• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.169-170
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• 2000

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.7-16
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• 1991

This research investigated soil, plants, insects and birds in the Mongchon Earth Fort, establishing the 11 plots, according to planting treatment, in order to present management method for ecological stability of species in the ground covering plots. The results of analysizing the investigated data summarize as follows. 1. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the density and coverage of middle and low layer in the natural plots were higher than those in the artificial plots. 2. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the density and coverage of low layer were higher than those in the artificial, while the density and coverage of herb layer in the natural plots were lower. 3. Whether there was upper layer or not, the total species diversity and enenness of the ground covering community in the natural plot without artificial treatment and natural treatment plot were higher than those ground covering. 4. In the ground covering plots with upper layer, the species diversity of ground covering in the plots without artificial treatment is high, while the species diversity in the plots with natural treatment caused the secondary succession is higher than that of the natural plot. 5. In the ground covering plots without upper layer, the species diversity in the plots with artificial management was higher than that of natural plots, while the evenness in the plots with artificial management was lower. 6. In the ground covering plots with upper layer the species diversity of insect in the plot of natural state was higher than that of insect in the plots with artifical treatment. 7. Synthetically, in the area with upper layer the species diversity of the ground covering community in the natural plot was high, while in the area without upper layer, the species diversity of it in the plots with artificial treatment was high. The insect turned up frequently in the plots of high species diversity of the ground covering, so the bird did in the plots of high species diversity of the ground covering and insects.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.1-19
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• 1981

In order to investigate biomass yield of one-year-old hyblrid poplars, Pripulusalba x P. glandulosa $F_1$ and Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$clones, as energy and fiber resources, dry matter yield, leaf area, leaf area index, dry matter production ability, specific gravity and fiber length and width were measured. Dry matter yield was 1.89 ton/ha for Poplus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$ and 3.63 ton/ha for Populus nigra via.italica x P. merximowiczii $F_1$ clones in the planting density of 20,000 trees/ha and in the planting density of 40,000 trees/ha was 3.87 ton/ha for Populus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$and 5.64 ton/ha for Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$ clones. Leaf area index was 1.24mtim2 in the planting density of 20,000 trees/ha and 2.45 m31m3 in the density of 40,000 trees/ha for Populus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$ clones and it was 1.96 m21m2 in the planting density of 20,000 trees/ha and 3.36 m21m2 in the density of 40,000 trees/ha for the hybrid $F_1$ Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii clones. The average specific gravity of the hybrid poplars was 0..36 when bark and pith were included and 0.31 when bark and pith were removed in the plot of 20,000 trees/ha and in the 40,000 trees/ha plot showed 0.35 and 0.31 respectively, for Populus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$clones. It was 0.36 when bark and pith were included and 0.32 when bark and pith were removed in the 20,000 trees/ha plot and in the 40,000 trees/ha plot was 0.34 and 0.31 respectively for Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$clones. The average fiber length was 0.57 mm in the 20,000 trees/ha plot and 0.58 mm in the 40,000 trees/ha plot for Poplus alba x P. glandulosa $F_1$clones and was 0.60 in both plots of 20,000 trees/ha and 40,000 trees/ha for Populus nigra var. italica x P. maximowiczii $F_1$ clones. There is a big clonal variation among those clones studied, showing high selection potential in both species.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2014

This study aims to present an evaluation scheme to improve the problems in tree shapes and tree growth which were identified through shape and growth assessments of landscape trees currently planted in Haedoji Park, Songdo, Incheon Metropolitan City after plant structure status and propriety review for funtion of space and concept of planting. Suitability the planting concept was evaluated according to function of space. The result indicated that the shade planting areas accounted for 29.5% of the the shade spaces area. 58.7%, respectively planting areas of visual landscape. And 11.8%, respectively planting areas of buffer. Because the planting areas was lacked according to the park established spatial configuration of central facilities and the result of plant young trees. Plant structure status required consideration with plant structure, density, size, growth status for improve planting function. The tree assessment was performed on a total of 28 species and 600 trees of which 22 species and 209 trees were planted in the buffer zone, 8 species and 71 trees in the shade zone, 16 species and 266 trees in the visual landscape zone, and 4 species and 54 trees in the ecological landscape zone. The trees were divided into grades based on their assessment score and were statistically grouped by the functional zone in where they are planted and by tree species to verify their significance. The tree shape assessment was an average of 56.6 points and the tree growth assessment was an average of 76.0 points. Using the results of the tree assessments, the tree standards for each functional space were identified and a concept of optimum planting and cultivating was applied. When applying the shape assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, since trees for buffering require high functionality they received E's, the lowest grade; as trees for ecological landscaping require diverseness and naturalness, they received D's; since trees for shading require utilization, they received C's as trees with branching at the main stems were considered; and since trees for visual landscaping required aesthetical value, they received A's and B's. When applying the growth assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, based on planting foundations of favorable and poor, for buffering, visual landscaping, and ecological landscaping, trees from grades A to E could be planted, and for shading, trees from grades A to C could be planted. For a cultivation plan that could improve the growth of the trees, we proposed that the topography of the land be selected considering the tree's characteristics and that a method of pot seeding be used. Also, to improve the shape of the trees, we proposed that poles be used to improve the growth of vertically-straight stems, an appropriate planting density be applied for reasonable branch growth, manage tree shape to maintain good crowning, and better manage fertilization to maintain a reasonable crown density.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.31-39
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• 2007

