• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.106-116
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• 2019

Objectives: This study examined the status of children's favorite foods intake and the relationship with the policy environment based on the Special Act on Safety Control of Children's Dietary Life for suggesting a supportive policy strategy. Methods: The subjects were 4th grade students (n=1,638) in elementary school from 45 schools collected from seven areas (Seoul, Daegu, Daejeon, Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, and Gyeongnam). The children participated in a self-administered questionnaire survey in class under the supervision of the teacher. The questionnaire consisted of items, such as social demographic characteristics, frequency of intake of the children's favorite foods, and policy cognition. A t-test and ANOVA were applied to explore the relationship between the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy cognition. The survey was implemented from August 2016 to September 2016. Results: For the boys, the frequency of 'high-calorie low nutrient foods intake' (HCLN) was significantly higher than that of the girls (p<0.01). For the children who received information on their favorite foods from the internet, the frequency of HCLN was higher than the other sources (p<0.01). The time of TV viewing and computer usage, and smartphone usage was associated with a higher frequency of HCLN, and a lower healthy favorite food intake (all p<0.001). The intake frequency of healthy favorite foods indicated a positive correlation with the policy cognition, including policy perception, usefulness, necessity and buying intention, and educational experience. Conclusions: This study showed a correlation with the frequency of children's favorite foods intake and policy. In particular, the frequency of children's healthy favorite foods intake indicated a meaningful relationship with the policy than the frequency of HCLN. This study also found that the consumption of children's healthy favorite foods was positively correlated with the educational experience. To develop a supportive policy for a good dietary environment for children, there is a need to focus on how to collaborate with multiple levels of influences, such as the national level, school level, and family.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.268-278
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• 2021

The purpose of this study is to subdivide responsive teaching types proposed in the previous study in order to observe the change in the responsive teaching types in teacher educational programs, and to identify factors that impede changes in responsive teaching types. To this end, an educational program including introduction of responsive teaching, case analysis of responsive teaching, individual assignments and group discussions on facilitator type educational scenarios is provided for chemistry teachers who participated in a chemistry education course established in a graduate school of education. Based on previous research, when the teacher's teaching method was analyzed as evaluator, transfer, guide and facilitatore, a type that could not be classified was observed. In this study, responsive teaching types were added by adding two types: explorer and interpreter. In addition, through individual assignments and group discussion data, we could observe the factors that hinder teachers' responsive teaching changes. The obstacles that impede the change to responsive teaching were classified into teacher factors, student factors, and environmental factors. Among the obstacles, teacher factors include a belief in teacher-led instruction, a belief in the role of a teacher as a transfer of knowledge, a belief that the curriculum should be followed, a lack of understanding of the teacher about students, and a lack of the teacher's ability to lead student-led expansion. The student factor was distrust of the student's competence. Also, as an environmental factor, there was an educational environment such as multi-students class. Effective teacher education on responsive teaching can be achieved only when the perception related to these obstacles can be removed.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.183-199
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs on her preschooler's social competence. The participants were 277 mothers residing in Daejeon, Korea. Basic descriptive statistics, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression were used for statistical treatment. The results were as follows: First, a mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs did not differ according to her educational level. One factor of perfectionism, 'holding high standards', alone showed significant difference between highschool graduates and graduate school graduates, the latter's scores being higher than the former's. There were no significant differences in preschooler's social competence by sex or age. However, a few sex and age differences were found in sub-factors of social competence. Girls scored higher than boys on 'showing affection', and 5 year olds scored lower on 'showing affection' and higher on 'leadership' than 3 years olds. Second, a mother's perfectionism and parenting beliefs were able to explain 22.8% of variance in preschooler's social competence, the former showing more predictive power than the latter. Each of the two factors of maternal perfectionism affected five factors of preschooler's social competence in a different manner. 'Holding high standards' of perfectionism positively influenced preschooler's social competence factors such as 'social capability', 'leadership', and 'showing affection', whereas maternal 'fear of failure' had a negative impact on 'showing affection', 'disturbing'(reversed), and 'instability'(reversed). These results were discussed in relation with changes in social atmosphere and value systems, changes in child-rearing behaviors, or the construct and concept of perfectionism itself, It was suggested that these results be utilized in developing parent education programs for preschoolers lacking social competence.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.111-126
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of 12-week training on changes in physical fitness and cardiovascular factors for firefighters. For this purpose, 40 men in their 20s and 30s who agreed to participate voluntarily were recruited. They were divided into four groups: the firefighters' physical fitness test training group (hereinafter referred to as PT group), firefighters' physical fitness test and aerobic training group (hereinafter referred to as PT+AR group), firefighters' physical fitness test and both aerobic and anaerobic training group (hereinafter referred to as PT+CO group). Physical fitness factors (grip strength, back muscle strength, seated forward bend, standing long jump, sit-ups, 20-meter shuttle run), cardiovascular factors (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure) and the relationship between Framingham Heart Risk Score and physical/cardiovascular factors were compared and analyzed, and the following conclusions were obtained. Aerobic training, anaerobic training, and combined training, including 12 weeks of firefighter physical examinations, all had positive effects on fitness and cardiovascular factors, which would be an appropriate way for firefighter examinees to improve physical strength and reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.64-78
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• 1992

