• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.985-995
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to provide useful footwear information for manufacturers and teenagers so that they can produce or purchase proper footwear that would minimize discomfort. For this study, 486 junior high school students were surveyed with a questionnaire. SPSS WIN10 was used to process a statistical analysis such as ferq., factor analysis, t-test, ANOVA(LSD), crosstab, and coefficient correlation. The results are as follows: A significant difference existed between male and female students in purchasing footwear and using evaluation criteria. When they wear shoes for a long time, they usually experience numbness in toes, blisters, heel, bottom on the feet and peeled skin. Female students experienced more foot injuries than males. There were meaningful correlations among purchasing, evaluation criteria, and satisfaction of footwear. Providing proper information is believed very important for teenagers in choosing right footwear. Footwear manufacturers should help them produce suitable shoes, and further help them establish different marketing strategies. To ease the foot discomfort, shoes should be developed with various widths and sizes. Shock absorbing soles and more flexible materials are also necessary.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2008

This study investigated gait characteristics, kinematics, and kinetics in the lower extremities between two different shoe conditions (high heeled shoes (7 cm), and high heeled shoes with a total contact insert (TCI)) after lower extremity muscle fatigue. Although TCI shave been applied in high heeled shoes to increase comfort and to decrease foot pressure, no study has attempted to identify the effects of TCI in fatigue conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of walking in high heeled shoes with TCI after lower extremity muscle fatigue was induced. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory at Hanseo University. A volunteer sample of 14 healthy female subjects participated. All in fatigue conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle fatigue was induced by 40 voluntary dorsi- and plantar-flexion exercises and 40 heel-rise exercises of the dominant foot. Surface electromyography was used to confirm the localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of three muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis). The results were as follows: (1) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI decreased the peak flexion angle of the hip joint significantly in the early stance phase (p<.05) and increased the peak hip flexion moment in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (2) In muscle fatigue conditions, the application of TCI also increased peak hip power generation in the early stance phase and peak hip power absorption in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (3) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI reduced the impact force significantly and increased the secondary peak vertical GRF. These findings suggest that the TCI may provide beneficial effects when muscle fatigue occurs for a high heeled shoe gait. Future research employing the patient population and various types of TCI materials are required to clarify the effects of TCI.

• Proceedings of the Society of Korea Industrial and System Engineering Conference
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• 2002.05a
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• pp.291-296
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• 2002

The midsole hardness of athletic footwear affects capability of absorbing impact shock and controls rearfoot movement during running and walking. The prior studies were focused on examining the proper hardness of footwear for rearfoot movement or to finding effective hardness for absorbing impact shock. The displacements of maximal Achilles tendon angle described a amount of pronation motion is decreased when medial hardness of midsole is large more than lateral. Increasing hardness of footwear midsole are effected to reduce maximum and intial pronation angle, but declined the ability of impact shock during heelstrike. For determination of effectiveness hardness of midsole, therefore, the study that makes a compromise between rearfoot movement and absorbing impact during footstrike must be performed. The purpose of this study is to examine quantitative values of rearfoot control and absorbing impact shock with different hardness of medial and lateral midsole on heel portion. The results are useful to define biomechanical hardness of midsole for developing running shoes. As variable for impact shock, accelerations onto shank and knee are measured during 4 running speeds (5, 7, 9, 11km/h). Also, maximum and $10\%$ pronation angle (Achilles tendon angle) were measured using high-speed camera.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.283-290
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• 2004

This study was conducted to find out the concept, characteristics, reasons and the kinds, the effects on the body of cellulite and to provide the effective control methods. Formation of cellulate was mostly due to the genetic reason, usually happened after the period of puberty. It was more important to prevent rather than to cure after the cellulite formation happened. The effective ways of preventing it might be to drink enough water and to improve the liver function by restricting the excessive drinking, not to wear too tight-fit dress and high heel shoes. To control the cellulate effectively, diet control, exercise and esthetics had to be balanced together.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2009

