• 농업과학연구
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-15
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• 2017

In major field crops, synthetic herbicides have been used to control weeds worldwide. Globally, herbicide resistance in weeds should be minimized because it is a major limiting factor for food security. Cross resistance can occur with herbicides within the same or in different herbicide families and with the same or different sites of action. Multiple resistance refers to evolved mechanisms of resistance to more than one herbicide (e.g., resistance to both ALS-inhibitors and ACCase-inhibitors) and this resistance was brought about by separate selection processes. Target site resistance could occur from changes at the biochemical site of action of one herbicide. Non target site resistance occurs through mechanisms which reduce the number of herbicide molecules that reach the herbicide target site. There are currently 480 unique cases (species ${\times}$ site of action) of herbicide resistance globally in 252 plant species (145 dicots and 105 monocots). To date, resistance in weeds has been reported to 161 different herbicides, involving 23 of the 26 known herbicide sites of action. Finally, it can be concluded that we can protect crops associated to herbicide resistant weeds by applications of biochemical, genetic and crop control strategies.

• 한국식물생명공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식물생명공학회 2005년도 추계학술대회 및 한일 식물생명공학 심포지엄
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• pp.347-347
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• 2005

• 한국환경농학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.262-267
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• 2006

Increased application of glyphosate (Gly) in glyphosate-resistant (GR) soybean cropping systems may affect rhizospheric microorganisms including IAA-producing rhizobacteria (IPR) and their effect on the growth of soybean. This field experiment was conducted to assess IPR populations in the rhizosphere of GR soybean ('Roundup-Ready' DeKalb DKB38-52) treated with glyphosate and foliar amendment treatments such as $PT21^{(R)}$ (urea solution with N 21 %) and $Grozyme^{(R)}$ (Biostimulant: mixtures of micro nutrients and enzymes). Effects of herbicide, sampling date, and their interaction on total bacterial numbers were significant (P < 0.001, 0.001, 0.013, respectively). Total bacteria (TB) numbers were increased with glyphosate treatment at 20 d after application and highest TB populations were associated with $Grozyme^{(R)}$ application, possibly due to the additional substrate from this product. The IPR of the soybean rhizosphere was significantly affected by herbicide, sampling date, and the herbicide*foliar amendment interaction. The ratios of numbers of IPR to TB ranged from 0.79 to 0.99 across the sampling dates irrespective of treatments. IPR numbers were slightly hindered by glyphosate application regardless of foliar amendment.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.345-349
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• 2017

Herbicides are important weed control tools for increasing crop yields and the efficiency of crop production. As the use of herbicides increases, the occurrrence of herbicide-resistant weeds has been an increaing problem. In Korea, since the first occurrence of acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor resistant Monochoria korsakowii was reported in the Seosan reclaimed paddy field in 1998, resistance has been reported in 14 weed species, including Echinochola spp. and their populations are gradually increasing. The objective of this study is to investigate the nationwide occurrence of ALS and Acetyl-CoA Carboylase inhibitor resistant Echinochloa spp. in Korea. In 2013, 2014, and 2015, we collected 594 accessions of Echinochloa spp. in Korean rice fields except for Jeonnam and Chungbuk provinces. They were then treated with the recommended rates of penoxsulam and cyhalofop-butyl. We harvested seeds from 45 accessions of E. oryzicola in the case of cyhalofop-butyl treatment. Also, 44 and 46 accessions of E. oryzicola and E. crus-galli survived and their seeds were harvested after penoxsulam treatment. Twenty accessions of E. oryzicola survived from both herbicides inferring possible multiple resistance. Two accessions out of 20 inferred from possible multiple resistance survived after cyhalofop-butyl treatment at a dose of $500ga.i.ha^{-1}$. Seeds of herbicide resistant populations will be provided and utilized for further research.

• 농약과학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2004

Sulfonylurea(SU)계 제초제에 대한 저항성 물옥잠이 최근 한국에서 발생되고 있는데, 저항성 물옥잠 을 시기적절하게 효과적으로 방제하기 위해서는 신속 정확하고 실용적인 조기진단법 개발이 매우 중요하다. 지금까지 제초제 저항성 검증은 종자를 파종하여 어린식물에 제초제를 살포하는 방법을 사용하였으나 이러한 방법은 많은 시간이 소요될 뿐만 아니라 비실용적이다. 그러나 본 연구는 지표로부터 $1\sim2cm$에서 식물체를 절단한 다음 제초제를 처리하여 식물체의 생존율과 재생된 초장에 의하여 저항성을 검증하는 신속 정확한 새로운 방법이다. 이 새로운 조기진단법에 의하여 SU계 제초제 저항성 물옥잠은 적어도 7일 이내 저항성 검증이 가능하였다. 제초제 저항성이 진단되면 잡초를 효과적으로 방제하기 위해서는 식물 생육 단계에 맞는 제초제를 선발하는 것이 매우 중요하다. SU계 혼합 제초제 처리 후 생존한 저항성 물옥잠은 butachlor+pyrazolate 입제나 bentazone 액제와 2,4-D 액제를 혼용하여 처리하는 것이 효과적이었다.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.57-69
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• 2012

