• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.1873-1879
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• 2010

This study was conducted to estimate the heavy metal contents of vegetables available on the markets in Seoul area. Concentrations of mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chrome (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were measured in 300 samples using a mercury analyzer and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES) after wet digestion. The average values of heavy metals in vegetables were as follows [mean (minimum~maximum), mg/kg]; Hg: 0.0005 (N.D~0.007), Pb: 0.011 (N.D~0.259), Cd: 0.012 (N.D~0.188), As: 0.002 (N.D~0.142), Cr: 0.100 (0.019~0.954), Ni: 0.093 (0.003~1.231), Cu: 1.098 (0.072~36.29), and Zn: 3.48 (0.485~21.31). The heavy metal contents of vegetables available on the markets in Seoul were almost the same as or lower than those reported in other studies. The weekly average intakes of mercury, lead and cadmium from vegetables take 0.44~7.71% of PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) that the FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee sets for evaluation of food safety.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.7-18
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• 1988

In 1987, the level of heavy metals were determined ina total of 200 samples of 9 species of shellfish of Korea. The samples were collected at the fish. markets by 10 Public Institute of Health. The samples were whelk (Buccinum striatiBBimum), oyster (Crassostrea gigas), ark shell(Tegillarca granesa), shartnecked clam (Venerupis semidecussta), hard clam (Meretrix lusoria), top shell (Turbo cornutus), abalone (Haliotis gigantea), ark shell (Scapharea broughtonii), sea-mussel (Mytilus conuscus gould), respectively. The levels of total mercury, lead, cadmium, arsenic, copper, zinc and manganese were determined. The total mercury levels were determined by mercury analyzer using the combustion gold amalgamation method. The arsenic level were determined by spectrophotometry using colorimetric sil ver diethyldithiocarbamate method after dry ash dige8tion of the samples with magnesium oxide and magnesium nitrate. The levels of other metals were determined by inductively coupled pluma spectrophotometry after wet digestion of the samples with nitric acid and su1furic acid. The results were summerized as follows; 1. The overallranges and mean(ppm) were; Hg, ND-O.221 (0.036); Pb, 0.05-1.51 (0.37); Cd, 0.02-1.86 (0.61); As, 0.5-3.97 (1.22); Cu, 0.14-54.16 (4.93); Zn, 7.40-207.17 (30.09); Mn, 0.13-s.72 (3.40). 2. The levels of all 6 metals were found to be below the maximum permissible Iimits set by the Japan lor mercury, the Netherland for lead the Hong Kong for cadmium. The Finland for Arsenic no statutory Iimits for Zn and Mn in shellfish in any countries. 3. The results show that all the 9 species of shellfish studied, none have accumulated levels dangerous enough to pose a health problem.roblem.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-33
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• 1997

