• 한국재료학회지
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2015

In order to prepare anode materials for high power lithium ion secondary batteries, carbon composites were fabricated with a mixture of petroleum pitch and coke (PC) and a mixture of petroleum pitch, coke, and natural graphite (PC-NG). Although natural graphite has a good reversible capacity, it has disadvaantages of a sharp decrease in capacity during high rate charging and potential plateaus. This may cause difficulties in perceiving the capacity variations as a function of electrical potential. The coke anodes have advantages without potential plateaus and a high rate capability, but they have a low reversible capacity. With PC anode composites, the petroleum pitch/cokes mixture at 1:4 with heat treatment at $1000^{\circ}C$ (PC14-1000C) showed relatively high electrochemical properties. With PC-NG anode composites, the proper graphite contents were determined at 10~30 wt.%. The composites with a given content of natural graphite and remaining content of various petroleum pitch/cokes mixtures at 1:4~4:1 mass ratios were heated at $800{\sim}1200^{\circ}C$. By increasing the content of petroleum pitch, reversible capacity increased, but a high rate capability decreased. For a given composition of carbonaceous composite, the discharge rate capability improved but the reversible capacity decreased with an increase in heat treatment temperature. The carbonaceous composites fabricated with a mixture of 30 wt.% natural graphite and 70 wt.% petroleum pitch/cokes mixture at 1:4 mass ratio and heat treated at $1000^{\circ}C$ showed relatively high electrochemical properties, of which the reversible capacity, initial efficiency, discharge rate capability (retention of discharge capacity in 10 C/0.2 C), and charge capacity at 5 C were 330 mAh/g, 79 %, 80 %, and 60 mAh/g, respectively.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.330-334
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• 2013

실크 견직물 표면에 poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVdF-HFP)와 실리카 나노입자의 혼합물을 코팅한 분리막을 제조하고 분리막에 전해액을 함침시켜 리튬이온전지용 분리막 겸 전해질로 사용하기 위한 특성이 조사되었다. 코팅막의 제조 시에는 전해액이 침투할 수 있는 미세다공의 형성을 심화시키기 위해 dibutylphthalate (DBP) 가소제의 함량을 변화시키면서 코팅된 분리막의 이온전도도, 함습율, 전기화학적 안정성 등을 조사하였고, 이를 리튬 이온전지에 탑재하여 여러 전류속도에 대한 충방전 특성도 함께 측정하였다. 결과적으로 실리카가 첨가되고 DBP를 40~50 wt% 사용하여 코팅된 실크 분리막이 가장 우수한 분리막 특성 및 고율 충방전 특성을 나타내었다. 이는 (i) 실크 견직물의 우수한 내구성과 내열성 이외에 (ii) DBP에 의한 미세다공 형성, (iii) 실리카에 의한 함습율 향상 등에 의해 코팅막의 표면적 및 코팅된 분리막의 이온전도도가 크게 향상되었기 때문이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.601-610
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• 2020

최근, 세계적인 기후변화로 인하여 여름철마다 가뭄으로 인한 피해는 점점 심각해지는 상태이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위하여, 산간오지에는 고정(콘크리트)보가 아닌 수위조절이 가능한 가동보가 설치되고 있다. 기존의 가동보 구동방식은 시설관리 및 인력소모로 인해 고가의 운용비용이 발생하여 운용상 어려움을 겪고 있다. 또한, 가동보는 대부분 전력계통과 연계하여 사용하고 있으므로 오지에 설치되는 경우, 전력계통 연계비용에 대한 부담이 증가하고 운용비용도 상승하는 문제점이 발생되고 있다. 따라서, 본 논문에서는 상기의 문제점들을 해결하기 위하여, 가동보(공압식)에 공급되는 기존의 전원을 태양광모듈과 리튬이온전지를 이용한 자연에너지 전원공급시스템으로 대체하는 최적 운용알고리즘과 리튬이온전지의 SOC(state of charge) 평가 알고리즘을 제시한다. 또한, 전력계통의 상용해석 프로그램인 PSCAD/EMTDC를 이용하여 50kW 전원공급시스템의 모델링을 수행하여, 독립운전모드와 계통연계운전모드에서 안정적으로 운용되고 있음을 확인하고, 투자비용에 대한 편익을 분석하여 상용화 가능성을 제시한다.