Purpose：The purpose of this study was to investigated the effect of stability on heel-heights of insole in healthy adults. Methods：Subjects of 39 males measured stability index of the Biodex Stability System(BSS) by wearing shoes of 2cm, 5cm insoles including bare feet. The BSS was consisted of a movable balance platform and the platform was interfaced with computer software that enables the device to serve as an assessment of balance performance. Stability index of the BSS included overall stability index(OSI), anteroposterior stability index(APSI), mediolateral stability index(MLSI). In the BSS, subjects were asked to step on to the platform of the BSS and assume a comfortable position while maintaining slight flexion in the knees, looking straight ahead. Subjects were trained for 10min for adaptation to the heel-height of insole and then they maintained double limb stance for 2min. Biodex platform set to convert Lv.8 into Lv.1 gradually. Results：There were statistically significant differences between heel-heights of insole and stability index of OSI, APSI, and MLSI(p<.05). The result of post-hoc test were as follows; 1)OSI had significant differences between bare feet and 2cm, 5cm. 2)APSI had significant differences between bare feet and 2cm, 5cm. 3)MLSI had significant differences between bare feet and 2cm, 5cm(p<.05). Conclusions：We found that the more heels of insole high, the more stability index increases. In particular, balance index of insole above 5cm more increased and we could acknowledge that the insole above 5cm more effected balance of healthy adults.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.95-102
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• 2009

Ten young females were participated in this study to investigate the effects of types of shoes (sneakers, high heels, kill heels), types of tasks (standing, walking floor, step up and down), and areas of foot (fore foot, middle foot, rear foot) on foot pressures as well as subjective discomfort ratings. Results showed that kill heels had the most discomfort shoes, followed by high heels and sneakers. Generally, as the heel was higher, the discomfort of foot increased. For the analyses of task types, generally discomfort ratings were highest for the step down and up, followed by walking floor and standing. Especially discomfort ratings of high heels and kill heels were more evident in case of step up and step down than standing and walking floor. Standing task was rated as the lowest levels of discomfort on users' foot. Peak and mean foot pressures were also evaluated in this study. The findings represented that there was no significant differences between types of shoes in both peak and mean foot pressures. The peak pressure (82.14kPa) and mean pressure (40.32kPa) for standing task were significantly lower than those of other tasks [walking floor (190.55kPa, 55.46kPa), step up (191.43kPa, 53.80kPa), and step down (200.66kPa, 52.62kPa)]. Generally discomfort ratings and peak/mean pressures associated with foot showed that fore foot had higher discomfort ratings as well as peak and mean pressures than middle and rear foots. In particularly, this trend was more obvious in case of high heels and kill heels. For the high heels and kill heels, the peak pressures of fore foot were 4.5~4.8 times and 2.3~2.5 times greater than that of middle foot and rear foot, respectively, whereas the peak pressures of fore foot were 2.9 times and 1.7 times greater than that of middle and rear foots, respectively, in case of sneakers.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.26
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• pp.119-142
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• 2021

The gilt-bronze-and-silver shoes, excavated from the Tomb of King Muryeong, revealed many defective parts, which constantly raised in-depth re-investigation and reporting. In that point, scientific treatment and analysis were conducted to investigate the manufacturing techniques applied. The conservation treatment was carried out with an emphasis on the restoration of the original form and joining parts. As a result, the upper part of the right shoe and some part of the back heel were joined, confirming the joining method and the number of rivet used for instep bonding. From the component analysis, it is presumed that the outer plate was gilded with mercury amalgam on pure copper, and pure silver was used for the inner plate. The main pattern of the gilt-bronze-and-silver shoes includes designs of phoenix, lotus, and six-petal flower, while the lotus pattern is high in terms of ratio. Thus, youngnaksa(twisted gilt-bronze thread), geumdongsa(gilt-bronze thread), wondujeong (rivet), and samyeonjeong(quadrangular cleats) were used for bonding each plate. Twisted gilt-bronze thread was used to join the inner and outer plates, while the center and rear of the inner plate were combined with only gilt-bronze threads. From the fact, it is presumed that the joining method was different whether the function was decoration or just bonding. Regarding the manufacturing process, traces of burnishing were confirmed on the outer surface of the gilt-bronze and silver shoes, but no burnishing traces were identified on the inner surface of the silver plate, which is likely to prove more importance put on the finishing of the outer plates rather than that of the inner.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.815-827
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• 2015

