• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.93-96
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• 2012

'Double Shine', a cultivar of Gypsophila paniculata was newly developed for the cut flowers by Jeollabuk-do Agricultural Research & Extension Services. It has morphological characteristics of the spreading plant type, double florets of many petals and two pistils, emarginate petal tip and cup shaped calyx. Also 'Double Shine' has several traits such as strong flower stalk, bright colored flower, narrow branching angle and more or less resistance to powdery mildew and pest injury. Furthermore, 'Double Shine' produced higher primary branches, and longer flower stalk length with internodal length and than did a check variety 'Bristol Fairy' during summer cultivation in subalpine areas. Blooming of 'Double Shine' was delayed by 16 days, its floret had broader width, compared to 'Bristol Fairy'. Moreover, 'Double Shine' produced normal flowers with two pistils and 8.5 stamens, with little production of malformed flowers in the high temperature condition.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2017

Electroencephalography (EEG) is frequently used to assist the diagnosis of brain death. However, to date there have been no guidelines in terms of EEG criteria for determining brain death in Korea, despite EEG being mandatory. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the evidence and controversies with regarding to the utilization of EEG for determining brain death and to serve as a cornerstone for the development of future guidelines. To determine brain death, electrocerebral inactivity (ECI) should be demonstrated on EEG at a sensitivity of $2{\mu}V/mm$ using double-distance electrodes spaced 10 centimeters or more apart from each other for at least 30 minutes, with intense somatosensory or audiovisual stimuli. ECI should be also verified by checking the integrity of the system. Additional monitoring is needed if extracerebral potentials cannot be eliminated. Interpreting EEG at high sensitivities, which is required for the diagnosis of brain death, can pose a diagnostic challenge. Furthermore, EEG is affected by physiologic variables and drugs. However, no consensus exists as to the minimal requirements for blood pressure, oxygen saturation, and body temperature during the EEG recording itself, the minimal time for observation after the brain injury or rewarming from hypothermia, and how to determine brain death when the findings of ECI is equivocal. Therefore, there is a strong need to establish detailed guidelines for performing EEG to determine brain death.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.487-497
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• 2019

Purpose: This tutorial review investigated the effect of prior fatigue and passive stretches on eccentric contraction-induced muscle injuries, as well as the underlying mechanisms of eccentric contraction-related injuries. Methods: Contraction-induced muscle damage is the most common disabling problem in sports and routines. The mechanisms underlying the pathology and prevention of muscle damage lessened by prior fatigue or stretches are critical in assessing musculoskeletal injuries. Even though there are treatments to reduce eccentric contraction-induced muscle injuries, fatigue negatively influences them. Therefore, we reviewed previous studies on eccentric contraction-induced muscle injuries with prior treatments using the MEDLINE and PubMed databases. Results: Prior passive stretching had a preventative and therapeutic effect, but prior lengthening contractions did not. On the other hand, prior isometric contractions involving relatively small forces may not provide a sufficient stimulus to induce protection. As a result, high force isometric contractions may be necessary. The studies supported the positive effects of prior fatigue, concluding that it was a factor in determining the amount of damage caused by eccentric exercise. This was due to a reduction in force and increased temperature. Studies that did not support the positive effects of prior fatigue concluded that a shift in optimal length to a longer length and reduced energy absorption during lengthening are evidence that fatigue is not related to muscle injuries induced by lengthening. Conclusion: The variability of the experiment models, conditions, muscles, and treatment methods make it necessary to interpret the conditions of previous studies carefully and draw conclusions without making direct comparisons. Thus, additional studies should be carefully conducted to investigate the positive effect of fatigue on lengthening.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.84-88
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• 2018

A 33-year-old woman visited the emergency department presenting with fever and dyspnea. She was pregnant with gestational age of 31 weeks and 6 days. She had dysuria for 7 days, and fever and dyspnea for 1 day. The vital signs were as follows: blood pressure 110/70 mmHg, heart rate 118 beats/minute, respiratory rate 28/minute, body temperature $38.7^{\circ}C$, and oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry 84% during inhalation of 5 liters of oxygen by nasal prongs. Crackles were heard over both lung fields. There were no signs of uterine contractions. Chest X-ray and chest computed tomography scan showed multiple consolidations and air bronchograms in both lungs. According to urinalysis, there was pyuria and microscopic hematuria. She was diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia and urinary tract infection (UTI) that progressed to severe sepsis and acute respiratory failure. We found extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in the blood culture and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the sputum culture. The patient was transferred to the intensive care unit with administration of antibiotics and supplementation of high-flow oxygen. On hospital day 2, hypoxemia was aggravated. She underwent endotracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. After 3 hours, fetal distress was suspected. Under 100% fraction of inspired oxygen, her oxygen partial pressure was 87 mmHg in the arterial blood. She developed acute kidney injury and thrombocytopenia. We diagnosed her with multi-organ failure due to severe sepsis. After an emergent cesarean section, pneumonia, UTI, and other organ failures gradually recovered. The patient and baby were discharged soon thereafter.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.141-147
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• 2021

