• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.380-388
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• 2017

Wood pyrolysis oil(WPO) has been regarded as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. However, WPO is not feasible for use directly in diesel engines due to its poor fuel quality such as low energy density, high acidity, high viscosity and low cetane number. The most widely used approach to improve WPO fuel quality is to blend WPO with other hydrocarbon fuels that have a higher cetane number. However, WPO and fossil fuels are not usually blended because of their different polarity. Also, clogging and polymerization problems in the fuel supply system can occur when the engine is operated with WPO. Polymerization can be prevented by diluting WPO with other alcohol fuels. However, WPO-alcohol blended fuel does not produce self-ignition. Therefore, additional cetane enhancement to the blended fuel is required to enhance auto-ignitability. In this study, WPO was blended with n-butanol and two cetane enhancements(PEG 400 and 2-EHN) for application to a diesel generator. Experimental results showed that the WPO-butanol blended fuel achieved a very stable engine operation under maximum WPO content of 20 wt%.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제38권6호
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• pp.501-511
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• 2014

바이오매스 원료로부터 급속열분해 반응을 통하여 생산되는 바이오 오일은 화석연료를 대체할 수 있는 잠재력을 가지고 있다. 하지만, 바이오 오일은 에너지 밀도와 세탄가가 낮고 점성도가 높은 연료의 한계성이 있으므로 디젤엔진에 적용하기에는 제한적이다. 따라서, 안정적인 연소를 얻기 위해서는 바이오 오일을 세탄가가 높은 연료와 유화하거나 혼합하여 사용하여야 한다. 하지만 바이오 오일과 화석연료는 극성이 달라서 서로 혼합되지 않으며 가장 손쉽게 혼합되는 연료는 알코올계 연료이다. 본 연구에서는 바이오 오일의 연료특성을 향상시키기 위하여 에탄올 연료와 혼합하였으며, 연료의 자발화 특성을 향상시키기 위하여 세탄가 향상제인 PEG 400, 2-EHN 도 첨가하였다. 또한 최대 15%의 바이오 오일이 혼합된 혼합연료를 디젤엔진에서 안정적으로 연소시키기 위하여 고압축비 피스톤도 적용하였다.

• Carbon letters
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.36-39
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• 2003

Carbon and carbon-based materials are used in nuclear reactors and there has recently been growing interest to develop graphite and carbon based materials for high temperature nuclear and fusion reactors. Efforts are underway to develop high density carbon materials as well as amorphous isotropic carbon for the application in thermal reactors. There has been research on coated nuclear fuel for high temperature reactor and research and development on coated fuels are now focused on fuel particles with high endurance during normal lifetime of the reactor. Since graphite as a moderator as well as structural material in high temperature reactors is one of the most favored choices, it is now felt to develop high density isotropic graphite with suitable coating for safe application of carbon based materials even in oxidizing or water vapor environment. Carboncarbon composite materials compared to conventional graphite materials are now being looked into as the promising materials for the fusion reactor due their ability to have high thermal conductivity and high thermal shock resistance. This paper deals with the application of carbon materials on various nuclear reactors related issues and addresses the current need for focused research on novel carbon materials for future new generation nuclear reactors.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.121-133
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• 2014

