• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.48-52
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• 2006

Naturally occurring soybean isoflavones are known to be influenced by various genetic and environmental conditions. Growth, yield, and isoflavone content were determined in four different cultivars of soybean grown under drained paddy and upland fields. Most of growth characteristics and yield components of four different soybean cultivars harvested in drained paddy field were greater than those in upland field, regardless of cultivar. By means of high performance liquid chromatography, total daidzein and genistein contents of soybean in drained paddy field were increased up to 40 and 35%, respectively, compared with those in drained paddy field. Besides isoflavone contents, the growth and yield of soybean were significantly affected by cultivar and field conditions, indicating the necessity of genetic program for soybean cultivars appropriate to drained paddy field conditions. In conclusion, converting paddy field into upland may effectively improve soybean cropping system, especially in terms of isoflavone increment under paddy field conditions.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.10
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• pp.1427-1433
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• 2006

The antioxidant activity, nitrite scavenging effect, and angiotensine I-converting enzyme inhibiting activity of solvent extracts of soybean isoflavone were investigated. Also anticarcinogenic activities of them were examined by MTT assay using human cancer cell line. Isoflavone aglycones showed relatively high antioxidant activity in order of glycitein, genistein, and daidzein. Methanol extract of soybean actively scavenged free radicals and was shown excellent nitrite scavenging effect. Glycitein and methanol extract of soybean inhibited the growth of human cancer cell such as stomach carcinoma (SNU-1) and colon carcinoma (SNU-C4) effectively. Genistein, daidzein and methanol extracts of soybean inhibited the growth of cancer cell such as stomach carcinoma (SNU-1), but had weak activities to colon carcinoma (SNU-C4). To applicate the soybean isoflavone as an enhancer for food quality and processibility, the stabilities on heat and pH of isolated isoflavone, isoflavone in soybean flour and isoflavone concentrate of soybean were investigated. Stability of isoflavone concentrate of soybean was decreased in pH extreme (below 3, above 8) during sterilization, but isoflavone in soybean flour showed higher stability in all pH range. All kinds of isoflavone tested in this study were very stable during the heat treatment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.15-16
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• 2001

GCP is a novel functional food obtained from the extracts of soybean isoflavone fermented with basidiomycetes mycelia. The enzyme reaction makes GCP containing high concentration of isoflavone aglycons, particularly for genistein and high content of polysaccharides. GCP exerts its anti-tumor activities by anti-angiogenesis and induction of apoptosis in cancer tissues and by enhancement of immune responses in immune system.(omitted)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.219-224
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• 2006

This study was performed to determine the effect of soy isoflavones on brain development and function in rats. Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were provided diets containing different levels of soy isoflavones for 6 weeks; 0 ppm (control), 50 ppm (low isoflavone intake; LI), 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). Learning ability was evaluated by a Y-shaped water maze and the activity of acetylcholinesterase in brain was assayed after decapitation. Food intake and body weights as well as weights of brain, liver, spleen, heart and kidney showed no significant difference among the four groups, which means 500 ppm of isoflavones is safe. In the water maze test, the frequency of error counted when rats entered one end of the alley without platform was significantly lower in the HI group than in the control group, and the escape latency as swim time taken to escape on the hidden platform was significantly shorter in the HI group than in the LI and control groups. The activity of acetylcholinesterase of the brain was significantly higher in the HI and MI groups than in the control group. Therefore, the results indicate that isoflavones may improve the cognitive function without adverse effects.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.40-47
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of three different concentrations of soy-isoflavones on calcium and phosphorus balance in either sham-operated or ovariectomized female rats. Seventy-two 16-week old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham operation or bilateral ovariectomy. They were provided diets containing different levels of soy iso-flavones for 6 weeks: 50 ppm (Jow isoflavone intake; LI) , 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus were then measured. In the sham-operated rats, body weight gains and food efficiency ratio of the MI and HI groups were significantly lower than the control group while food intake was not different. However, there was no significant difference in the ovariectomized rats. The fecal excretion of calcium was significantly lower in the LI, MI and HI groups than the control group in sham operated rats, and significantly lower in the HI group than the control group in ovariectomized rats. Also, apparent ab-sorption rate of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference among groups. Urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was significantly lower in the HI group than the LI group in the sham-operated rats. Urinary excretion of calcium was significantly higher in the control ovariectomized rats than in the control sham-operated rats. Retention of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference in both groups. From the above result, we see that isoflavone intake increases calcium retention through an increase in calcium absorption and also suppresses the increase of calcium excretion in urine in ovariectomy. Therefore, it is suggested that isoflavone intake is recommended for menopausal women who experience sharp bone loss due to the decrease in estrogen honnone.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.426-432
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• 2009

The overall purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on bone metabolism in osteoporosis rats. The effects of level of isoflavones supplementation on calcium and osteocalcin blood level, femur/body weight, bone mineral density(BMD) and bone strength were inspected in this study. This study classified 28 of 12 weeks-old male Sprague Dawley rats which have osteoporosis caused by ovariectomy into four groups of 7 rats and made the subjects medicated them isoflavone. Group I was non-treatment after osteoporosis(control); Group II was low-dose isoflavone(20 mg/kg) feeding after osteoporosis; Group III was middle-dose isoflavone(40 mg/kg) feeding after osteoporosis; Group IV was high-dose isoflavone(80 mg/kg) feeding after osteoporosis; In the calcium and osteocalcin level as one of bone formation indexes, there was a statistically significant difference between the group II, III, IV compared to group I. In respect to the femur/body weight, there was a statistically significant difference between the group II, III, IV compared to group I. In the bone mineral density and bone strength test, there was a statistically significant difference between the group II, III, IV compared to group I. The above results suggests that isoflavone medicated is effective to prevention and treatment of osteoporosis.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.spc1
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• pp.160-165
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• 2006