The objective of this study was to analyze the in vitro and in vivo corrosion products of low and high copper amalgams. The four different types of amalgam alloy used in this study were Fine cut, Caulk spherical, Dispersalloy, and Tytin. After each amalgam alloy and Hg were triturated according to the directions of the manufacturer by means of the mechanical amalgamator(Amalgam mixer. Shinhung Co. Korea), the triturated mass was inserted into a cylindrical metal mold which was 12mm in diameter and 10mm in height. The mass was condensed by 150Kg/cm compressive force. The specimen was removed from the mold and aged at room temperature for about seven days. The standard surface preparation was routinely carried out by emery paper polishing under running water. In vitro amalgam specimens were potentiostatically polarized ten times in a normal saline solution at $37^{\circ}C$(potentiostat : HA-301. Hukuto Denko Corp. Japan). Each specimen was subjected to anodic polarization scan within the potential range -1700mV to+400mV(SCE). After corrosion tests, anodic polarization curves and corrosion potentials were obtained. The amount of component elements dissolved from amalgams into solution was measured three times by ICP AES(Inductive Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry: Plasma 40. Perkim Elmer Co. U.S.A.). The four different types of amalgam were filled in occlusal and buccal class I cavities of four human 3rd molars. After about five years the restorations were carefully removed after tooth extraction to preserve the structural details including the deteriorated margins. The occlusal surface, amalgam-tooth interface and the fractured surface of in vivo amalgam corrosion products were analyzed. In vivo and in vitro amalgam specimens were examined and analyzed metallographically by SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan) and EDAX(Energy Dispersive Micro X-ray Analyser: JSM 840. Jeol Co. Japan). 1. The following results are obtained from in vitro corrosion tests. 1) Corrosion potentials of all amalgams became more noble after ten times passing through the in vitro corrosion test compared to first time. 2) After times through the test, released Cu concentration in saline solution was almost equal but highest in Fine cut. Ag and Hg ion concentration was highest in Caulk spherical and Sn was highest in Dispersalloy. 3) Analyses of surface corrosion products in vitro reveal the following results. a)The corroded surface of Caulk spherical has Na-Sn-Cl containing clusters of $5{\mu}m$ needle-like crystals and oval shapes of Sn-Cl phase, polyhedral Sn oxide phase. b)In Fine cut, there appeared to be a large Sn containing phase, surrounded by many Cu-Sn phases of $1{\mu}m$ granular shapes. c)Dispersalloy was covered by a thick reticular layer which contained Zn-Cl phase. d)In Tytin, a very thin, corroded layer had formed with irregularly growing Sn-Cl phases that looked like a stack of plates. 2. The following results are obtained by an analysis of in vivo amalgam corrosion products. 1) Occlusal surfaces of all amalgams were covered by thick amorphous layers containing Ca-P elements which were abraded by occlusal force. 2) In tooth-amalgam interface, Ca-P containing products were examined in all amalgams but were most clearly seen in low copper amalgams. 3) Sn oxide appeared as a polyhedral shape in internal space in Caulk spherical and Fine cut. 4) Apical pyramidal shaped Sn oxide and curved plate-like Sn-Cl phases resulted in Dispersalloy. 5) In Tytin, Sn oxide and Sn hydroxide were not seen but polyhedral Ag-Hg phase crystal appeared in internal space which assumed a ${\beta}_l$ phase.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1306-1315
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• 1996

This study reviewed the changes of hemodynamlcs and centrAl pulmonary artery dimension in 54 patients who underwent bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt(BCPS) between February 1992 and December 1995 at Seoul National University Childrell's Hospital. Ag and body weight of patients averaged 36.8 $\pm$ 37.7 months and 8.0$\pm$3.0 kg, respectively Eightynine percent of patients had more than 2 violations of the risk factors for Fontan operation, resulting overall hospital mortality of 16.6%(9154). Serial hemodynamic and anglographic examinations before and mean 16.3 $\pm$ 14.3 months iirter BCPS were compared. The arterial oxygen saturation improved from a preoperative value of 71 9: 10.1 % to 79.H $\pm$ 8. 5% (n:4), p<0.05). The values of arterial oxygen saturation were lower as the age of the patients with BCPS in place was older(n=22, R'=0.341, p=0.004). A mean pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance reduced from 31 $\pm$17 to 1).5$\pm$3.SmmHg(n=22, p<0.05) and from ).2$\pm$2.1 to 2.3$\pm$2.7 unit (n=7. p>0.05), respectively. Follow-up study showed a significant Increase of absolute values of ipsilateral pulmoanry artery (n: 14, p<0.05), but no change of contralateral pulmonary artreries (n: 14. p=not significant(HSI). However, there w re significant decreases in diameters of both ipsilateral and contralateral pulmonary arteries standardized by patients' body surface areas(16.8% decrease, n: 14, p< 0. 05 for ipsilatreal, 25.1%, n=14, p<0.05 for contralateral). Pulmonary artery indices for cross sectional areas of both pulmonary arterises decreased 9.3 $\pm$ 13.8% with showing a trend of more decrease as the follow-up duration was longer, We conclude that the bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt provide an excellent.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.106-110
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• 2014

Obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea (OSAH) is known to be related to nocturnal blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of hypertension according to the apnea-hypopnea grading. A total of 2,210 adults with snoring and obstructive sleep apnea were referred to our sleep center from July 2009 to May 2013. Clinical blood pressure (BP) was measured before sleeping (bedtime BP) and immediately after waking up in the next morning (morning BP). Subjects were classified into four groups based on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) from PSG as follows: control group (n=470) simple snoring and with AHI<5; mild group (n=577) with $AHI{\geq}5$ and <15; moderate group (n=508) $AHI{\geq}15$ and <30; and severe group (n=655) with $AHI{\geq}30$. The differences and correlations between BP and PSG parameters according to the AHI groups were analyzed. Patient's were classified as nomentensive (blood pressure <120/90 mmHg, n=700), prehypertensive (blood pressure < $140-120{\leq}mmHg$, n=1297) hypertensive (blood pressure ${\geq}140/90mmHg$, n=214) according to the office blood pressure measurements. The comparison of sleep parameters showed that OSA groups had a significantly higher stage N1 (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $66.4{\pm}30.7$ vs. $85.5{\pm}36.6$, $128.4{\pm}57.3$, p<0.001) and total arousal number (control vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $110.7{\pm}47.7$ vs. $150.8{\pm}56.6$, $236.6{\pm}95.8$, p<0.001) compared to control group. The comparison of sleep parameters showed that OSA groups had a significantly lower stage N2 (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $172.6{\pm}47.2$ vs. $150.7{\pm}50.5$, $120.3{\pm}57.4$, p<0.001), stage N3 (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $38.4{\pm}33.4$ vs. $27.4{\pm}26.0$, $56.1{\pm}27.5$, p<0.001), REM (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $64.3{\pm}25.5$ vs. $56.1{\pm}27.5$, $47.3{\pm}25.9$, p<0.001) and mean SaO2% (control group vs. moderate OSA, severe OSA; $90.0{\pm}3.5$ vs. $82.5{\pm}5.5$, $70.0{\pm}8.8$, p<0.001) compared to control group. The Apnea-hypopnea index was significantly higher in OSA groups, increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure than in the nomentensive group (bed time systolic pressure vs. AHI; <120 vs. 120-139, 140-159, >159; $17.5{\pm}18.6$ vs. $24.9{\pm}21.0$, $31.0{\pm}25.7$, $42.3{\pm}31.7$, p<0.001), (bed time diastolic pressure vs. AHI; 60-79 vs. 80-89, 90-99, >99; $19.3{\pm}19.7$ vs. $22.4{\pm}20.3$, $29.8{\pm}23.3$, $38.8{\pm}28.5$, p<0.001). AHI was positively correlated with morning systolic pressure, diastolic pressure, bed time systolic pressure and diastolic pressure (r=0.314, 0.279, 0.233 and 0.200, respectively, p<0.001). We conclude that BMI, Age, neck circumference and AHI increase with the blood pressure.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.394-399
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• 2022

This study was conducted to estimate hazardous heavy metal content, including lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) in 120 collagen products currently marketed in Korea. Hg concentration was analyzed by a gold amalgamation method using a mercury analyzer, while concentrations of Pb, Cd, and As were analyzed by ICP-OES. The average Pb concentration was 0.097 mg/kg. For comparison, respective average concentrations were 0.108 mg/kg, 0.084 mg/kg, 0.131 mg/kg, and 0.149 mg/kg in functional health foods, other processed products, beverages, and fruit/vegetable processed products. The average concentration of Cd was 0.026 mg/kg. All products in which Cd was detected were functional health foods. The average concentration of As was 0.097 mg/kg, with respective average concentrations of 0.091 mg/kg, 0.133 mg/kg, and 0.086 mg/kg in functional health foods, other processed products, and fruit/vegetable processed products. The average Hg concentration was 0.0025 mg/kg, with respective average concentrations of 0.0012 mg/kg, 0.0028 mg/kg, 0.0013 mg/kg, and 0.0031 mg/kg in functional health foods, other processed products, fruit/vegetable processed products, and candies respectively. Heavy metal levels in beverages and candy products with set heavy metal standards were below the set standards. Even products without regulatory standards were found to be relatively safe compared with heavy metal standards set for domestic and foreign foods.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.66-77
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• 2023