사용후핵연료를 포함하는 고준위 방사성폐기물을 지질학적 조건이 안정적인 지하 3~5 km의 심도에 처분할 수 있다면 다음과 같은 많은 장점이 있는 것으로 평가되고 있다. 즉, (1)암반 수리전도도가 매우 낮아 지하수가 생태계까지 도달하는데 속도가 현저히 감소되며, (2)상부층 두께로 인하여 생태계와의 이격거리 확보에 유리하고, (3)지하수가 환원상태이므로 핵종의 용해도가 매우 낮을 뿐만 아니라 (4)오랜 연령의 지하수에서는 핵종이 흡착된 콜로이드 생성과 이동이 극히 제한된다는 점이다. 이와 관련하여 심부시추공 처분(Deep Borehole Disposal) 연구는 심층 처분(Deep Geological Disposal) 시스템에 대한 이상적인 처분 대안기술로서 꾸준하게 진행되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 최근 심부 시추기술이 비약적으로 발전됨에 따라 의미있게 연구가 진행되고 있는 심부시추공 처분시스템을 국내 적용하기 위한 초기 단계로서 해외의 심부시추공 처분시스템 기술개발 사례를 분석하였다. 이를 통하여 심부시추공 처분에 대한 일반적인 개념과 심부시추공 처분시스템 개념을 도출한 연구사례를 국가별로 정리하였다. 이들 분석결과는 향후 심부시추공 처분기술의 국내 적용을 위한 입력자료로서 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.197-204
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• 2012

The vast stores of biomass available in the worldwide have the potential to displace significant amounts of fuels that are currently derived from petroleum sources. Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of possible paths by which we can convert biomass to higher value products. The wood pyrolysis oil (WPO), also known as the bio crude oil (BCO), has been regarded as an alternative fuel for petroleum fuels to be used in diesel engine. However, the use of WPO in a diesel engine requires modifications due to low energy density, high water contents, low acidity, and high viscosity of the WPO. One of the easiest way to adopt WPO to diesel engine without modifications is emulsification of WPO with diesel or bio diesel. In this study, a DI diesel engine operated with diesel, bio diesel (BD), WPO/BD emulsion was experimentally investigated. Performance and gaseous & particle emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by WPO/BD emulsion were examined. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible with emulsion and engine output power was comparable to diesel and bio diesel operation.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.152-158
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• 2011

Fast pyrolysis of biomass is one of the most promising technologies for converting biomass to liquid fuels. The pyrolysis oil, also known as the bio crude oil (BCO), have been regarded as an alternative fuel for petroleum fuels to be used in diesel engine. However, the use of BCO in diesel engine requires modifications due to low energy density, high water contents, low acidity, and high viscosity of the BCO. One of the easiest way to adopt BCO to diesel engine without modifications is the use of BCO/diesel emulsions. In this study, a diesel engine operated with diesel, bio diesel (BD), and BCO/diesel emulsion was experimentally investigated. Performance and emission characteristics of a diesel engine fuelled by BCO/diesel emulsion were examined. Results showed that stable engine operation was possible with emulsion and engine output power was comparable to diesel and bio diesel operation. Long term validation of adopting BCO in diesel engine is still needed because the oil is acid, with consequent problems of corrosion especially in the injection system.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.365-384
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• 2012

Microalgae are photosynthetic microorganisms that are highly productive in the presence of basic renewable natural sources (light, $CO_2$, water and nutrients). They can synthesize lipids, carbohydrates and proteins in a small number of days. Subsequently, these carbon-captured products can be processed into both biofuels and valuable co-products. Additionally, microalgae would be an ideal feedstock for replacing land-based food crops with cellular products as high energy density transportation fuels. These microscopic organisms could contribute a significant amount of renewable energy on a global scale. In Korea, microalgae biofuel research was common in the early 1990s. The research activities were unfortunately stopped due to limited governmental funds and low petroleum prices. Interest in algal biofuels in Korea has been growing recently due to an increased concern over oil prices, energy security, greenhouse gas emissions, and the potential for other biofuel feedstock to compete for limited agricultural resources. The high productivity of microalgae suggests that much of the Korean transportation fuel requirements can be met by biofuels at a production cost competitive with the increasing cost of petroleum seen in early 2008. At this time, the development of microlalgal biomass production technology remains in its infancy. This study reviewed microalgae culture systems and biomass production, harvesting, oil extraction, conversion, and technoeconomical bottlenecks. Many technical and economic barriers to using microalgal biofuels need to be overcome before mass production of microalgal-derived fuel substitutes is possible. However, serious efforts to overcome these barriers could become a large-scale commercial reality. Overall, this study provides a brief overview of the past few decades of global microalgal research.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.9-14
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• 2009