본 시험은 남부지역 무논직파재배 논에서 발생하고 있는 제초제 저항성 잡초를 효과적으로 방제할 수 있는 방법을 구명하기 위하여 실시되었다. 2009년도부터 2011년도까지 3년간 벼 무논직파 재배논의 무처리구에서 Simpson 우점도는 각각 0.319, 0.407, 0.537로 나타났다. 2009년도에 비하여 2011년도에는 올챙이고랭이 발생밀도가 감소하고 강피의 밀도가 크게 증가하였다. Benzobicyclone, mesotrione 그리고 pyrimisulfan은 파종 후 5일과 12일에 SU계 저항성 물달개비와 올챙이고랭이에 대하여 매우 효과적이었으나 bromobutide는 파종 후 12일에 물달개비에 방제효과가 다소 떨어졌다. 그리고 carfentrazon과 pyrazolate는 올챙이고랭이 대하여 비효과적이었다. ACCase 및 ALS 저해제들에 대한 저항성 강피가 발생하지 않은 무논직파 재배 논에서 benzobicyclon+penoxsulam+pyrazosulfuronethyl정제, bromobutide+imazosulfuron+metamifop입제, 그리고 flucetosulfuron+ mesotrione+pretilachlor 입제들은 90% 이상의 높은 방제효과를 나타내었다. 벼 무논직파 재배 논에서 발생하고 있는 강피는 cyhalofopbutyl와 penoxsulam에 대하여 높은 저항성을 보였으며, mefenacet 그리고 fentrazamide에 의하여 2엽기까지 효과적으로 방제되었다. 제초제 저항성 강피, 물달개비 그리고 올챙이고랭이 등이 매우 높은 밀도로 발생하고 무논직파재배 논에서 mefenacet, fentrazamide, penoxsulam 그리고 metamifop들이 혼합된 제초제들은 벼에 대한 약해나 약효 때문에 적용이 불가능하였다. 파종 3일전 benzobicyclon+thiobencarb 32.5% 유현탁제 처리한 다음 파종 후 12일에 bensulfuron+mefenacet+thiobencarb 6.67% 입제를 사용할 경우 벼에 약해 없이 96%의 방제효과가 나타났다. 파종시기가 늦어질수록 제초제 저항성 강피, 물달개비, 올챙이고랭이의 3엽기까지 소요일수는 짧게 나타났다.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.277-283
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• 2009

One of the limitations to conducting maize Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using explants of immature zygotic embryos routinely is the availability of the explants. To produce immature embryos routinely and continuously requires a well-equipped greenhouse and laborious artificial pollination. To overcome this limitation, an Agrobacterium-mediated transformation system using explants of type II embryogenic calli was developed. Once the type II embryogenic calli are produced, they can be subcultured and/or proliferated conveniently. The objectives of this study were to demonstrate a stable Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of maize using explants of type II embryonic calli and to evaluate the efficiency of the protocol in order to develop herbicide-resistant maize. The type II embryogenic calli were inoculated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 carrying binary vector pTF102, and then were subsequently cultured on the following media: co-cultivation medium for 1 day, delay medium for 7 days, selection medium for $4{\times}14$ days, regeneration medium, and finally on germination medium. The T-DNA of the vector carried two cassettes (Ubi promoter-EPSPs ORF-nos and 35S promoter-bar ORF-nos). The EPSPs conferred resistance to glyphosate and bar conferred resistance to phosphinothricin. The confirmation of stable transformation and the efficiency of transformation was based on the resistance to phosphinothricin indicated by the growth of putative transgenic calli on selection medium amended with $4mg\;1^{-1}$ phosphinothricin, northern blot analysis of bar gene, and leaf painting assay for detection of bar gene-based herbicide resistance. Northern blot analysis and leaf painting assay confirmed the expression of bar transgenes in the $R_1$ generation. The average transformation efficiency was 0.60%. Based on northern blot analysis and leaf painting assay, line 31 was selected as an elite line of maize resistant to herbicide.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• 제2권3호
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• pp.318-321
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• 2013