Background: Along with the increase in consumer interest in and consumption of tattoo products, the controversy over harmful heavy metals associated with the use of tattoo cosmetics is also increasing. Therefore, investigation of hazardous metals in these tattoo products is needed. Objectives: This study was performed to provide useful data for establishing reasonable standards to securely manage tattoo cosmetics, tattoo stickers, and tattoo inks distributed in the market. Methods: Thirteen kinds of hazardous metal contents (Pb, As, Cd, Sb, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr, Se, Ba, Zn, Sn, and Hg) were analyzed for 23 tattoo cosmetics, ten tattoo stickers, and 16 tattoo inks. Hg was measured through the combustion-gold amalgamation method, and other hazardous metals were measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) after acidic decomposition using a microwave apparatus. Results: The detected ranges of Pb, As, Cd, Sb, Ni, and Hg in tattoo cosmetics were 0.07~1.18, 0.06~0.41, ND~0.07, 0.01~3.44, 0.12~2.75, and ND~0.01 ㎍/g, respectively. All of the hazardous metals detected were below the recommended maximum standards of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. The mean amount of Pb detected in tattoo stickers for children was 0.24 ㎍/kg and Cd was not detected, meaning both metals met the recommended criteria. There was no statistically significant difference in all measured metals between children's tattoo stickers and adults' tattoo stickers. In the results of the study on the hazardous metal content of tattoo inks, four products (25%) for Pb, one product (6%) for As, 13 products (81%) for Ni, four products (25%) for Cu, and five products (31%) for Zn exceeded the recommended standards approved by the government. The highest predicted exposure amount for hazardous metals exceeding the recommended level of tattoo inks in a single tattooing was 5.69 ㎍/kg for Ni, 8.51 ㎍/kg for Zn, 0.44 ㎍/kg for Pb, 8.07 ㎍/kg for Cu, 0.44 ㎍/kg for As, and 71.36 ㎍/kg for Ba. Conclusions: It is necessary to prepare criteria for content limitation for the management of Co, Cr, Ba and Se tattoo cosmetics, and tattoo inks require thorough quality control.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.8
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• pp.1248-1256
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of behind $SO_2$ formation and elevated cause of reducing power in purple bamboo salt (PBS) along with an analysis of physicochemical properties, content of sulfur compounds, oxidation reduction potential (ORP), mineral contents of salt type (MSS, mudflat solar salt; BS, bamboo salt), and addition of raw bamboo (RB). $SO_2$ content of 630 ppm was detected in PBS. $SO_2$ was not detected in MSS, BS, or RB, whereas $SO_2$ (782 ppm) from $K_2SO_4$ was detected after heating a NaCl, KCl, $MgCl_2$, $MgSO_4$, MgO, $CaCl_2$, $K_2SO_4$, and $FeSO_4$ with RB. $SO_2$ content of BS increased with baking time, and it originated from BSRB1 (13.88 ppm) to BSRB4 (109.13 ppm). $SO_3{^{2-}}$ originated only from MSSRB4 and BSRB2~BSRB4. Sulfate ion content decreased along with increasing $SO_2$ and sulfite ion contents. ORP increased with baking time of MSS and BS, and it was present at higher levels in BSRB4 (-211.40 mV) of BS than MSS. Insoluble content was higher in BS than MSS. Further, Ca, K, and Mg ion contents decreased in MSS and increased in BS with baking time. BSRB4 had 1.4 fold higher levels of Ca, 1.5 fold higher levels of Mg, and 1.8 fold higher levels of K than BS. Li, Al, Mn, Fe, and Sr in MSS as well as Al, Fe, and Ni in BS increased with baking time. Anions (Cl, $NO_3$, and Br) and heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Hg, and As) between MSS and BS were not significantly different. These results suggest that the reducing power of BS was due to $SO_2$ and sulfite ion. To increase the amounts of these compounds and reducing power, higher melting temperature and longer baking time are necessary along with BS, which is created by the addition of RB to roasted salt.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.90-97
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• 1982

