• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.222-230
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• 1999

Obesity is an excessive increased state of total body fat, and diabetes is a disease lack or defect of insulin which controls blood sugar. The reason of obesity and diabetes are history, lack of exercise, overeating, stress and so forth. The principle of dietary modification in the obesity and diabetes are controling total calorie control, and taking orderly meals, and restricting high calorie food. General exercise guidance will recommend to take precedence over the medical diagnosis, case history test before the exercise begins, and the beginning of exercise. It start with light excercise, and gradually enhance intensity The fundamental and effective cure of obesity and diabetes is aerobic exercise (as jogging, swimming, playing tennis, aerobic dancing). It is reasonable for exercise intensity to be 60~80$\%$ HRmax(50~70$\%$ $Vo_2$ max) and for the duration to be 15~60minutes a day and frequency to be 3~6 times a week. Especially the exercise intensity may be changeable according to the, pattern of diabetes. The snack that contains carbohydrate during exercise will discontinue the exercise when insulin activity is reached on high peak, and it is a proper way taking 15~20g's carbohydrate contained food against possibility of the low blood sugar occurance after exercise, At last, it is much effective the exercise therapy is combined with the diet therapy for best diabetes treatment.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.221-228
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• 2007

We determined the effects of dietary manipulations on messenger RNA of peroxisome proliferators activated receptor isoforms (i.e., PPAR ${\alpha},\;{\beta}/{\delta},\;{\gamma}$) in red vastus lateralis muscle of rats. Total 16 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used, and animals were divided into one of two dietary conditions: either chow diet group (CHOW; n=8) in which animals were 134 with standard rodent chow (61.8% carbohydrate, 15.7% fat, 22.5% protein) or high fat diet group (FAT n=8) in which animals were fed 24.3% carbohydrate, 52.8% fat, 22.9% protein. At the end of the 8 weeks of experimental period, red vastus lateralis muscle was dissected out from all animals, and PPAR ${\alpha},\;{\beta}/{\delta},\;{\gamma}$ mRNA expression was determined. There was no significant difference in body mass (BM) between CHOW and FAT. As expected, blood glucose and free fatty acid (FFA) concentration was higher in FAT than CHOW (p<0.05), and lactate concentration was significantly lower in FAT compared to CHOW (p<0.05). Insulin concentration tended to higher in FAT than CHOW ($67.2{\pm}21.9\;vs.\;27.0{\pm}5.2$ pmol/L), but it did not reach to the statistical significance. Gene expression of PPAR ${\alpha}$ was not significantly different between CHOW and FAT. It was not also significantly different in PPAR ${\beta}/{\delta}$. Interestingly, expression of mRNA in PPAR ${\gamma}$ however, was markedly depressed in FAT compared to CHOW (approximately 3 fold higher in CHOW; p<0.05). Results obtained from present study implies that PPAR ${\gamma}$ (as compensatory function of PPAR ${\alpha}$ is expressed) possibly exerts another major tuning roles in fatty acid transport, utilization, as well as biosynthesis in skeletal muscle cells. The situations and conditions that can be postulated for this implication need to be further examined.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.779-790
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• 2002

Nutritional factors affecting bone mineral density (BMD) in the different age groups of Korean women were investigated to obtain baseline data for maintaining bone health. Information on diet and anthropometry were collected in 80 elementary school children (height 127.2 cm, weight 27.3 kg), 84 high school students (height 161.6 cm, weight 52.4 kg), 100 adults aged 25 to 35 years (height 159.4 cm, weight 52.7 kg) and 120 elderly people over 60 years of age (height 150.9 cm, weight 55.6 kg). Data for nutrient intake were obtained by 24-hour recall method. BMDs of lumbar spine (L$_2$-L$_4$) and femoral neck were measured by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The relationship between BMD of femoral neck and nutritional factors were analyzed. The average BMD of femoral neck for females was 0.61 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in children, 0.88 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in adolescents, 0.90 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in adults, 0.64 g/$\textrm{cm}^2$ in elderly people. Among the adult subjects, 11.0% was classified as osteopenia in the femoral neck. For the elderly, the prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were 34.2% and 47.5% of the subjects. It was shown the intake of energy, protein, plant protein, animal protein, fat, carbohydrate, Ca, P, Fe, vitamin A, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C, carbohydrate energy percent and fat energy percent influenced bone health status in all age groups. In the MAR on bone health status, children, adult and elderly subjects were significantly different among groups classified by bone health status and the MAR of the groups with good in bone health was higher. The RDA percent of each nutrient was influence factor on BMD. Nutrient intake of energy, protein, P, Fe, thiamin, niacin were lower BMD on below 75% of Korean RDA. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that several dietary factors were influence on BMD. MAR on femoral neck BMD of children and elderly subjects was the highest influence factor. Beyond this, the most influential dietary factors on BMD were the vitamin A, total Ca and vegetable Ca. The above results have confirmed that dietary factors influence BMD in various age groups. Energy, protein, Ca, P, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin C as well as MAR were important dietary factors influencing BMD. The results of this study revealed that people who received sufficient nutrients intake showed healthy bone status. The MAR mainly influenced the bone health status.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.525-534
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• 2019