• 전력전자학회논문지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.376-384
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• 2020

An energy storage system is composed of lithium-ion batteries in modern applications. Batteries are regarded as storage devices for renewable and residual energy. The failure of batteries can cause the performance reduction and explosion of battery systems. High maintenance cost is essential when dealing with the problem of battery safety. Therefore an accurate health diagnosis is required to ensure the high reliability of battery systems. A battery pack is a combination of single cells in series and parallel connections. A battery pack has to consider various factors to assess battery health. Battery health involves conventional factors and additional factors, such as cell-to-cell imbalance. For large applications, state-of-health (SOH) can be inaccurate because of the lack of factors that indicate the state of the battery pack. In this study, six characterization factors are proposed for improving the SOH estimation of battery packs. The six proposed characterization factors can be regarded as health indicators (HIs). The six HIs are applied to the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm. To reflect information regarding capacity, voltage, and temperature, the PCA algorithm extracts new degradation factors by using the six HIs. The new degradation factors are applied to a multiple regression model. Results show the advancement and improvement of SOH estimation.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2012년도 제43회 하계 정기 학술대회 초록집
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• pp.108-109
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• 2012

This talk will begin with the demonstration of facile synthesis of silicon nanostructures using the magnesiothermic reduction on silica nanostructures prepared via self-assembly, which will be followed by the characterization results of their performance for energy storage. This talk will also report the fabrication and characterization of highly porous, stretchable, and conductive polymer nanocomposites embedded with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) for application in flexible lithium-ion batteries. It will be presented that the porous CNT-embedded PDMS nanocomposites are capable of good electrochemical performance with mechanical flexibility, suggesting these nanocomposites could be outstanding anode candidates for use in flexible lithium-ion batteries. Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) can generate uniform and periodic patterns within guiding templates, and has been one of the promising nanofabrication methodologies for resolving the resolution limit of optical lithography. BCP self-assembly processing is scalable and of low cost, and is well-suited for integration with existing semiconductor manufacturing techniques. This talk will introduce recent research results (of my research group) on the self-assembly of Si-containing block copolymers for the achievement of sub-10 nm resolution, fast pattern generation, transfer-printing capability onto nonplanar substrates, and device applications for nonvolatile memories. An extraordinarily facile nanofabrication approach that enables sub-10 nm resolutions through the synergic combination of nanotransfer printing (nTP) and DSA of block copolymers is also introduced. This simple printing method can be applied on oxides, metals, polymers, and non-planar substrates without pretreatments. This talk will also report the direct formation of ordered memristor nanostructures on metal and graphene electrodes by the self-assembly of Si-containing BCPs. This approach offers a practical pathway to fabricate high-density resistive memory devices without using high-cost lithography and pattern-transfer processes. Finally, this talk will present a novel approach that can relieve the power consumption issue of phase-change memories by incorporating a thin $SiO_x$ layer formed by BCP self-assembly, which locally blocks the contact between a heater electrode and a phase-change material and reduces the phase-change volume. The writing current decreases by 5 times (corresponding to a power reduction of 1/20) as the occupying area fraction of $SiO_x$ nanostructures varies.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제37권8호
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• pp.737-743
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• 2009

본 연구는 Tabu Search를 이용하여 LHP의 최적설계를 진행하는 방법과 절차 및 결과를 제시하고자 한다. 최적설계의 목적은 항공기에 탑재된 리튬이온 전지의 작동온도 조건을 만족하면서 LHP의 중량을 최소화시키는 것이다. 전지는 고에너지 밀도의 특성으로 항공기에 장착된 고에너지 레이저의 동력원으로 사용되는 것으로 가정되었다. 해석은 Steady state analysis model에 기초하였으며 메타모델로 근사화하였다. 최적화 결과로 Tabu Search는 유전알고리듬 등 다른 비 구배기반 최적화 방법에 비해 비교적 적은 계산 시간을 소요하면서도 전역해를 보장하였으나 난수에 의해 초기해를 바꾸어 가면서 최적화를 여러 번 시도해야 하는 단점이 있었다. 그리고 최적화 과정을 통해 기 발표된 LHP와 동일한 성능을 가지면서도 경량화된 LHP를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.541-547
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• 2011