High density polyethylene (HDPE) is degraded due to a radiation-induced oxidation when it is used as a neutron moderator in a neutron counter for a nuclear material accounting of spent fuels. The HDPE exposed to the gamma-ray emitted from the fission products in a spent nuclear fuel results in a radiation-induced degradation which changes its original molecular structure to others. So a neutron moderating power variation of HDPE, irradiated by a gamma radiation, was investigated in this work. Five HDPE moderator structures were exposed to the gamma radiation emitted from a $^{60}Co$ source to a level of $10^5-10^9$ rad to compare their post-irradiation properties. As a result of the neutron measurement test with 5 irradiated HDPE structures and a neutron measuring system, it was confirmed that the neutron moderating power for the $10^5$ rad irradiated HDPE moderator revealed the largest decrease when the un-irradiated pure one was used as a reference. It implies that a neutron moderating power variation of HDPE is not directly proportional to the integrated gamma dose rate. To clarify the cause of these changes, some techniques such as a FTIR, an element analysis and a densitometry were employed. As a result of these analyses, it was confirmed that the molecular structure of the gamma irradiated HDPEs had partially changed to others, and the contents of hydrogen and oxygen had varied during the process of a radiation-induced degradation. The mechanism of these changes cannot be explained in detail at present, and thus need further study.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.405-418
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• 2019

국내 원자력발전소에서 발생하는 사용후핵연료의 제원 및 방출시점 등 특성과 현재의 고준위 방사성폐기물 기본계획에 근거한 처분시나리오를 도출하여 기존 심층 처분시스템을 바탕으로 처분효율과 경제성을 향상시킨 개선된 처분시스템을 제안하였다. 이를 위하여 국내 원자력발전소에서 발생하는 사용후핵연료의 길이에 따라 2종류의 처분용기 개념을 도출하고, 사용후핵연료 발생 년도와 현재의 기본계획에 근거한 처분 시나리오 설정에 따른 처분시점에서의 냉각기간을 고려하여 처분용기내 수용 가능한 붕괴열 량을 결정하였다. 그리고 2종류의 처분용기에 대한 처분시스템과 결정된 붕괴열을 바탕으로 열적 안정성 분석을 통하여 제안된 처분시스템의 설계요건에 대한 적합성 여부를 확인하고, 처분효율을 평가하였다. 개선된 처분시스템은 기존 처분시스템에 비하여 처분면적은 약 20% 감소되고 처분밀도는 약 20% 향상됨을 확인하였고, 처분용기와 완충재 재료도 상당량 절감됨을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 향후 사용후핵연료 관리정책 수립 및 실제 사업을 위한 처분시스템 설계를 위한 자료로 활용될 수 있다.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.211-217
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• 2024

The growing significance of sustainable energy technologies underscores the need for safe and efficient management of spent nuclear fuels (SNFs), particularly via deep geological disposal (DGD). DGD involves the long-term isolation of SNFs from the biosphere to ensure public safety and environmental protection, necessitating materials with high corrosion resistance for DGD canisters. This study investigated the feasibility of a Cu-Ni film, fabricated via additive manufacturing (AM), as a corrosion-resistant layer for DGD canister applications. A wire-fed AM technique was used to deposit a millimeter-scale Cu-Ni film onto a carbon steel (CS) substrate. Electrochemical analyses were conducted using aerated groundwater from the KAERI underground research tunnel (KURT) as an electrolyte with an NaCl additive to characterize the oxic corrosion behavior of the Cu-Ni film. The results demonstrated that the AM-fabricated Cu-Ni film exhibited enhanced corrosion resistance (manifested as lower corrosion current density and formation of a dense passive layer) in an NaCl-supplemented groundwater solution. Extensive investigations are necessary to elucidate microstructural performance, mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance in the presence of various corroding agents to simplify the implementation of this technology for DGD canisters.