• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제62권1호
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2024

고분자 전해질 연료전지(PEMFC) 내구성에 촉매 지지체 내구성이 미치는 영향이 크다. 촉매 지지체의 가속 내구 평가는 높은 전압(1.0~1.5 V)에서 진행되어 촉매층의 촉매와 이오노머 바인더도 같이 열화되어 지지체 내구성 평가에 방해가 된다. 내구성 평가대상인 지지체가 더 열화되는 조건을 찾고자 기존의 프로토콜 (DOE 프로토콜)을 개선하였다. 상대습도를 35% 낮추고 전압변화 횟수를 감소시킨 프로토콜 (MDOE)을 개발하였다. 1.0 ↔ 1.5 V 전압변화 사이클 반복 후에 촉매 비활성도 (MA)와 전기화학적 활성면적 (ECSA), 전기이중층 용량 (DLC), Pt 용해와 입자 성장 등을 분석하였다. 비활성도 감소 40% 도달하는데 MDOE 프로토콜은 500 사이클 밖에 안되어 DOE방법보다 전압변화 횟수를 감소시키면서 카본 지지체 열화를 DOE 프로토콜보다 50% 증가시킬 수 있었다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.92-97
• /
• 2016

This paper presents design and simulation of wide band RF microswitch that uses electrostatic actuation for its operation. RF MEMS devices exhibit superior high frequency performance in comparison to conventional devices. Similar techniques that are used in Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) can be employed to design and fabricate MEMS devices and traditional batch-processing methods can be used for its manufacturing. The proposed switch presents a novel design approach to handle reliability concerns in MEMS switches like dielectric charging effect, micro welding and stiction. The shape has been optimized at actuation voltage of 14-16 V. The switch has an improved restoring force of 20.8 μN. The design of the proposed switch is very elemental and primarily composed of electrostatic actuator, a bridge membrane and coplanar waveguide which are suspended over the substrate. The simple design of the switch makes it easy for fabrication. Typical insertion and isolation of the switch at 1 GHz is -0.03 dB and -71 dB and at 85 GHz it is -0.24 dB and -29.8 dB respectively. The isolation remains more than - 20 db even after 120 GHz. To our knowledge this is the first demonstration of a metal contact switch that shows such a high and sustained isolation and performance at W-band frequencies with an excellent figure-of merit (fc=1/2.pi.Ron.Cu =1,900 GHz). This figure of merit is significantly greater than electronic switching devices. The switch would find extensive application in wideband operations and areas where reliability is a major concern.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제31권6호
• /
• pp.417-425
• /
• 2021

고용량 배터리에 대한 요구가 증가에 따라 기존 음극재보다 높은 용량(3,860 mAh/g)과 낮은 전기화학적 전위(-3.040 V)를 갖는 리튬 금속 기반 음극재에 대한 연구가 활발하게 이루어지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 수열 합성을 통해 제작된 아나타제(anatase) 타입의 TiO₂ 나노 입자 기반한 PVdF-HFP/TiO₂ 복합체를 리튬 금속 음극의 계면 보호층으로 적용하였다. 결정구조 및 형상 분석을 통해 유/무기-리튬 나노복합체 박막의 형성을 확인하였다. 또한, 전지화학 테스트(사이클 테스트 및 전압 프로파일)를 통해 리튬 금속 음극의 전기화학 성능 은 복합체 보호막이 TiO₂ 10 wt%, 코팅 두께 1.1 ㎛의 조건에서 가장 개선된 전기화학적 성능(콜롱 효율 유지: 77 사이클 동안 90% 이상) 발현을 확인하였다. 이를 통해, 처리하지 않은 리튬 전극 대비 본 보호층에 의한 리튬 금속 음극의 성능 안정화/개선 효과가 검증되었다.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• 제36권3호
• /
• pp.217-226
• /
• 2006

