and the analysis was done on the movements that hit the target. Time, speed of the right lower limb's center of mass, joint angle, and angular velocity were chosen as factors and the results of the analysis showed statistical significance. The player taking a penalty kick should train to avoid leaning one's body towards the kicking direction and change the angle of the right foot right before the impact to decide the direction of the ball. The goalkeeper can increase the save success rate by studying the angle of the kicker's body and the right foot as well as the timing of the kick.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.309-322
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• 2022

Due to the complex terrain around high-speed railways, the windbreaks were established along different landforms, resulting in irregular windbreak transition regions between different subgrade infrastructures (flat ground, cutting, embankment, etc). In this paper, the effect of a windbreak transition on the wind flow around railways subjected to crosswinds was studied. Wind tunnel testing was conducted to study the wind speed change around a windbreak transition on flat ground with a uniform wind speed inflow, and the collected data were used to validate a numerical simulation based on a detached eddy simulation method. The validated numerical method was then used to investigate the effect of the windbreak transition from the flat ground to cutting (the "cutting" is a railway subgrade type formed by digging down from the original ground) for three different wind incidence angles of 90°, 75°, and 105°. The deterioration mechanism of the flow fields and the reasons behind the occurrence of the peak wind velocities were explained in detail. The results showed that for the windbreak transition on flat ground, the impact was small. For the transition from the flat ground to the cutting, the influence was relatively large. The significant increase in the wind speeds was due to the right-angle structure of the windbreak transition, which resulted in sudden changes of the wind velocity as well as the direction. In addition, the height mismatch in the transition region worsened the protective effect of a typical windbreak.

• 청정기술
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.39-45
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• 2023

To investigate the effects of Mg addition at different aging times and temperatures, Cu/MgO/Al₂O₃ catalysts were synthesized for the low-temperature water gas shift (LT-WGS) reaction. The co-precipitation method was employed to prepare the catalysts with a fixed Cu amount of 30 mol% and varied amounts of Mg/Al. Synthesized catalysts were characterized using XRD, BET, and H₂-TPR analysis. Among the prepared catalysts, the highest CO conversion was achieved by the Cu/MgO/Al₂O₃ catalyst (30/40/30 mol%) with a 60 ℃ aging temperature and a 24 h aging time under a CO₂-rich feed gas. Due to it having the lowest reduction temperature and a good dispersion of CuO, the catalyst exhibited around 65% CO conversion with a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 14,089 h-1 at 300 ℃. However, it has been noted that aging temperatures greater or less than 60 ℃ and aging times longer than 24 h had an adverse impact, resulting in a lower surface area and a higher reduction temperature bulk-CuO phase, leading to lower catalytic activity. The main findings of this study confirmed that one of the main factors determining catalytic activity is the ease of reducibility in the absence of bulk-like CuO species. Finally, the long-term test revealed that the catalytic activity and stability remained constant under a high concentration of CO₂ in the feed gas for 19 h with an average CO conversion of 61.83%.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.465-474
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• 2024

Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) is a critical geomechanical parameter that plays a significant role in the evaluation of rocks. The practice of indirectly estimating said characteristics is widespread due to the challenges associated with obtaining high-quality core samples. The primary aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of utilizing the gene expression programming (GEP) technique for the purpose of forecasting the UCS for various rock categories, including Schist, Granite, Claystone, Travertine, Sandstone, Slate, Limestone, Marl, and Dolomite, which were sourced from a wide range of quarry sites. The present study utilized a total of 170 datasets, comprising Schmidt hammer (SH), porosity (n), point load index (Is(50)), and P-wave velocity (Vp), as the effective parameters in the model to determine their impact on the UCS. The UCS parameter was computed through the utilization of the GEP model, resulting in the generation of an equation. Subsequently, the efficacy of the GEP model and the resultant equation were assessed using various statistical evaluation metrics to determine their predictive capabilities. The outcomes indicate the prospective capacity of the GEP model and the resultant equation in forecasting the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). The significance of this study lies in its ability to enable geotechnical engineers to make estimations of the UCS of rocks, without the requirement of conducting expensive and time-consuming experimental tests. In particular, a user-friendly program was developed based on the GEP model to enable rapid and very accurate calculation of rock's UCS, doing away with the necessity for costly and time-consuming laboratory experiments.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.109-123
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• 2024