$MnSO_45H_2O$와 $(NH_4)S_2O_8$의 수열반응으로 1차원 나노로드들이 침상으로 클러스터화된 구조의 $MnO_2$를 제조하고 그 모폴로지와 결정성을 분석하였다. 수열반응의 조건에 따라 ${\alpha}$-, ${\beta}$-, ${\gamma}-MnO_2$ 등의 전구체가 제조될 수 있는데, 고농도 반응물 및 높은 수열합성 온도($150^{\circ}C$)에서 전기화학적 활성이 우수한 나노로드 클러스터 ${\beta}-MnO_2$의 생성을 확인하였다. 또한 리튬화제 $LiC_3H_3O_2{\cdot}2H_2O$의 농도와 열처리 온도를 변화시키면서 $MnO_2$를 리튬화하여 스피넬계 $LiMn_2O_4$를 제조하고 리튬이온전지 양전극으로서의 특성을 조사하였다. 결과적으로 나노로드 클러스터형 ${\beta}-MnO_2$로부터 고농도 리튬화제와 $800^{\circ}C$ 열처리를 통해 제조한 $LiMn_2O_4$가 정방형 스피넬에 가장 가까운 구조임을 확인하였으며, 120 mAh/g의 우수한 초기 방전용량을 나타내었다.

• 전력전자학회:학술대회논문집
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• 전력전자학회 2015년도 전력전자학술대회 논문집
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• pp.401-402
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• 2015

In this paper a direct cell-to-cell charge balancing circuit which can transfer the charge from any cell to any cell in the battery string is introduced. In the proposed topology the energy in the high voltage cell is transferred to the low voltage cell through the simple operation of a dc-dc converter to get fast equalization. Furthermore, the charge equalization can be performed regardless of the battery module operation whether it is being charged, discharged or relaxed. The monitoring circuit composed of a DSP and a battery monitoring IC is designed to monitor the cell voltage and protect the battery. In order to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed topology, a prototype circuit was designed and applied to 12 Lithium-Ion battery module. It has been verified with the experiments that the charge equalization time of the proposed method was shortest compared with those of other methods.

• KEPCO Journal on Electric Power and Energy
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.461-466
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• 2020

There are many application fields of electrical energy storage such as load shifting, integration with renewables, frequency or voltage supports, and so on. Especially, the frequency regulation is needed to stabilize the electric power system, and there have to be more than 1 GW as power reserve in Korea. Ni-rich layered oxide cathode materials have been investigated as a cathode material for Li-ion batteries because of their higher discharge capacity and lower cost than lithium cobalt oxide. Nonetheless, most of them have been investigated using small coin cells, and therefore, there is a limit to understand the deterioration mode of Ni-rich layered oxides in commercial high energy Li-ion batteries. In this paper, the pouch-type 20 Ah-scale Li-ion full cells are fabricated using Ni-rich layered oxides as a cathode and graphite as an anode. Above all, two test conditions for the application of frequency regulation were established in order to examine the performances of cells. Then, the electrochemical performances of two types of Ni-rich layered oxides are compared, and the long-term performance and degradation mode of the cell using cathode material with high nickel contents among them were investigated in the frequency regulation conditions.

• 전기화학회지
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.174-177
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• 2003

Electric double-layer capacitors based on charge storage at the interface between a high surface area activated carbon electrode and an electrolyte solution are characterized by their long cycle-life and high power density in comparison with batteries. However, energy density of electric double-layer capacitors obtained at present is about 6 Wh/kg at a power density of 500W/kg which is smaller as compared with that of batteries and limits the wide spread use of the capacitors. Therefore, a new capacitor that shows larger energy density than that of electric double-layer capacitors is proposed. The new capacitor is the hybrid capacitor consisting of activated carbon cathode, carbonaceous anode and an organic electrolyte. Maximum voltage applicable to the cell is over 4.2V that is larger than that of the electric double-layer capacitor. As a result, discharged energy density on the basis of stacked volume of electrode, current collector and separator is more than 18Wh/l at a power density of 500W/l.