Biofuctionality of soybean seeds and soy-bean products have been fortified by the uncovering of the multifuctional beneficial effects of isoflavones. As one way to fully utilize beneficial effects of isoflavones in soybean sprout is through the enhancement of isoflavone contents in soybean seeds, genetic selection for higher isoflavone and cultivational measures to increase isoflavone content in soybean seeds were attempted. Isoflavones (daidzein, gemstein) contents in soybean seeds and soybean sprouts were determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Total isoflavone contents in soybean seeds ranged from 756 to $1,682{\mu}g/g$ and Iksan #13 $(1,682{\mu}g/g)$ showed highest content among the 21 germplasms analyzed. Onetime treatment of soybean plants with Antipol or Piaster at the $V_4$ stage yielded seeds with higher isoflavones as $2,472{\mu}g/g\;or\;2,052{\mu}g/g$, respectively, which were higher by 37% and 14% than that of seeds in the control plants, respectively. In Eunhakong, Isoflavone contents of soybean sprout changed during sprouting. Daidzein content in hypocotyl increased to maximum on the third day of cultivation and decreased there-after, whereas the content changed little in cotyledon. In sprouts of Pungsannamulkong, daidzein content in hypocotyl showed a maximum level on the first day and decreased gradually thereafter but, the content changed little in cotyledon. Total isoflavone contents in lateral roots which developed on the 6th day after sprouting ranged from 4,416 to $5,232{\mu}g/g$ DW.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.391-397
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• 2013

Changes in ${\beta}$-glycosidase activity, total phenolic and isoflavone contents, and antioxidant activities during the fermentation of Korean black soybeans (Seoritae and Seomoktae) fermented food cheonggukjang by the potential probiotic Bacillus subtilis CSY191 were investigated. The levels of total phenolic and isoflavone-malonylglycoside and -aglycone contents increased, while 2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) increased, but the isoflavone-glycoside contents decreased after cheonggukjang fermentation. The content of antioxidant compounds, including isoflavone-aglycones and -malonylglycosides, was increased by fermenting-processing, whereas the content of isoflavone-glycosides was decreased in the fermented soybeans. In particular, the Seoritae soybean fermented at 3 $7^{\circ}C$ for 48 h displayed the highest antioxidant activities, compared to those of the Seomoktae soybean and the fermented. The highest levels of daidzein, glycitein, and genistein were present at concentrations of 253.0 ${\mu}g/g$, 72.5 ${\mu}g/g$, and 114.1 ${\mu}g/g$ after 48 h of Seoritae soybean fermentation. From those results, we suggest that the high antioxidant activity of cheonggukjang of black soybeans might be related to the markedly higher levels of total phenolic and isoflavone-aglycone and -malonylglycoside contents achieved during fermentation.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.64 no.1
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• pp.18-24
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• 2019

Isoflavones, a group of secondary metabolites present in plants and especially abundant in soybeans, are garnering increasing interest because of their medicinal properties. Numerous environmental factors influence isoflavone accumulation in plants. Successful attempts to increase isoflavone contents in soybean seeds have not been widely reported. In this report, we examined an effective method for producing a high amount of isoflavones during soybean seed germination, by treating the seed with 4 abiotic factors. Soybean seeds were exposed to ultrasound (50 Hz) and heat ($40^{\circ}C$) for 30minutes, then germinated for 5 days in darkness. Another sample was subjected to water deficit during germination in darkness, and the other sample was subjected to light conditions during the germination period. The results showed that the ultrasound treatment increased isoflavone content during soybean germination. Three days after germination, the ultrasound-treated seeds presented the highest isoflavone content (6,042.1 ug/g dry weight) compared to the other treatments, which was also 1.3-fold increases over the content of the raw seed's before germination. With respect to each type of isoflavone group, aglycone (partially genistein) content was markedly higher, whereas glucoside was lower than that of the untreated samples. In other experiment, total isoflavone content after heat, water deficit, and light treatments was 5,600.0, 4,740.1, and 5,631.4 ug/g, respectively. These present work suggests that ultrasound treatment is a novel approach for improving the production of isoflavones in soybean seeds during germination.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.172-175
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• 2008

Two new fermentation products were separated from cheonggukjang by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tentatively identified as succinyl daidzin and succinyl genistin by HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS). Both succinyl daidzin and succinyl genistin were detected in all 4 commercially available and one laboratory prepared cheonggukjang and 1 commercially available natto. However, these compounds were not detected in commercially available 4 home-made and 4 factory-produced doenjang. Peak areas of succinyl genistin were about 1.95-2.45 times higher than those of succinyl daidzin in cheonggukjang, which may be due to the higher concentration of genistin derivatives than daidzin derivatives in soybeans. This is the first report on the succinyl derivatives as isoflavone metabolites from cheonggukjang and these 2 isoflavone derivatives could be characteristic indicators for cheonggukjang.