딥러닝과 강화학습을 활용한 비전 기반 엔드투엔드 자율주행 시스템 관련 연구가 지속적으로 증가하고 있다. 일반적으로 이러한 시스템은 위치, 속도, 방향, 센서 데이터 등 연속적이고 고차원적인 차량의 상태를 잠재 특징 벡터로 인코딩하고, 이를 차량의 주행 정책으로 디코딩하는 두 단계로 구성된다. 도심 주행과 같이 다양하고 복잡한 환경에서는 Variational Autoencoder(VAE)나 Convolutional Neural Network(CNN)과 같은 네트워크를 이용한 효율적인 상태 표현 방법의 필요성이 더욱 부각된다. 본 논문은 차량의 이미지 상태 표현이 강화학습 성능에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. CARLA 시뮬레이터 환경에서 실험을 수행하였고, 차량의 전방 카메라 센서로부터 취득한 RGB 이미지 및 Semantic Segmented 이미지를 각각 VAE와 Vision Transformer(ViT) 네트워크로 특징 추출하여 상태 표현 학습에 활용하였다. 이러한 방법론이 강화학습에 미치는 영향을 실험하여, 데이터 유형과 상태 표현 기법이 자율주행의 학습 효율성과 결정 능력 향상에 어떤 역할을 하는지를 실험하였다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.219-224
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• 2011

이 논문은 고강도 콘크리트의 양생 강도 발현을 모니터링하기 위하여 콘크리트 내부에 매립이 가능한 지능형 센서를 제작하고 제작된 지능형 센서를 이용하여 콘크리트 내부의 유도 초음파 전달 시간을 측정함으로써, 콘크리트의 양생 강도를 실시간 추정할 수 있는 기법을 보여준다. 압전 소자를 콘크리트 내부에 삽입하는데 있어, 콘크리트의 수화열과 양생 시의 미세 변형으로부터 보호되어야 하므로, 방수 코팅과 모르타르 케이싱을 하였으며 이렇게 제작된 지능형 센서로부터 저비용의 셀프 센싱 기반 유도 초음파를 계측하여 콘크리트 내부의 유도 초음파 전달 시간을 모니터링하는 기법을 제안하였다. 콘크리트의 양생이 진행됨에 따라 콘크리트의 강도가 증가하게 되는데, 이는 즉 콘크리트의 탄성 계수가 증가하기 때문이며 이로 인해, 유도 초음파의 전달 시간이 빨라지는 것이므로, 이를 측정하여 콘크리트 양생 강도를 추정할 수 있게 된다. 제안된 기법의 적용가능성을 검증하기 위하여 설계 압축강도 100 MPa의 공시체 내부에 지능형 센서를 매립하고 양생기간 동안 유도 초음파를 측정, 비교 분석하였다. 유도 초음파 신호는 양생이 진행됨에 따라 더 빠르게 전달되었으며, 특히 강도 변화가 급격하게 일어나는 초기 재령에서의 유도 초음파 전달속도 변화가 가장 크게 나타났고 그 이후로 점차 감소하는 경향을 보여주었다. 또한, 유도 초음파 전달 시간과 강도 사이의 선형 상관관계를 이용하여 유도 초음파의 전달 시간을 이용해 발현강도를 추정하는 콘크리트 양생강도 추정식을 제안하였다. 결과적으로 이 연구를 통해 개발된 매립형 지능형 센서를 이용하여 고강도 콘크리트의 양생 강도를 실시간 모니터링할 수 있음이 검증되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.761-768
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• 2013

새로운 탄두 기술은 탄도 미사일 적재로부터 높은 파괴성능을 얻기 위해 설계 및 개발 되어왔다. 주로 발사체 또는 관통자를 포함하는 중앙 탄두 코어의 설계와 관련된 많은 연구가 있다. 분명히, 소형 폭탄 또는 자탄 적재 유형 구성은 많은 충격을 요구하기 때문에 하나의 발사체로부터 살상에 매우 취약하다. 이러한 요구사항을 바탕으로 최적의 직격요격체 구성은 모든 자탄을 직격할 수 있는 최소 질량과 상대 속도를 가져야 한다. 관통자 형상과 크기의 설계는 직접적으로 탄두의 공간과 중량에 관련되어 있다. 관통자의 형상, 크기, L/D, 재료 그리고 폭발팩의 구간 내부에 삽입되는 방식은 성공적인 관통자 설계 완성에 중요하다. AUTODYN-3D code 가 관통자의 관통특성을 연구하기 위해 사용되었다. 수치해석의 목적은 초기속도, 관통자의 L/D 및 형상과 같은 다양한 초기 조건 아래 초고속 충격에 의해 생성되는 관통자의 관통특성을 확인하는 것이다.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.651-658
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• 2012