In this study, elementary school students of both urban and rural areas as its subjects were asked to draw 'A beautiful landscape' by employing the perspective representation technique, i. e., the Perception Map, and to write down the elements comprising 'A beautiful landscape' in the questionnaire sheets. By doing so, an attempt was made 1) to analyze whether there are differences in perceiving 'A beautiful landscape' according to the differences of the environment in which they were brought up ; and, if there are differences. 2) to identify them ; and based on that , 3) to present basic data for evaluation on landscape, on its preference analysis and for Park Planning. The summary of this study is as follows ; 1) The main elements, elementary school students think, comprising 'A beautiful landscape' are 25 ones such as Sky(7), Sea(2), Water(2), Topography(5), Plants(5), Animals(3), School(1), Rural village(1). The natural elements showing a difference are ; Water fall in urban areas and School landscape in rural areas ; the artificial elements are ; City groups(Structures, Facilities, Necessities, Transportation means and Space) in urban areas and School groups in rural areas. Especially, in case of rural area children, they regard 'Trees' as an essential element to be 'A beautiful landscape' comparing to those in urban areas. 2) According to the analysis result on the correlation between the elements comprising a beautiful rural landscape and a beautiful ruban landscape, the correlation between boys and girls is high, showing the same trend with any difference. In comparison of urban areas with rural areas, there is no difference between natural elements, but in artificial elements(7 groups without family) the correlation is quite low, showing that all comprising elements are not the same between rural schools and cities, between schools within the same areas, and between schools of different areas. 3) In identifying the names of elements comprising 'A beautiful landscape', Back-Du Mountain and Sorak Mountain are shown the highest frequency in the category of mountains. In the names of trees and flowers, the elementary school children are thought to consider the kinds of trees and flowers they can see always at hand, i. e., those in their school ground where they spend most of their day time. 4) In the analysis of the numbers of comprising elements according to the responses in the questionnaire sheets and in the Perception Map, 'less than 10' is the most frequently counted number of comprising elements by individual students regardless of rural and urban differences. When the total frequency is divided by the number of students, the mean score is 6-7 without any differences between rural and urban areas, implying that there are no differences in the expression ability between urban and rural schools. 5) According to the result of classyfying and analysizing the landscape appeared on the Perception Map by similar elements and by similar scenes, 'A beautiful landscape' thought by elementary school children is defined not as a standardized form but as 11 types such as the landscape of fields, the landscape of a sea, the landscape of a rural village, a type where elements are assembled, the landscape of cities, the landscape of a school, the landscape coming out of a imagination, and other landscape. Both rural and urban children all consider the landscape of mountains and field and the landscape where several elements are assembled as a commonly beautiful one. Among the landscapes showing rural and urban differences, it can be analyzed that urban children regard the landscapes of cities, imagination, and waterfalls as something characteristic, while rural children regard the landscape of schools and rural villages as something characteristic.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.213-224
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the nutritional status and prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized children at admission and during hospitalization in South Korea. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This first cross-sectional nationwide "Pediatric Nutrition Day (pNday)" survey was conducted among 872 hospitalized children (504 boys, 368 girls; 686 medical, 186 surgical) from 23 hospitals in South Korea. Malnutrition risk was screened using the Pediatric Yorkhill Malnutrition Score (PYMS) and the Screening Tool Risk on Nutritional status and Growth. Nutritional status was assessed by z-scores of weight-for-age for underweight, weight-for-height for wasting, and height-for-age for stunting as well as laboratory tests. RESULTS: At admission, of the 872 hospitalized children, 17.2% were underweight, and the prevalence of wasting and stunting was 20.2% and 17.3%, respectively. During hospitalization till pNday, 10.8% and 19.6% experienced weight loss and decreased oral intake, respectively. During the aforementioned period, fasting was more prevalent in surgical patients (7.5%) than in medical patients (1.6%) (P < 0.001). According to the PYMS, 34.3% and 30% of the children at admission and on pNday, respectively, had a high-risk of malnutrition, requiring consultation with the nutritional support team (NST). However, only 4% were actually referred to the NST during hospitalization. CONCLUSIONS: Malnutrition was prevalent at admission and during hospitalization in pediatric patients, with many children experiencing weight loss and poor oral intake. To improve the nutritional status of hospitalized children, it is important to screen and identify all children at risk of malnutrition and refer malnourished patients to the multidisciplinary NST for proper nutritional interventions.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.206-220
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between practice and infectious diseases in elementary, middle and high school students. Methods: In 16 metropolitan cities and province of the Korea, the students who from fourth grade of elementary school to third grade of high school were surveyed by personal interviews and an web-based online survey from 5 to 25 September, 2014. We analyzed data with chi-square test and logistic regression analysis. Results: Common cold, diarrhea, and eye infections were more prevalent among students in higher grade than lower grade. In particular, common cold was more prevalent among girls than boys, using hand sanitizer than washing with soaps, and students who wash the dorsal side of hand than not wash the dorsal side of hand. Conclusions: Higher-grade students showed low status of hand washing practice. Hand washing was determined as the fact which influences to increase the prevention of communicable disease such as common cold. Considering the fact that youth groups have higher risk of being infected due to their group life, schools are recommended to provide adequate educations regarding proper hand washing practice with soap.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.796-806
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• 2012

