• Journal of Life Science
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• v.23 no.12
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• pp.1509-1515
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• 2013

The term lipotoxicity has been used to describe how excess lipid accumulation leads to cellular dysfunction and death in non-adipose tissues, including skeletal muscle. While lipotoxicity has been found in cultured skeletal muscle cells with high-fat feeding, the consequences of lipotoxicity in vivo are still unknown, particularly in Type-I muscle, which is metabolically affected by lipotoxicity. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a high-fat diet on changes in the morphology and apoptotic protein expression of Type-I muscle loss in rats. The rats were fed either a high-fat diet or a normal diet for six weeks, and then lipid accumulation, inflammation response, and nucleus infiltration were measured, and PARP protein expression was cleaved by Oil Red O staining, H & E staining, and Western blot, respectively. Lipid accumulation, inflammation response, nucleus infiltration, and cleaved PARP protein expression were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the high-fat diet group than they were in the normal diet group. The weight of Type-I muscle tended to be lower in the high-fat diet group compared to the normal diet group, but the difference was not statistically significant. These results indicate that a high-fat diet triggers cell death in Type-I muscle via lipotoxicity, which suggests that a high-fat diet may be associated with sarcopenia.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.7 no.1 s.12
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• pp.87-100
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• 2004

Objective : This research was performed to investigate the effect of herbal acupuncture(Atratylodes japonica, Coix lachrymajobi, Ephedra sinica, Atratylodes japonica mixed with Coix lachrymajobi and Ephedra sinica mixed with Green tea) at Pungnyung(ST40) and Umnungchon(SP9) on weight gain, food intake, food efficiency, serum of lipid concentrations, liver function and HDL to total cholesterol ratio of rats fed high fat diet for 5weeks. Method : Experimental groups were divided into normal group(Normal), high fat diet group(Control), high fat diet and Atractylodes japonica-herbal acupuncture group(AJ), high fat diet and Coix lachrymajobi-herbal acupuncture group(CL), high fat diet and Ephedra sinica-herbaI acupuncture group(ES), high fat diet and Atractylodes japonica+Coix lachrymajobi-herbal acupuncture group(AJ+CL), Ephedra sinica+Green tea-herbal acupuncture group(ES+GT). Herbal acupuncture was bilaterally treated at the level of 132.5mg/kg body weight per 2day. Results : Body weight and food efficiency were decreased in AJ, ES, AJ+CL, ES+GT. The level of serum total cholesterol, triglyceride and free fatty acid were increased in AJ, ES, ES+GT. That of serum HDL-cholesterol was increased in AJ. The change of food intake, the level of serum phospholipid and ALP were not significant. The HDL to Total cholesterol ratio was increased in AJ and ES. Conclusion : Atractylodes japonica-herbal acupuncture in ST40 SP9 is effective on Body weight, food efficiency ratio, the level of serum lipid, protection of liver function and prevention cardiovascular risk by obesity induced by high fat diet. Herbal acupuncture mixed Ephedra sinica with Green tea can control the body weight, food efficiency ratio and the level of serum lipid.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.303-310
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• 2019