이번 연구에서는 비선형 음향효과를 기반으로 한 비선형 초음파 변조 기법을 통해 열손상 콘크리트의 미세균열 정도를 평가할 수 있는 방법을 제안하였다. 화재 시 콘크리트 구조물은 물리적, 화학적 변화에 따른 콘크리트 내 미세균열이 발생하므로, 기존 초음파 비파괴 기법의 민감도 한계를 극복한 비파괴 기법의 도입이 필요하다. 비선형 초음파 기법은 초음파와 저주파의 변조파로부터 열손상 평가 인자인 비선형인자를 측정하며, 이는 열손상 콘크리트의 미세균열에 적합한 민감도를 가진다. 이 연구에서는 SEM 관측, 열손상 전후 콘크리트의 투수공극량 변화 측정으로부터 수열온도에 따라 미세균열이 급격하게 발생함을 보였으며, 수열온도별 콘크리트의 초음파 전파속도 측정을 통해 제안된 방법의 민감도를 검증하였다. 추가적으로 열손상에 따른 미세균열이 콘크리트의 성능저하에 미치는 영향을 파악하고자 열손상 콘크리트 시편의 압축강도 측정을 수행하였다. 측정값 및 실험값의 연관성을 파악하여 비선형 초음파 변조 기법이 열손상 콘크리트의 미세균열 평가에 적합함을 보였으며, 향후 압축강도 추정에 대한 적용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.11-27
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• 2018

The straight-cone steel cooling tower is a novel type of structure, which has a distinct aerodynamic distribution on the internal surface of the tower cylinder compared with conventional hyperbolic concrete cooling towers. Especially in the extreme weather conditions of strong wind and heavy rain, heavy rain also has a direct impact on aerodynamic force on the internal surface and changes the turbulence effect of pulsating wind, but existing studies mainly focus on the impact effect brought by wind-driven rain to structure surface. In addition, for the indirect air cooled cooling tower, different additional ventilation rate of shutters produces a considerable interference to air movement inside the tower and also to the action mechanism of loads. To solve the problem, a straight-cone steel cooling towerstanding 189 m high and currently being constructed is taken as the research object in this study. The algorithm for two-way coupling between wind and rain is adopted. Simulation of wind field and raindrops is performed with continuous phase and discrete phase models, respectively, under the general principles of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Firstly, the rule of influence of 9 combinations of wind sped and rainfall intensity on flow field mechanism, the volume of wind-driven rain, additional action force of raindrops and equivalent internal pressure coefficient of the tower cylinder is analyzed. On this basis, the internal pressures of the cooling tower under the most unfavorable working condition are compared between four ventilation rates of shutters (0%, 15%, 30% and 100%). The results show that the 3D effect of equivalent internal pressure coefficient is the most significant when considering two-way coupling between wind and rain. Additional load imposed by raindrops on the internal surface of the tower accounts for an extremely small proportion of total wind load, the maximum being only 0.245%. This occurs under the combination of 20 m/s wind velocity and 200 mm/h rainfall intensity. Ventilation rate of shutters not only changes the air movement inside the tower, but also affects the accumulated amount and distribution of raindrops on the internal surface.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.115-125
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• 2022

The high-Reynolds number flow around a rectangular cylinder, having streamwise to crossflow length ratio equal to 5 is analyzed in the present paper. The flow is characterized by shear-layer separation from the upstream edges. Vortical structures of different size form from the roll-up of these shear layers, move downstream and interact with the classical vortex shedding further downstream in the wake. The corresponding mean flow is characterized by a recirculation region along the lateral surface of the cylinder, ending by mean flow reattachment close to the trailing edge. The mean flow features on the cylinder side have been shown to be highly sensitive to set-up parameters both in numerical simulations and in experiments. The results of 21 Large Eddy Simulations (LES) are analyzed herein to highlight the impact of the lateral mean recirculation characteristics on the near-wake flow features and on some bulk quantities. The considered simulations have been carried out at Reynolds number Re=DU_∞/ν=40 000, being D the crossflow dimension, U_∞ the freestream velocity and ν the kinematic viscosity of air; the flow is set to have zero angle of attack. Some simulations are carried out with sharp edges (Mariotti et al. 2017), others with different values of the rounding of the upstream edges (Rocchio et al. 2020) and an additional LES is carried out to match the value of the roundness of the upstream edges in the experiments in Pasqualetto et al. (2022). The dimensions of the mean recirculation zone vary considerably in these simulations, allowing us to single out meaningful trends. The streamwise length of the lateral mean recirculation and the streamwise distance from the upstream edge of its center are the parameters controlling the considered quantities. The wake width increases linearly with these parameters, while the vortex-shedding non-dimensional frequency shows a linear decrease. The drag coefficient also linearly decreases with increasing the recirculation length and this is due to a reduction of the suctions on the base. However, the overall variation of C_D is small. Finally, a significant, and once again linear, increase of the fluctuations of the lift coefficient is found for increasing the mean recirculation streamwise length.