The foreign trends of noncompliance occurring frequently in food contact materials during the period of 2011-2019 was investigated by analyzing the food safety risk information DB in the National Food Safety Information Service (NFSI). A total of 2,042 cases of noncompliance of food utensils, containers, and packages were classified into 5 violation categories; administrative procedures, manufacturing and processing standards, residues and migration standards, labeling and advertising, and quality standards. This was again subcategorized according to non-compliance causative factors. The non-compliances in residues and migration standards comprised the largest proportion (76.4%) of the violative categories. The number of noncompliance information collected in 2011 was 88 cases and increased to 373 cases in 2019. A 72.8% of the non-compliance case was identified to be products of 4 countries (China 64.2%, Germany 4.0%, Japan 3.2%, and Taiwan 3.1%), those produce large quantities of containers and packaging products. During the period of 2011-2019, the number of illegal use of hazardous materials and illegal recycling of waste synthetic resins has decreased to less than one a year since 2014. On the other hand, after 2016, inconsistency of heat-resisting temperature labeling (Taiwan), non-compliance in paper container's strength standards, violation of printing standards, and the risk of consumer injury while using the products were newly reported due to the strengthening of consumer safety protection regulations. Migration of hazardous substances in synthetic polymer products such as heavy metals, melamine and formaldehyde in melamine tableware, primary aromatic amines which are colorant components in kitchenware such as ladles and spatulas, and phthalate plasticizers have been continuously reported with high frequency.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.717-721
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• 2011

In case of plastic film greenhouses cultivating fresh vegetables on paddy soil, soil characteristics must be considered as more important factor than any other factors. Generally after the four years of cultivation, soils tend to increase electrical conductivity value, nutrient unbalance and soil pests. As a result, degradation of agricultural products occurred, therefore it is necessary to improve soil conditions. In this study, yield and economic cost of cucumber were analyzed. The best soil conditions for cucumber cultivation were alluvial or valley in soil topology, moderately or poorly drainage in soil drainage classes, coarse loamy soil in texture. In addition, rich-sunlight and-deep groundwater would be proper for the cucumber cultivation. Good environmental managements of plastic film greenhouse were as follows. The temperature needed to be adjusted three times. The optimal daytime temperature could be $22{\sim}28^{\circ}C$, the one from 12 until night could be $14{\sim}15^{\circ}C$, and the temperature from 24 to sunrise could be $10{\sim}12^{\circ}C$. During plant growth period, soil moisture content was as low as 10~15%, and it needed to be maintained as 15~20% during reproductive growth period. To control pests, catch crop cultivation and solar treatment were carried out, after those EC was reduced and the root-knot nematode was controled too. Cucumber yield from the plot with improved soil managements increased to $158.4Mg\;ha^{-1}$, but plot with successive cropping injury yielded $140.3Mg\;ha^{-1}$. The income from the plot with improved soil managements was 215,676 thousand won $ha^{-1}$, the plot with successive cropping injury was 131,649 thousand won $ha^{-1}$. Income rate of each plot was 51.8% and 38.4%, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.429-444
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• 1991