The purpose of the study was to compare the effect of either moderate or high intensity aerobic exercise on inflammasome, M1, M2 macrophage infiltration and brown adipocyte markers in subcutaneous adipose tissue of the high fat diet-induced obese mice. The 4 weeks male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: normal diet control (NC; n=10), high-fat diet control (HC; n=10), high fat diet with moderate intensity exercise (HME; n=10), or high fat diet with high intensity exercise (HIE; n=10) groups. The high fat diet was given 60% calories from fat whereas normal diet was given 18% calories from fat. The moderate intensity exercise group (HME) was set at 10m/min in the first 2 weeks, 12m/min in 3-5 weeks and 14m/min in 6-16 weeks and the high intensity exercise group (HIE) was set at 14m/min in the first 2 weeks, 17m/min in 3-5 weeks and 18m/min in 6-16 weeks. The semi quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR) was used to analyze the gene expression. The moderate intensity exercise significantly reduced the expression of NLRP3, F480, CD11c and CD86. Further, the moderate intensity exercise significantly increased CD206 and $PGC1{\alpha}$, BMP7 and PRDM. The high intensity exercise significantly reduced NLRP3, CD11c and CD86. Further, the high intensity exercise significantly increased $PGC1{\alpha}$ and BMP7. In conclusion, moderate intensity exercise has more positive effects on inflammasome, M1, M2 macrophage infiltration and brown adipocyte maskers compared to high intensity exercise in high fat diet induced obese mice.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.607-613
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of either chrysin or exercise on the inflammasome and thermogenic markers in the livers of high-fat fed mice. C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to four groups: normal diet control (NC; n=5), high-fat diet control (HC; n=5), high-fat diet with chrysin (Hch; n=5), and high-fat diet with moderate exercise (HME; n=5). The mice were fed a high-fat diet (60% of calories from fat) or normal diet (18% of calories from fat). Chrysin was supplemented orally as 50mg/kg/day dissolved in a 0.1ml solution of dimethyl sulfoxide. The exercised mice ran on a treadmill at 12-20 m/min for 30-60 min/day, 5 times/week, for 16 weeks. After the intervention, the epididymal fat and liver weights were significantly decreased in the HME group compared with HC and Hch groups. The adipocyte size was effectively decreased in the Hch and HME groups compared with the HC group. The inflammasome markers NLRP3, $IL-1{\beta}$, and caspase1 were significantly decreased in the Hch and HME groups compared with the HC group. The thermogenic markers $PGC-1{\alpha}$ and BMP7 were significantly lower in the HC than in the NC group. However, the HME group showed an increase in the thermogenic markers. In conclusion, chrysin and moderate exercise have positive effects on obese metabolic complications induced by high-fat diets by reducing inflammasome genes. However, chrysin supplementation had no effect on thermogenic gene expression. Moderate exercise would therefore seem to be more effective in controlling obesity-induced metabolic deregulation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.200-208
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• 1983

The present studies were designed to compare the effects of both dietary fat levels and P / S ratio on lipid components in plasma and tissues. Changes in plasma HDL-cholesterol, cholesterol and TG, and also in tissue cholesterol and TG were determined in young rats fed diets providing total dietary fat as 10%, 25% or 45% of calories and P / S ratio as 0.2 or 4.0. Plasma cholesterol levels were getting higher as dietary fat levels increased at P / S 0.2. Plasma cholesterol was lower in rats fed dietary fat either 25% or 45 %, each with P / S 4.0. But at 10% no change in plasma cholesterol were observed by P / S 4.0 because of a possible insufficiency of the absolute amount of PUFA. HDL-cholesterol was rather less sensitive to the modification of dietary fat level, but was reduced in rats fed diets of P / S 4.0 at either 25% or 45% fat, even though HDL-cholesterol were increased in the group of 10% with P / S 0.2. Total cholesterol per g- liver were significantly increased as dietary fat levels increased. Liver cholesterol levels were higher in rats fed diets of P / S 4.0 at higher fat levels (25% or 45%) which possibly suggested that a reduction of plasma cholesterol by high PUFA diet was not at least from a decreased synthesis of cholesterol in liver. However, in muscle no significant differences were found by feeding high P / S ratio at each levels of fat. At 10% fat level, compared to 25% or 45%, cholesterol level was lower in g-liver but higher in g- muscle. Plasma TG was decreased as more dietary fat were supplied at P / S ratio, but no consistant response obtained at low P / S ratio. TG per g-liver were reduced by feeding P / S 4.0 diet at 10% or 45% fat level but no differences were found in muscle. P / S 4.0 diet was more efficient in lowering plasma cholesterol TG and HDL-cholesterolt levels only if fat level was more than 25% of the total calories And young rats were more resistant to dietary fat modification.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.109-115
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• 1992

This study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary fat to carbohydrate ratio on plasma glucose. free fatty acid level and hepatic glucokinase activity in normal or insulin treated diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats were fed with 3 different but isocaloric diets for 5 weeks. Diet 1 made to have low fat(4% corn oil and 65.8% corn starch wt/wt) : diet 2 medium fat (12% : 47.8%) : diet 3 high fat (20% : 29.8%) In the normal rats an apparent increase of GK activity was observed from the animal fed low fat diet when compared with other groups. GK activities were decreased in all the alloxan-diabetic rats than the normal rats. When insulin was injected the GK activities in all the livers of alloxan-diabetic rats restored to normal level and GK activity was highest in low fat group. In the entire group significant relationships were seen between the plasma glucose and GK activities(r=-0.6, p<0.001) FFA levels and GK activities(r=-0.63 p<0.001) Both in normal and insulin treated diabetic rats significantly depressed level of hepatic GK activity was observed in the livers of animals fed high fat diet for 5 weeks and depressed level of GK activity may be related to insulin resistance.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.394-400
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• 1999