발달중인 Sedum 및 Salsola의 엽육조직을 chemical fixation과 high pressure freezing (HPF) 등으로 고정한 후, 초박 및 후박절편으로 제작 carbon coating하여 TEM 및 UHVEM으로 연속절편에 의한 2-D영상과 tilt image data를 수집하였다. 이후 초미세 구조들에 대하여 tilting 및 tomography 기법, 그리고 디지털화한 image의 3-D 입체구조 재구현에 필수적인 IMOD 프로_그램을 적용한 image 처리과정을 거쳐 UHVEM data에서 색소체내 초미세구조의 정보를 추출하여 세포수준에서의 3-D image를 분석하였다. 색소체 기질에서 녹말입자 및 틸라코이드에 인접하여 형성되는 CAM및 $C_4$ 식물 색소체 결정체들은 어떤 막으로도 둘러싸이지 않는 구조로서, Sedum rotundifolium 색소체내 결정체는 수 ${\mu}m$에 이르는 커다란 크기로 형성된다. 결정체 내에는 약 20nm격자거리로 이루어진 기원을 알 수 없는 수백-수천 개의 미세소관성 요소들이 평행 또는 격자상태로 정교한 구조를 이루며, 티라코이드 및 녹말입자와 인접하여 발달하였다. $C_4$ 광합성 수행 Salsola komarovii의 경우, 결정체는 엽육세포 색소체에서만 발달하며 결정체 구성 기본요소들이 비교적 규칙적인 격자거리를 이루며 수십 개 배열하는 구조를 형성하였다. 특히, tilted image및 3-D 입체구조 연구에서 결정체 형성에는 이들과 인접하여 발달하는 틸라코이드막이 관여함을 알아 낼 수 있었다. 이는 엽육세포 색소체에는 결정체들이 식물이 수행하는 광합성 유형에 따라 각기 다른 구성요소로 형성되어 Sedum의 경우와 같이 발달 중인 엽육조직에서 분화하거나 Salsola에서와 같이 세포 유형에 따라 상이하게 발달하는 것으로 추정되었다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
• /
• 제17권2호
• /
• pp.57-68
• /
• 2016

In this study, we present the modern hybrid system based power generation for electric vehicle applications. We describe the hybrid structure of modified current source based DC - DC converters used to extract the maximum power from Photovoltaic (PV) and Fuel Cell system. Due to reduced dc-link capacitor requirement and higher reliability, the current source inverters (CSI) better compared to the voltage source based inverter. The novel control strategy includes Distributed Maximum Power Point Tracking (DMPPT) for photovoltaic (PV) and fuel cell power generation system. The proposed DC - DC converters have been analyzed in both buck and boost mode of operation under duty cycle 0.5>d, 0.5<d<1 and 0.5<d for capable electric vehicle applications. The proposed topology benefits include one common DC-AC inverter that interposes the generated power to supply the charge for the sharing of load in a system of hybrid supply with photovoltaic panels and fuel cell PEM. An improved control of Direct Torque and Flux Control (DTFC) based induction motor fed by current source converters for electric vehicle.In order to achieve better performance in terms of speed, power and miles per gallon for the expert, to accepting high regenerative braking current as well as persistent high dynamics driving performance is required. A simulation model for the hybrid power generation system based electric vehicle has been developed by using MATLAB/Simulink. The Direct Torque and Flux Control (DTFC) is planned using Xilinx ISE software tool in addition to a Modelsim 6.3 software tool that is used for simulation purposes. The FPGA based pulse generation is used to control the induction motor for electric vehicle applications. FPGA has been implemented, in order to verify the minimal error between the simulation results of MATLAB/Simulink and experimental results.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.32-42
• /
• 2009