제초제 저항성 논잡초 발생면적은 국립농업과학원과 전국 8개도 농업기술원 공동으로 2011년과 2012년에 조사하였다. 8개도 3,200지점에서 논흙을 채취하여 피라조설퓨론에틸 피리미노박메틸입제를 30 kg $ha^{-1}$ 처리하여 설포닐우레아(SU)계 제초제 저항성 논잡초의 발생면적을 추산하였다. 전국 벼 재배면적(유기 및 친환경농업 벼 재배면적 제외)의 22.1%인 176,870 ha에서 SU계 제초제 저항성 논잡초가 발생되었다. 발생비율을 보면, 전라남도가 논 면적의 44.3%로 제일 많이 발생되었고, 그 다음으로는 충청남도로 30.5%, 충청북도 27.8%, 강원도 24.5% 순이었다. 제초제 저항성 논잡초 중 발생면적이 가장 넓은 초종은 물달개비로서 전체 32.2%(57,018 ha)를 차지하였으며, 그 다음으로 올챙이고랭이, 밭뚝외풀 순이었다.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.472-477
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• 2017

Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) is one of the worst weeds in rice (Oryza sativa), but there are few reports about the genetic diversity and herbicide resistance of barnyardgrass in Vietnam. In this study, we used random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and greenhouse testing to study the genetic diversity and quinclorac resistance levels of 15 Echinochloa crus-galli populations in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam, and the state of Arkansas, U.S. The quinclorac resistance of Echinochloa crus-galli populations in Vietnam was confirmed; 9 populations were resistant to quinclorac with R/S ratios ranging from 1.9 to 6.3. Six oligonucleotide primers produced a total of 55 repeatable bands of which 46 were polymorphic (83.3% average) among the 15 populations. Genetic distance was calculated, and cluster analysis separated the 15 populations into 2 main clusters with the genetic distances within the clusters ranging from 0.09 to 0.39. The two main clusters were divided into 7 subclusters, and the quinclorac resistant and susceptible populations were located randomly within each subcluster. Six out of 13 weed populations from Vietnam belonged to one cluster and a single Echinochloa species. The remaining 7 populations were identified as potentially different species in the Echinochloa genus. Nine Echinochloa populations from Vietnam were tested and identified as quinclorac resistant. The connection between quinclorac resistance levels and weed groups defined by RAPD analysis in the study is unclear; the quinclorac resistance of each resistant population could have evolved individually, regardless of differences in genetic diversity and location of the sampled populations.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.85-99
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• 2014

Sulfonylurea (SU)-resistant weeds of eight annual weeds, Monochoria vaginalis, Scirpus juncoides and Cyperus difformis, etc., and four perennial weeds, Scirpus planiculmis, Sagittaria pigmaea, Eleocharis acicularis and Sagittaria trifolia as of 2013 since identification Monochoria korsakowii in the reclaimed rice field in 1998. And the resistant Echinochloa oryzoides to ACCase and ALS inhibitors has been confirmed in rice fields of the southern province, Korea in 2009. In the beginning, the M. vaginalis, S. juncoides and C. difformis of these SU-resistant weeds were rapidly and individually spreaded in different fields, however, these resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same filed recently. The resistant biotype by weed species demonstrated about 10-to 1,000-fold resistance, based on $GR_{50}$ values of the SU herbicides tested. And the resistant biotype of E. oryzoides to cyhalofop-butyl, pyriminobac-methyl, and penoxsulam was about 14, 8, and 11 times more resistant than the susceptible biotype base on $GR_{50}$ values. The products and applied area of SU-included herbicides have been increased rapidly, and have accounted for about 69% and 96% in Korea, respectively. In Korea, the main cause of SU-resistant weed is extensive use of these herbicides. The top ten herbicides by applied area were composed of all SU-included herbicides by 2003. The concentrated and successive treatment of ACCase and ALS inhibitors for control of barnyardgrass in rice led up to the resistance of E. oryzoides. Also, SU-herbicides like pyrazosulfuron-ethyl and imazosulfuron which effective to barnyardgrass can be bound up with the resistance of E. oryzoides. The ALS activity isolated from the resistant biotype of M. korsakowii to SU-herbicides tested was less sensitive than that of susceptible biotype. The concentration of herbicide required for 50% inhibition of ALS activity ($I_{50}$) of the SU-resistant M. korsakowii was 14-to 76-fold higher as compared to the susceptible biotype. No differences were observed in the rates of [$^{14}C$]bensulfuron uptake and translocation. Acetolactate synthase (ALS) genes from M. vaginalis resistant and susceptible biotypes against SU-herbicides revealed a single amino acid substitution of proline (CCT), at 197th position based on the M. korsakowii ALS sequence numbering, to serin (TCT) in conserved domain A of the gene. Carfentrazone-ethyl and pyrazolate were used mainly to control SU-resistant M. vaginalis by 2006 in Korea. However, the alternative herbicides such as benzobicyclone, to be possible to control simultaneously the several resistant weeds, have been developing and using broadly, because the several resistant weeds have been occurring simultaneously in the same fieled. The top ten herbicides by applied area in Korea have been occupied by products of 3-way mixture type including herbicides with alternative mode of action for the herbicide resistant weeds. Mefenacet, fentrazamide and cafenstrole had excellent controlling effects on the ACCase and ALS inhibitors resistant when they were applied within 2nd leaf stage.