Since it has generally been considered that high-hat diets promote carcinogenesis, fat intake of less than 30% of total calories has been recommended to reduce the risk of cancer. Specific dietary guidelines for fat intake to reduce the risk of colon cancer have not yet been established. In order to determine the level of dietary fat needed the risk of colon cancer, rats were fed one of four experimental fat diets, very low(7% of total calories from corn oil, VLC), low(15% LC), medium (30%, MC), and high fat(45%, HC). Cell proliferation as an intermediate biomarker of color carcinogenesis was measured by the in vivo incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine into DNA. Fecal lipid excretion was measured by gravimetric method. As fat levels in the diet increased, fecal lipid concentrations also increased (VLC

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.298-306
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• 2018

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Obesity is a global health problem of significant importance which increases mortality. In place of anti-obesity drugs, natural products are being developed as alternative therapeutic materials. In this study, we investigated the effect of Brassica juncea L. leaf extract (BLE) on fat deposition and lipid profiles in high-fat, high-cholesterol diet (HFC)-induced obese rats. MATERIALS/METHODS: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 8 per group) according to diet: normal diet group (ND), high-fat/high-cholesterol diet group (HFC), HFC with 3% BLE diet group (HFC-A1), and HFC with 5% BLE diet group (HFC-A2). Each group was fed for 6 weeks. Rat body and adipose tissue weights, serum biochemical parameters, and tissue lipid contents were determined. The expression levels of mRNA and proteins involved in lipid and cholesterol metabolism were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis, respectively. RESULTS: The HFC-A2 group showed significantly lower body weight gain and food efficiency ratio than the HFC group. BLE supplementation caused mesenteric, epididymal, and total adipose tissue weights to decrease. The serum levels of triglyceride, total cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were significantly reduced, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased in rats fed BLE. These results were related to lower glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, acetyl-coA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase mRNA expression, and to higher expression of the cholesterol $7{\alpha}$-hydroxylase and low density lipoprotein-receptor, as well as increased protein levels of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ${\alpha}$. Histological analysis of the liver revealed decreased lipid droplets in HFC rats treated with BLE. CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation of HFC with 3% or 5% BLE inhibited body fat accumulation, improved lipid profiles, and modulated lipogenesis- and cholesterol metabolism-related gene and protein expression.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.33-45
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• 2012

Objectives: Recent data have revealed that the plasma concentration of inflammatory mediators is increased in the insulin-resistant states of obesity and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic and anti-obesity effect of Massa Medicata Fermentata on obese type 2 diabetes mice. Methods: In order to examine the effects of Massa Medicata Fermentata, obese type 2 diabetes mice induced by Surwit's high fat, high sucrose diet. Mice were divided into 4 groups of ND (normal diet), HFD (high fat and high sucrose diet), Met (high fat and high sucrose diet with metformin) and MMF (high fat and high sucrose diet with Massa Medicata Fermentata) and investigated over 8 weeks. Diabetic and obese clinical markers, including body weight, glucose level, lipid level, leptin concentration, epididymal fat pad and liver weights and adipose tissue macrophage (ATM) were determined. Results: Compared with the HFD group, body weight, fructosamine, triglyceride, epididymal fat pad weight and ATM were significantly reduced in the MMF group. Conclusions: From the above results, the intake of Massa Medicata Fermentata may be effective in anti-hyperglycemia and anti-obesity by the attenuation of glucose and lipid levels and also inflammation state. Massa Medicata Fermentata may be beneficial for controlling diabetes mellitus type 2 in humans.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.933-936
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• 2001

Selecting B. bifidum K-7 out of the bifidobacteria separated from healthy adults in the age of 20s which shows high degree of acid tolerance and bile tolerance, as the main bacterium, this study of find how the bifido-bacteria cause hypocholesterolemic effect in the high fat diet. In order to do this Sparague-Dawley male rats with the initial weight 200 g in average were assigned to four experimental group: 1) high fat diet & milk, 2) high fat diet & the milk added with bifidobacteria, 3) high fat diet & the milk added with microencapsulated bifidobacteria, 4) high fat diet & the fermented milk by bifidobacteria. The numbers of bifidobacteria ingested daily per rat through each type of the above mentioned milk are 10$^{9}$ CFU, 10$^{9}$ CFU respectively. Hypocholesterolemic effect and high level of serum phospholipid were observed in the group fed with fermented milk being compared with the group fed wih no bacterium but not in the groups fed with the milk with bifidobacteria and microencapsulated bifidobacteria. Thus, it was confirmed that the hypocholesterolemic effect is not due to the bifidobacterium itself but to the fermentation on milk.