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of dihydrexidine, a full $D_1$ receptor agonist, on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the perfused model of the rat adrenal gland, and to establish its mechanism of action. Dihydrexidine (10-100 ${\mu}M$), perfused into an adrenal vein for 60 min, relatively produced dose- and time-dependent inhibition in the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high $K^+$ (56 mM), DMPP (100 ${\mu}M$) and McN-A-343 (100 ${\mu}M$). Dihydrexidine itself did fail to affect basal CA output. Also, in adrenal glands loaded with dihydrexidine (30 ${\mu}M$), the CA secretory responses evoked by Bay-K-8644 (10 ${\mu}M$), an activator of L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channels, cyclopiazonic acid (10 ${\mu}M$), an inhibitor of cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase, and veratridine, an activator of voltage-dependent $Na+$ channels (10 ${\mu}M$), were also markedly inhibited, respectively. However, in the simultaneous presence of dihydrexidine (30 ${\mu}M$) and R (+)-SCH23390 (a selective antagonist of $D_1$ receptor, 3 ${\mu}M$), the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh, high K+, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644, cyclopiazonic acid and veratridine were considerably recovered to the extent of the corresponding control secretion compared with the inhibitory responses by dihydrexidinetreatment alone. In conclusion, these experimental results suggest that dihydrexidine significantly inhibits the CA secretion evoked by cholinergic stimulation (both nicotinic and muscarinic receptors) and membrane depolarization from the rat adrenal medulla. It seems that this inhibitory effect of dihydrexidine may be mediated by inhibiting influx of both $Ca^{2+}$ and $Na^+$ into the cytoplasm as well as by suppression of $Ca^{2+}$ release from cytoplasmic calcium store through activation of dopaminergic $D_1$ receptors located on the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells.

• Journal of Electrochemical Science and Technology
• /
• 제13권4호
• /
• pp.462-471
• /
• 2022

In this study, the electrochemical impedance characteristics of CO₂/H₂O co-reduction to produce CO/H₂ syngas were investigated in a low-temperature single cell. The effect of the operating conditions on the single-cell performance was evaluated at different feed concentrations and cell voltages, and the corresponding electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data were collected and analyzed. The Nyquist plots exhibited two semicircles with separated characteristic frequencies of approximately 1 kHz and tens of Hz. The high-frequency semicircles, which depend only on the catholyte concentration, could be correlated to the charge transfer processes in competitive CO₂ reduction and hydrogen evolution reactions at the cathodes. The EIS characteristics of the CO₂/H₂O co-reduction single cell could be explained by the equivalent circuit suggested in this study. In this circuit, the cathodic mass transfer and anodic charge transfer processes are collectively represented by a parallel combination of resistance and a constant phase element to show low-frequency semicircles. Through nonlinear fitting using the equivalent circuit, the parameters for each electrochemical element, such as polarization resistances for high- and low-frequency processes, could be quantified as functions of feed concentration and cell voltage.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
• /
• 제16권2호
• /
• pp.147-160
• /
• 2008

The present study was designed to examine effects of polyphenolic compounds isolated from red wine (PCRW) on the release of catecholamines (CA) from the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal medulla, and to clarify its mechanism of action. PCRW (20${\sim}$180 ${\mu}$g/mL), given into an adrenal vein for 90 min, caused inhibition of the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high $K^+$ (a direct membrane-depolarizer, 56 mM), DMPP (a selective neuronal nicotinic $N_N$ receptor agonist, 100 ${\mu}$M) and McN-A-343 (a selective muscarinic $M_1$ receptor agonist, 100 ${\mu}$M) in dose- and time-dependent fashion. PCRW itself did not affect basal CA secretion (data not shown). Following the perfusion of PCRW (60 ${\mu}$g/mL), the secretory responses of CA evoked by Bay-K-8644 (a L-type dihydropyridine $Ca^{2+}$ channel activator, 10 ${\mu}$M), cyclopiazonic acid (a cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor, 10 ${\mu}$M) and veratridine (an activator of voltage-dependent $Na^+$ channels, 10 ${\mu}$M) were also markedly blocked, respectively. Interestingly, in the simultaneous presence of PCRW (60 ${\mu}$g/mL) and L-NAME (a selective inhibitor of NO synthase, 30 ${\mu}$M), the inhibitory responses of PCRW on the CA secretion evoked by ACh, high $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyclpiazonic acid were recovered to considerable level of the corresponding control release compared with those effects of PCRW-treatment alone. Practically, the amount of NO released from adrenal medulla after loading of PCRW (180 ${\mu}$g/mL) was significantly increased in comparison to the corresponding basal released level. Collectively, these results obtained here demonstrate that PCRW inhibits the CA secretory responses evoked by stimulation of cholinergic (both muscarinic and nicotinic) receptors as well as by direct membrane-depolarization from the isolated perfused adrenal gland of the normotensive rats. It seems that this inhibitory effect of PCRW is mediated by blocking the influx of both ions through $Na^+$ and $Ca^+{2$} channels into the rat adrenomedullary chromaffin cells as well as by inhibiting the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which are due at least partly to the increased NO production through the activation of nitric oxide synthase. Based on these data, it is also thought that PCRW may be beneficial to prevent or alleviate the cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension and angina pectoris.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
• /
• 제12권4호
• /
• pp.155-164
• /
• 2008