This study was carried out to evaluation the recycled waste soils from construction site for planting soil. For this purpose, the concentrations of polluted materials and the physico-chemical properties were measured at recycled soil samples of an industrial waste treating company in the Metropolitan landfill area. The concentrations of polluted materials did not exceed to the standard critical levels of soil pollution in all analyzed items. The measures of the samples soil texture (loamy sand), bulk density (1.09~1.32g/$cm^3$), saturated hydraulic conductivity ($1.6{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}1.8{\times}10^{-3}$cm/sec), solid phase distribution (0.4~0.5$m^3/m^3$), porosity (0.5~0.6$m^3/m^3$), Ex. $K^+$ (1.0~1.2cmol/kg), Ex. $Mg^{2+}$ (0.2~0.6cmol/kg) were identified as not worse than those of conventional planting soil. But the sample soils have serious problems for planting soil such as high levels of pH (9.6~11.5), EC (0.78~1.84ds/m) and Ex. $Ca^{2+}$ (25.6~34.5cmol/kg), low level of organic matter (0.2~0.3%). It is required to improve pH, EC and Ex. $Ca^{2+}$ of sample soils. Consequently, the results suggested a high potential of recycling of the wastes soils for planting soil.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.88-100
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• 2014

The purpose of the study is to analyze the regional effectiveness of wall-plantings by applying a biotope area ratio when wall-plantings are constructed in high density areas. For this, this study required a sample of the wall-planting's regional plan. Therefore, types of wall-planting were determined and applied to a sample site. Four types of wall-plantings were developed by formative features and functional features. Type "A" had simple and functional features, Type "B" had both mixed and functional features, Type "C" had both simple and landscape features and Type "D" had mixed and landscape features. Jung-gu District in Seoul was chosen as the sample site. Total investigations were performed three times for three months from June to August, 2011. Total green-able walls were located in 498 places with a total length of 8,449m and gross vertical area of $23,754.90m^2$. The classification results of total green-able walls by the four types were Type "A" at $1,936.65m^2$, Type "B" at $5,875.30m^2$, Type "C" at $12,487.85m^2$ and Type "D" at $3,455.10m^2$. This study analyzed how all facade areas of the green-able walls impacted the biotope area ratio at the site. First, the biotope area ratio regarding all the zones in Jung-gu District was defined as the gross biotope area ratio while the biotope area ratio regarding all of the artificial zones was defined as the net biotope area ratio. In the case of the gross biotope area ratio, 17.97% is current ration with a projected increase to 0.10% after wall-planting. In the case of the net biotope area ratio, 4.73% is the current ration with a projected increase to 0.11% after wall-planting. This 0.11% is about 2.28% of 4.73%. This study looks at all wall-plantings that have been constructed throughout a high density area to observe their impact on the improvement of ecological function therein. With consideration of the landscape value of the facade, the regional effectiveness of wall-planting is expected to increase even more.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.462-469
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• 1982

Since 1962, varietal development and dissemination for summer upland crops have been actively initiated by the Crop Experiment Station, Office of Rural Development, Suweon, Korea. The major breeding objectives of soybeans have been to develop varieties which are early maturing, disease resistant, and adaptable to late planting for after-barley cropping. Development of eleven new soybean varieties including Hwangkeumkong, Jangyeobkong, Danyeobkong, and Kwangkyo has greatly increased the soybean yield throughout country. For com, after development of Hwangok #2, a synthetic, in early 1960's, nine corn hybrids-single crosses, double-crosses, and three-way crosses-such as Jecheon-ok, Hoengseong-ok, Kwangok, Suweon #19, etc., have been disseminated mainly to Kangweon province, a major corn producing area in Korea, and drew up the yield over 4 tons per hectare. The major breeding objectives of sweet potato have been to develop varieties which have high starch content and root yield. Hwangmi, Hongmi, and Shinmi are three sweet potato varieties developed and disseminated by the Crop Experiment Station, Office of Rural Development and are grown most widely in Korea. Most of researches on cultural practices of upland crops have begun on a full scale from early 1960's. In soybeans, for example, no fertilizer but for barley was applied although the effects of phosphate and potassium fertilizers were great on soybeans in after-barley soybean croppings. The effects of heavy application of phosphate and calcium fertilizers on soybeans in newly reclaimed soils were recognized. Recently a mixed fertilizer for soybean (N; 40, P:70, K:60 kg/㏊) was developed and sold for soybean growers. The optimum planting densities of 220, 000 plants/ha in full-season cropping and 330, 000 pts/ha in after-barley cropping of soybeans were known from repeated experiments. For higher yield, a means of cultural practices such as transplanting-pinching, direct planting-pinching, and hilling-up, etc., were developed along with barley-stubble planting with no tillage and integrated herbicide application for labour savings. For sweet potato, cultural practices for planting date, harvesting date, fertilizer, and planting density were fully established. For early marketing, a technique of vinyl-mulching on sweet potato has also fully developed. For com, planting density of 37, 000 pts/ha in early 1960's has been changed to 55, 000 pts/ha for grain production and 67, 000 pts/ha for silage. The amounts of fertilizers have also been changed from 120-120-120kg/ha (N-P-K) in early 1960s to 180-150-150 kg/ha. These increases in number of plants per unit area and fertilizer levels have resulted in greater production for both grain and silage. At the same time, the production techniques of F1 seeds have also improved.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.62 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2017