Two hundred one patients of ventricular septal defect, which were operated at Seoul National University Hospital, were analysed on clinical background during the period from January, 1975 to December, 1980. The results were as follows: 1. Of the 201 patients, 118 patients were male [58.7%] and 83 patients were female [41.3%]. Their age ranged from 15 months to 40 years, and the mean age was 8.7 years. 40% of the patients were between 4 and 8 years. 2. The most common symptoms showed frequent U RI and exertional dyspnea. 3. On Kirklin`s anatomical classification, type I constituted 26.9%, type II 58.2%, type III 12.4%, and type IV 1.0%. We showed marked increased incidence of type I VSD as compared to Caucasians* 4. 46 cases were associated with other congenital cardiac diseases. They were PDA [13 cases], AI[11 ], ASD[6], PS[10], MI[4], and Double aortic arch [1]. 5. In 128 patients, who had complete hemodynamic data and were not associated with other congenital cardiac diseases, an attempt was made to correlate the EKG findings with the hemodynamic data, and defect size with the hemodynamic data. The children had variable distribution of PA syst. pr. and Rp/Rs. But most of adults had $R_P$/$R_S$of 0.15 or less. As $P_P$/$P_S$increased, the rate of operative complication increased also. 6. When a normal EKG pattern was present, $Q_P$/$Q_S$and $R_P$/$R_S$and $P_P$/$P_S$were relatively low. When EKG findings were LVH pattern, there was diastolic volume overload to left ventricle. As RVH, there was systolic pressure overload to right ventricle. And as BVH, there was mixed pattern of diastolic volume overload to left ventricle and systolic pressure overload to right ventricle. 7. Among patients in defect was less than 1 $cm^2$ per $M^2$ of BSA, $Q_P$/$Q_S$was less than 2:1, and $R_P$/$R_S$less than 0.25, and PAsyst. pr. less than 50 mmHg, and $P_P$/$P_S$was less than 0.5. But patients with the defect greater than 1 $cm^2$ per $M^2$ of BSA had no correlationship between $Q_P$/$Q_S$, $R_P$/$R_S$, PAsyst. pr. and defect size in each other. Most of patients with the defect greater than 2 $cm^2$/$M^2$ BSA, $R_P$/$R_S$was greater than 0.5. 8. Operative mortality rate was 9.5% [19 cases] among 201 patients. And complication rate including mortality rate was 22.9% [46 cases].

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.42-50
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• 2018

Objective : Massive intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and major infarction (MI) are devastating cerebral vascular diseases. Decompression craniectomy (DC) is a common treatment approach for these diseases and acceptable clinical results have been reported. Author experienced the postoperative intracranaial pressure (ICP) trend is somewhat different between the ICH and MI patients. In this study, we compare the ICP trend following DC and evaluate the clinical significance. Methods : One hundred forty-three patients who underwent DC following massive ICH (81 cases) or MI (62 cases) were analyzed retrospectively. The mean age was $56.3{\pm}14.3$ (median=57, male : female=89 : 54). DC was applied using consistent criteria in both diseases patients; Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score less than 8 and a midline shift more than 6 mm on brain computed tomography. In all patients, ventricular puncture was done before the DC and ICP trends were monitored during and after the surgery. Outcome comparisons included the ictus to operation time (OP-time), postoperative ICP trend, favorable outcomes and mortality. Results : Initial GCS (p=0.364) and initial ventricular ICP (p=0.783) were similar among the ICH and MI patients. The postoperative ICP of ICH patients were drop rapidly and maintained within physiological range if greater than 80% of the hematoma was removed. While in MI patients, the postoperative ICP were not drop rapidly and maintained above the physiologic range (MI=18.8 vs. ICH=13.6 mmHg, p=0.000). The OP-times were faster in ICH patients (ICH=7.3 vs. MI=40.9 hours, p=0.000) and the mortality rate was higher in MI patients (MI=37.1% vs. ICH=17.3%, p=0.007). Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that if greater than 80% of the hematoma was removed in ICH patients, the postoperative ICP rarely over the physiologic range. But in MI patients, the postoperative ICP was above the physiologic range for several days after the DC. Authors propose that DC is no need for the massive ICH patient if a significant portion of their hematoma is removed. But DC might be essential to improve the MI patients' outcome and timely treatment decision.