This study was conducted to investigate dietary attitude, and nutritional knowledge of middle school students in Gwangju and examine their perception and utilization of food labeling systems. The total and mean dietary attitude scores were 75 and 49.47, respectively. The total and mean nutrition knowledge scores were 15 and 10.88, respectively. Girls showed significantly higher nutrition knowledge than boys (p<0.01). Overall, 62.9% of respondents checked food labeling, and there were significant differences in dietary attitudes among groups that did and did not checking labeling (p<0.001), with higher dietary attitude being associated with checking the label. Moreover, higher nutritional knowledge was associated with checking the food label. Individuals who checked the food label considered the expiration date (54.9%), product name (14.4%) and price (10.2%). The main reasons for checking food labeling were (in descending order) to confirm the expiration date (61.6%), determine the ingredients and nutritional information, learn how to store the product, and compare the price and weight with other products. The overall satisfaction with the food labeling system was 16.20 out of 30, and significant differences (p<0.001) were observed among individuals with high, moderate and low dietary attitudes, as indicated by satisfaction scores of 17.54, 16.32 and 14.86, respectively. Individuals with high, moderate and low dietary attitudes had nutritional knowledge scores of 15.79, 16.08, and 17.08 respectively. The overall score for understanding nutrition labeling was 4.71 out of 7, and the understanding differed significantly among groups (p<0.01), with those with moderate food attitudes having the highest score.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.414-427
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to develop an eating habit checklist for screening elementary school children at high risk of energy overintake. Dietary habits, food intake, anthropometric data were collected from 142 children (80 boys and 62 girls) in the 4th to 6th grades of elementary schools. Energy intake, fat intake, and percentage of Estimated Energy Requirement (%EER) were used as indices to detect the risk of energy overintake of the children. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between dietary habit scores and energy overintake indices in order to select questions included in the checklist. TV watching during the meal, meal speed, meal amount, overintake frequency, eatingout frequency, snack frequency, frequency of eating Ramyun or fast foods showed significant correlations with energy overintake indices. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to give each item a different weight by prediction strength. To determine the cut-off point of the test score, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated. The 7-item checklist with test results from 0 to 13 points was developed, and those with equal or higher than 5 points were diagnosed as a risk group of energy overintake. Among our subjects 13.4% was diagnosed as the risk group. Mean energy intake of the subjects in the risk group and the normal group were 2,650 kcal and 1,640 kcal, respectively. However, there were no significant differences of Index of Nutritional Quality (INQ) of the other nutrients except eating fiber between the risk group and the normal group. This checklist will provide a useful screening tool to identify children at high risk of energy overintake.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.38-47
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• 2009

The purpose of the study was to develop an eating habit checklist for screening elementary school children at risk of inadequate micronutrient intake. Eating habits, food intake, and anthropometric data were collected from 142 children (80 boys and 62 girls) in the $4^{th}$ to $6^{th}$ grades of elementary schools. Percentage of Recommended Intakes (RI) and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR) of six micronutrients; vitamin A, riboflavin, vitamin C, calcium, iron, zinc, and the number of nutrients the children consumed below EAR among the six nutrients were used as indices to detect the risk of inadequate micronutrient intake. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated between eating habit scores and inadequate micronutrient intake indices in order to select questions included in the checklist. Meal frequency, enough time for breakfast, regularity of dinner, appetite, eating frequencies of Kimchi, milk, fruits and beans showed significant correlations with indices of inadequate micronutrient intake. Stepwise regression analysis was performed to give each item a different weight by prediction strength. To determine the cut-off point of the test score, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated. The 8-item checklist with test results from 0 to 12 points was developed, and those with equal or higher than 6 points were diagnosed as high-risk group of inadequate micronutrient intake, and those with 4 or 5 points were diagnosed as moderate-risk group. Among our subjects 14.1% was diagnosed as high-risk group, and 30.3% as moderate-risk group. The proportions of the subjects who consumed below EAR of all micronutrients but vitamin C were highest in the high-risk group, and there were significant differences in the proportions of the subjects with intake below EAR of all micronutrients except vitamin B6 among the three groups. This checklist will provide a useful screening tool to identify children at risk of inadequate micronutrient intake.