'Nunkeunheugchal' is a waxy black rice variety that has a large embryo. The quality of black rice depends on the anthocyanin content of the rice seed coat, which is mainly determined by cultivation environment. Factors that affect the anthocyanin content include nitrogen level, planting density, transplanting date and harvesting date. This study was carried out to investigate the optimum black rice cultivation conditions by examining the effects of different nitrogen levels and planting densities. An initial study was conducted to determine the optimum nitrogen level in which four levels of nitrogen were applied to the field (0, 4, 8 and 12 kg/10a). As the nitrogen contents were increased up to 8 kg/10a, there was a concomitant increase in rice yields. However, nitrogen levels greater than 8 kg/10a, the yield was maintained at the same level. Correlation analysis indicated that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum yield was 9.6 kg/10a. In addition, anthocyanin levels showed a trend similar to that of yield, with correlation analysis indicating that the optimum nitrogen level for maximum anthocyanin content is 10.6 kg/10a.On the basis of these results, a second study was conducted to determine the optimum combination of planting density and nitrogen level. The planting densities investigated were $30{\times}12$, $30{\times}14$, $30{\times}16$ and nitrogen levels were 7, 9 and 12 kg/10a. A high planting density ($30{\times}12cm$) was shown to produce higher numbers of tillers and yield. As calculated in the first study, a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a shown to produce the highest anthocyanin content and yield. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that a planting density of $30{\times}12cm$ and a nitrogen level of 9 kg/10a is the optimal combination in terms of maximizing both rice yield and anthocyanin content.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.28-42
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• 1969

Field studies were conducted with the split plot design of 20 treatment with a combination of 4 levels of 3, 5, 7 and 9 plants per hill and 5 levels of 60, 80, 100, 120 and 140 hills per 3.3$m^2$ on non-, low- and high-salty areas. Rice variety, Kusabue was grown under jthe standard fertilization and cultivating. Investigation was made on the productive structure of plant population, leaf-area index, light intensity curve by stratum of crop population at the panicle differentiation stage. The competition density effect on the photosynthetic capacity was low as the salt concentration became higher. This seemed to suggest the possiblity of an increased yielding capacity by closer planting in the salty areas. The effect of an increased number of hills per unit area was greater than that of an increased unmber of plants per hill due to the total leaf area and space distribution of the actie assimilation parts of rice plants. The number of ppanicle per unit area in the salty areas were increased when the number of hill per 3.3$m^2$ increased over an increased number of plants per hill, and the panicle weight was reduced by close planting in the non-lalty area, while it was not reduced so much in the salty areas. The number of grains per panicle was significantly decreased by close planting in the salty areas as in the non-salty area, and ratio of matured grain was not decreased even by close planting in the salty areas, while it was significantly decreased by close planting in the non-salty area. An increase in the rice yield was possible by close planting and greatly related to leaf area index in the salty areas but not in the non-salty area. Increasing the number of hills per unit area showed greater effect on the increase of the rice yield than an increased number of plants per hill in the salty areas. Relationships between the growth characteristics and the rice population affected by plant spacing mode for maximum production were discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the growth characteristics of native Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) collected in Korea. Out of Kentucky bluegrasses collected in 2000 and 2008, eight ecotypes ("Pyengchang," "Gongju," "Inje," "Donggang," "Hwasun," "Pureundle," "Cheongsong," and "Geumsan") were planted in experimental fields and pots on May 11, 2008 and May 3, 2009, respectively, for analyzing their growth characteristics. Data such as visual quality (1-9), visual density (1-9), visual color (1-9), plant height, leaf length and leaf width were analyzed. The visual quality of "Pyengchang," "Inje" and "Gongju" were enhanced compared to the rest native ecotypes of Kentucky bluegrass. "Pyengchang" showed the best visual density while "Gongju" and "Inje" showed almost evenly favorable density. However, "Pureundle," "Cheongsong," and "Geumsan" represented loose density due to the damage from the summer climate of high temperature and humidity in 2009. As for visual color, "Pyengchang" was also ranked first, maintaining high values of at least 7.6 even in the summer climate of high temperature and humidity. "Donggang" showed good color immediately after planting in the experimental field in 2008, however, undesirable color due to the damage from the summer climate of high temperature and humidity in 2009.