Cold stress influence plant growth through a wide range of growth characters. Adverse effects of low temperature to plant growth come from results of colligative and complex physiological responses to cold stress. To evaluate more exactly cold tolerance of crop plant, it is needed to observe physiological changes induced by cold stress and to analyze relationships between intraspecific variations in physiological factors related to cold tolerance and the extent of cold tolerance in the field. Therefore, the composition and unsaturation ratio of fatty acids in phospholipid, a constituent of membrane, the transition-temperature in respiratory activity of mitochodria, the chlorophyll fluorescence as a factor related to photosynthesis were investigated in rice plant and data on these factors were compared with the degree of cold tolerance obtained in the field experiment. Also, effects of hardening and Mn++ treatment were evaluated as a method to reduce chilling injuries. The unsaturation ratio of fatty acids, whether rice plants were grown in a natural condition or under the chilling stress, was higher in the cold- tolerant varieties and was significantly correlated with the degree of cold tolerance (1-9) observed in the field experiment. And it was also increased by chilling treatment or hardening treatment, due to a reduction in palmitic acid content and an increase in linolenic acid content. The transition-temperature of respiratory activity of mitochodria isolated from etiolated rice seedlings ($25^{\circ}C$, two week-grown in the dark), was correlated with the degree of cold tolerance in the field, cold -tolerant varieties showing a lower transition-temperature. It was not influenced by growth stages. The intensity of chlorophyll fluorescence was highly correlated with the degree of cold tolerance, cold-tolerant varieties having a higher fluorescence intensity. By foliar application of Mn, the transition-temperature of respiratory activity was lowered as much as 0-2$^{\circ}C$ in all tested varieties. Soil application of Mn induced more significant effect in cold-susceptible varieties with a possibility of reducing chilling injuries. On the whole, there were high correlationships among the degree of cold tolerance, the unsaturation ratio of fatty acids in phospholipid, the transition- temperature of respiratory activity and chlorophyll fluorescence except for a few varieties. The transition- temperature of respiratory activity appeared to be negatively correlated with the unsaturation ratio of fatty acids. and the chlorophyll fluorescence to be positively correlated with the unsaturation ratio. This implies that these physical and physiological factors were very closely related to cold tolerance and can be used as an effective index of the evaluation of cold tolerance of crop plant. But other factors as well as three factors discussed above are needed to be considered colligatively and altogether with a systematic analysis for the more exact evaluation of cold tolerance. in rice cultivars. in rice cultivars.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-21
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the MA response of fresh lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) depending upon film sources and storage temperatures. The fresh weight loss was significantly lower at 5 and $0^{\circ}C$ than those of higher temperatures. And ceramic $80{\mu}m$ film (CE 80) was more effective in preventing weight loss than CE40. The contents of $CO_2$ and ethylene were much higher in CE 80 wrapping than those in CE 40 ones. Rapid accumulation of $CO_2$ was observed at high storage temperature. However, the ethylene content during whole storage period was higher at $0^{\circ}C$ than those at $5^{\circ}C$, but the level of ethylene was remained below 1ppm and did not adversely affected to lemongrass quality. The treatment of CE 80 at $5^{\circ}C$ was most effective on keeping visual quality and chlorophyll content. The storage durations were up to 48 days at $5^{\circ}C$ and 35 days at $0^{\circ}C$, respectively. Results indicated that CE 80 at $5^{\circ}C$ is an optimal condition for MA storage of lemongrass.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.367-370
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• 2007

To make the soil moisture proper is the important factor in the seedbed cultivation of Yangjik for producing a good quality of ginseng seedling. This study was carries out to investigate the effect of soil moisture on photosynthesis and yield of ginseng seedling under the different condition of the soil moisture, such as $100{\sim}400$ mbar. Photosynthesis rate was decreased gradually by the reduction of soil moisture, and in particular it was decreased distinctly under the lower condition of soil moisture, such as $300{\sim}400$ mbar. Photosynthesis rate in air temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ was decreased more distinct than that of $25^{\circ}C$, Light saturation point of leaves was at the quantum of $600{\mu}mol/m^3/s$ at $25^{\circ}C$ while it was decreased by $300{\mu}mol/m^3/s$ at $30^{\circ}C$ according to the increase of air temperature. Respiration rate was increased by the increase of quantum, and decreased by the reduction of soil moisture. Respiration rate under the condition of high quantum was increased regardless of air temperature, but it was decreased distinctly under the condition of low soil moisture and high air temperature, such as 400 mbar at $30^{\circ}C$. There were a gradual decrease by the reduction of soil moisture in leaf length, leaf width, chlorophyll content, and water content of leaves, but heat injury ratio was increased distinctly by the reduction of it. Total root weight, root weight per plant, the yield of usable seedling were decreased by the reduction of soil moisture, and optimal content of soil moisture to produce a good quality of seedling was 63% of field capacity or 18.9% in absolute soil moisture content.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.37 no.9
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• pp.807-814
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• 2013

A fundamental study on laser-tissue interaction was conducted with the aim of developing a therapeutic medical device that can remove lesions on the intestinal wall by irradiating a high-power 808-nm infrared laser light incorporated in an endoscopic system. The perforation depth was linearly increased in the range of 1~4 mm in proportional to laser output (3~12 W) and irradiation time (5~20 s). We demonstrated that the perforation depth during laser irradiation was varied according to the tissue property of each extracted porcine organ. The measurement of the temperature distribution suggests that the energy is localized in the irradiation spot and transferred to deep tissue, which protects the surrounding tissue from thermal injury. These results can be used to set the driving parameters for a laser incision technique as an alternative to conventional surgical interventions.