Resveratrol has been known to possess various potent cardiovascular effects in animal, but there is little information on its functional effect on the secretion of catecholamines (CA) from the perfused model of the adrenal medulla. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the effect of resveratrol on the CA secretion from the isolated perfused model of the normotensive rat adrenal gland, and to elucidate its mechanism of action. Resveratrol (10${\sim}100{\mu}$M) during perfusion into an adrenal vein for 90 min inhibited the CA secretory responses evoked by ACh (5.32 mM), high $K^+$ (a direct membrane-depolarizer, 56 mM), DMPP (a selective neuronal nicotinic $N_n$ receptor agonist, 100${\mu}$M) and McN-A-343 (a selective muscarinic $M_1$ receptor agonist, 100${\mu}$M) in both a time- and dose- dependent fashion. Also, in the presence of resveratrol (30${\mu}$M), the secretory responses of CA evoked by veratridine 8644 (an activator of voltage-dependent$Na^+$ channels, 100${\mu}$M), Bay-K-8644 (a L-type dihydropyridine $Ca^{2+}$ channel activator, 10${\mu}$M), and cyc1opiazonic acid (a cytoplasmic $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase inhibitor, 10${\mu}$M) were significantly reduced. In the simultaneous presence of resveratrol (30${\mu}$M) and L-NAME (an inhibitor of NO synthase, 30${\mu}$M), the CA secretory evoked by ACh, high $K^+$, DMPP, McN-A-343, Bay-K-8644 and cyc1opiazonic acid were recovered to a considerable extent of the corresponding control secretion compared with the inhibitory effect of resveratrol alone. Interestingly, the amount of nitric oxide (NO) released from the adrenal medulla was greatly increased in comparison to its basal release. Taken together, these experimental results demonstrate that resveratrol can inhibit the CA secretory responses evoked by stimulation of cholinergic nicotinic receptors, as well as by direct membrane-depolarization in the isolated perfused model of the rat adrenal gland. It seems that this inhibitory effect of resveratrol is exerted by inhibiting an influx of both ions through $Na^+$ and $Ca^{2+}$ channels into the adrenomedullary cells as well as by blocking the release of $Ca^{2+}$ from the cytoplasmic calcium store, which are mediated at least partly by the increased NO production due to the activation of NO synthase.

• KSBB Journal
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 1995

발아된 벼(Oryza sativa L. cv. Nakdong)의 하배 축에서 callus를 유도하고, 현탁배양한 세포에서 원 형질체를 분리하여 MS 배지에서 재분화를 수행하였다. Callus는 하배축으로부터 $2.5mg/{\ell}2$,4-0를 첨가한 LS 배지에서 최고 65%의 치상효율로 유도되었으며, 형태척으로 선별 가능한 embryogenic callus 는 $2mg/{\ell}2$,4-D, O.2mgj P kinetin과 $0.1mg/{\ell} GA_3$ 가 첨가된 AA, 배지에서 현탁배양하였다. 4개월 이상 현탁배양한 세포로부터 분리한 원형질체는 voltage를 400V jern와 Imsec 통안 electropora­tion했을 때 $2.5mg/{\ell}2$,4-D, $0.1mg/{\ell}$kinetin과 lOmM proline이 첨가된 PCM 배지에서 1.1%의 치 상효율을 보였다. 형성된 microcalli는 LS2.5 배지 에 치상된 feeder cell에 $0.2\mu\textrm{m}$membrane filter를 얹은 위에 옮겨 암소에서 2주 동안 배양한 후, $30{\pm}/3{\mu}E$.m^{-2}S^{-1}의 형광하에서 2주 통안 배양했을 때 2mm 직경의 노란색 callus를 형성하였다. 형성된 callus를 재분화 배지에 치상하였을 때, 녹점 green spot)에서 shoot 형성과정을 거쳐 완전한 식물체로 분화되었으며 재분화율은 1l~33%였다.