Objectives: Reduced glucose utilization in the main parts of the brain involved in memory is a major cause of Alzheimer's disease, in which ketone bodies are used as the only and effective alternative energy source of glucose. This study examined the effects of a low-carbohydrate and high-fat (LCHF) diet supplemented with a ketogenic nutrition drink on cognitive function and physical activity in the elderly at high risk for dementia. Methods: The participants of this study were 28 healthy elderly aged 60-91 years showing a high risk factor of dementia or whose Korean Mini-Mental State Examination (K-MMSE) score was less than 24 points. Over 3 weeks, the case group was given an LCHF diet with nutrition drinks consisting of a ketone/non-ketone ratio of 1.73:1, whereas the control group consumed well-balanced nutrition drinks while maintaining a normal diet. After 3 weeks, K-MMSE, body composition, urine ketone bodies, and physical ability were all evaluated. Results: Urine ketone bodies of all case group subjects were positive, and K-MMSE score was significantly elevated in the case group only (p=0.021). Weight and BMI were elevated in the control group only (p<0.05). Grip strength was elevated in all subjects (p<0.01), and measurements of gait speed and one leg balance were improved only in the case group (p<0.05). Conclusions: We suggest that adherence to the LCHF diet supplemented with a ketogenic drink could possibly influence cognitive and physical function in the elderly with a high risk factor for dementia. Further, we confirmed the applicability of this dietary intervention in the elderly based on its lack of any side effects or changes in nutritional status.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.675-681
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• 2002

Among Italian buffalo farmers, it is widely held that administering diets with high energy and protein concentrations is an effective way to increase milk production. In order to assess the validity of this opinion, we verified milk yield and physico-chemical characteristics from buffaloes that, from the $5^{th}$ month of lactation, were fed two total mixed rations (TMRs) which, given the same intake, should have led to satisfaction of protein requirements though with a slight energy deficit (diet A) or excessive amounts of energy and protein (diet B). Estimate of the energy and protein value of the diets and that of the corresponding requirements was carried out both by using two software programs derived from the Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System (1992), and with the method set up by INRA researchers (1988). The results obtained show that the two diets administered did not result in significant changes to the quantity of milk produced. However, with Diet B the protein concentration in the milk was significantly (p<0.01) higher, although this was partly offset by the higher concentration (p<0.05) of non-protein nitrogen (NNP). The Group B buffaloes also showed significantly higher blood urea levels (p<0.01), with concentrations exceeding those considered physiological for lactating buffaloes. Finally, while administering Diet A the Body Condition Score (BCS) was close to 6.5 (Wagner et al., 1988), whereas in buffaloes which used Diet B it sometimes increased by over 0.5 points. As regards which of the two methods compared is more suitable for expressing dietary energy and protein value and corresponding requirements, we feel that due to the high variability in the Italian Mediterranean buffalo's milk production aptitude, it would be premature to express a judgement on methods which rest on a common scientific base and do not differ substantially.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.119-128
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• 1982