This study analyzes the characteristics by age and type for middle aged and elderly women foot shapes aged 40-69 years. ANOVA, factor, and cluster analyzed middle aged and elderly women's foot shapes. The results of the study are as follows. First, higher age groups tended to have smaller foot lengths, ball/instep circumferences, circumferences, and ball heights with larger heel height values and higher degrees of gathering of toe 1 and toe 5 toward the feet reference axis. Second, foot lengths were 220 mm-240 mm and the ball circumference's size symbol in high frequency sections were distributed from E to EEEE in the 40s and 60s groups and from D to EEEE in the 50s group. Third, eight factors were extracted through the factor analyses of middle aged and elderly women's foot measurement items. Fourth, a cluster analyses classified the subjects into four types. Type 1 is a normal foot type with medium foot length and small ball circumference and type 2 is a long and flat foot type with a type with large foot length and ball circumference values as well as small ball height values. Type 3 is a thick foot type with a medium foot length, large ball circumference, large ball height and type 4 is a toe deformation foot type with medium foot length, small ball circumference, and a high degree of toe gathering toward the center.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.80-90
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• 2013

Recently, functional insoles of wedge-type it is for the young to raise their height inserted between insole and heel cause foot pain and disease. Additionally, these have a problem with stability and excessively load-bearing during gait like high-heel shoes. In this study, we compared the changes in biomechanical characteristics of foot with different insole thickness then we will utilize for the development of the insole with the purpose of relieving the pain and disease. Subjects(male, n = 6) measured COP(center of pressure) and PCP(peak contact pressure) on the treadmill(140cm/s) using F-scan system and different insole thickness(0~50 mm) between sole and plantar surface during gait. Also, we computed changes of stresses at the foot using finite element model with various insole thickness during toe-off phase. COP moved anterior and medial direction and, PCP was increased at medial forefoot surface, $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$ metatarsophalangeal, ($9%{\uparrow}$) with thicker insoles and it was show sensitive increment as the insole thickness was increased from 40 mm to 50 mm. Change of the stress at the soft-tissue of plantar surface, $1^{st}$ metatarsal head represents rapid growth($36%{\uparrow}$). Also, lateral moments were increased over the 100% near the $1^{st}$ metatarsal as the insole thickness was increased from 0 mm to 30 mm. And it is show sensitive increment as the insole thickness changed 10 mm to 20 mm. As a result, it was expected that use of excessively thick insoles might cause unwanted foot pain at the forefoot region. Therefore, insole thickness under 30 mm was selected.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.329-336
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the differences of the lower back pain, fatigue, and Achilles tendon thickness according to wearing and not wearing high heels in order to understand symptoms of musculoskeletal diseases caused by wearing high heels in college students. lower extremity pain fatigue and achilles tendon thickness were measured in high heel wear group (n=19) and non high heels wear group (n=23). Participants' general characteristics and the lower extremity pain, fatigue, and Achilles tendon thickness were analyzed using mean, standard deviation. Differences in lower extremity pain, fatigue, and achilles tendon thickness were analyzed by independent t-test. The results showed that the difference between the participants' lower extremity pain (t=2.28, p=.028), right achilles tendon thickness (t=2.30, p=.027) and left achilles tendon thickness (t= 3.89, p<.001) The results of this study show that convergence approach can be applied as a basis for health problems in the structure and function of musculoskeletal disorders associated with wearing high heels. In the future, follow up observation according to the wearing of high heels in the same subject will be needed.