The effect of dietary protein on growth and lipid levels of plasma and liver was studied in weanling male rats fed diets differing protein sources and amino acid balance. Rats were devided into 9 experimental diets which were grouped into 3 categories ; 1) Simple protein category includes gluten-, soy protein isolate-, and casein-containing diet groups, 2) Supplemented category includes casein supplemented with methionine, soy protein isolate supplemented with methionine, and gluten supplemented with lysine and methionine, 3) Mixed protein category includes diet groups containing gluten (2/3), casein (1/3), soy protein isolate (2/3) and casein (1/3), and casein (1/3), soy protein isolate (1/3) and gluten (1/3). The experimental diets composed of 15% protein, 65.8% carbohydrate, 10% fat and 1% cholesterol. The body wt. gain and P.E.R. were greater in rats of supplemented and mixed protein groups than simple protein groups. No statistical differences were found in plasma cholesterol among gluten, soy protein isolate and casein groups. Consumption of diets supplemented with limiting amino acid to gluten or soy protein isolate reduced the plasma cholesterol level by 23.2% and 34.2% respectively. However there was no difference between casein and the supplemented casein groups. The mixed protein groups shows relatively high plasma cholesterol concentration and low liver cholesterol levels. On the other hand gluten group showed low plasma cholesterol and high liver cholesterol levels, which means body cholesterol pool may not have been changed by the dietary protein. Feeding soy protein meal and the supplemented soy protein isolate resulted in lower plasma cholesterol, plasma triglycerides, liver cholesterol and liver triglycerides levels. This hypolipidemic effect is considered to see unique to soy protein isolate. Rats in gluten and the supplemented gluten groups showed lower plasma protein levels and a tendency of fatty liver.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information on nutritional condition for improving performance of the national junior rowing team players(male n=17, female n=14). To attain this purpose, their body composition and energy intake situations were investigated during their three-week winter training camp. Measurement of body composition measured by the interval, and two days, and dietary intake in this study to investigate the type and amount of food, the researchers measured directly, and then refer to the record subjects to investigate the dietary intake and the adoption of a Weighing Method. The result is as follows. During training, body composition due to the high intensity training to maintain a properly balanced diet is the consumption of energy, weight and body composition has a positive influence. The male players' average energy intake is 5,951.6 kcal(72.6 kcal/kgBW, 150%), the rate of the three main nutrients, carbohydrate, fat, protein, is 72.6 : 8.7 : 18.7 respectively. For the female, the average energy intake is 3,685.6 kcal(51.8 kcal/kgBW, 121%), and the rate of the three main nutrients is 76.3 : 8.5 : 15.2. Both of male and female were taken sufficient Vitamin, mineral and other nutrient according to %RI(recommended intake). Based on the results of a survey of elite athletes and nutrition management and the systematic introduction and review of the program in conjunction with a professional nutritionist would need, and can also be applied to expand the school to the scene, the reality of the program review and development of qualified need.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.516-523
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of tofu prepared with the addition of lotus root powder (LRP). The moisture, crude ash, carbohydrate, crude protein, and crude lipid contents of the lotus root powder were 8.29%, 4.73%, 30.66%, 47.84%, and 8.48%, respectively. The yield rate of the tofu did not differ significantly according to the level of added LRP; however, there was a significant decrease in pH and a significant increase in acidity. The L and b values of the tofu decreased as the amount of LRP in the formulation increased, whereas the a value increased. Furthermore, hardness and cohesiveness increased significantly as the level of LRP increased. In sensory evaluation, LRP tofu had low scores in air cell size and a beany smell, but high scores in hardness. In terms of overall acceptability, the preferred tofu samples were the control and that containing 0.3% lotus root powder.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.158-164
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• 2001

The present study was conducted to investigate physical characteristics, food habits of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellites(GDM). The subjects were consecutive pregnant women, 21 GDM and 43 non-GDM controls who received antenatal care at the Obstetrics and Gynecology clinic. There were no significant difference in the mean age between the two groups(GDM:30.8years, non-GDM:30.5years). Significant differences were observed in several anthropometric characteristics such as height(GDM:159.7cm, non-GDM:162.3cm), prepregnancy weight(GDM:61.6kg, non-GDM:54.1kg), body mass index(GDM:23.9kg/$m^2$, non-GDM:20.5kg/$m^2$), and triceps skin fold thicknesses(GDM:30.9mm, non-GDM:24.7mm) between the two groups. The GDM group had an high incidence of(52.4%) family history of diabetes mellitus than those of control group(23.3%). In the GDM group, more irregularities of meals and more bed-time snacking were observed than those of control group. The intake amount of carbohydrates as well as the total energy were significantly higher in the GDM group when thery were compared with the control. These results suggest that the GDM women in Korea do exhibit clearly distinctive anthropometric and dietary characteristics. Nutritional management such as weight control before conception and throughout pregnancy, monitoring total energy and carbohydrate intakes, and implementing more rigorous meal scheduling might be beneficial for the prevention or reduction of the prevalence of the GDM or its complications. (Korean J nutrition 34(2):158~164, 2001)

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Community Living Science Conference
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• 2009.09a
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• pp.90-90
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• 2009

Cereals or cereal grains, are grasses cultivated for the edible components of their fruit seeds. In this study we evaluated the chemical characteristics of 12 raw cereals produced in Korea. The nutritional and functional contents such as moisture, carbohydrate, crude protein, crude lipid, ash, dietary fiber, minerals(Ca, P, Fe, Na, and K), vitamins (A, E, C, B groups, folic acid, and niacin), total polyphenol, carotenoid, and flavonoid containing isoflavone were investigated. Especially, the dietary fiber were determined and divided into three contents such as total, soluble, and insoluble fibers. As a results, the black rice was shown the high total polyphenol and flavonoid contents. They were included the rich vitamins, minerals, carbohydrates, fats and protein. The other chemical compositions were not shown the remarkable differences among cereal cultivar. This result can be used as basic data for specific cooking or functional study.