• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.45-48
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• 2004

A five months old, female Himalayan cat was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital at Konkuk University, because of suspecting peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernia (PPDH). After consecutive examination, the patient was diagnosed as PPDH and hepatic dysfunction. In spite of medical therapy for a month, the serum chemistry profiles for liver enzymes (aspartate transferase: 469 U/L, alanine transferase: above analysis, gamma-glutamyl transferase: above analysis) did not decrease to the normal range. In operation, some of liver was necrotized and was adhesive to diaphragm, these were gently dissected from thoracic structures, and resected. After debriding, the edges of the defect of diaphragm were closed with a simple continuous suture pattern. One month after operation, the cat had normal condition, recovery was uncomplicated, and the serum chemistry profiles for liver enzymes decrease to the normal range.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 2001

Purpose : To evaluate changes in rabbit liver parenchyma on MR images following percutaneous Holmium-166 injection, and to correlate those changes with histologic findings. Materials and methods. Holmium-166 (10-25 mCi) was percutaneously injected into the liver of rabbit (n=12) under sonographic guidance. MR images were obtained between one to two weeks (acute phasea) after the injection in four rabbits, and between two to four weeks (subacute phase) after the injection in four rabbits. Tissue specimens of these eight rabbits were obtained immediately after MR imaging. Tissue specimens were obtained without MR imaging in four rabbits (between one to two weeks in one rabbit and between three to four weeks in three rabbits). Results : Tissue specimens showed central liquefactive necrosis and peripheral coagulative necrosis containing deposition of small particles and hemorrhage. The peripheral margin of the lesions showed formation of the granulation tissue with fibrosis, which tended to be more prominent in subacute phase. The area of the necrosis tended to correlate with the dose of the radioactive Holmium-166. On MR images, the central portion of the necrosis showed hyperintensity on 72-weighted image, hypointensity on the precontrast T1-weighted images, and no enhancement on the dynamic MR images. The peripheral portion of the necrosis showed hypointensity on T2-weighted images, iso or mild hypointensity on the T1-weighted images, and mild peripheral enhancement on the delayed dynamic MR images. The peripheral margin of the lesion showed hypointensity on both T1- and T1-weighted images with increased enhancement on the delayed phase images of the dynamic MR images. Conclusion : After percutaneous Holmium-166 injection into rabbit liver parenchyma, the central portion showed liquefactive necrosis, the peripheral portion showed coagulative necrosis with granulation, fibrosis, hemorrhage and depostition of small granules. MR imaging may be helpful in evaluation of the histological change of the liver after percutaneous Holmium-166 treatment.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.500-512
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• 2010

Objectives : This study was designed to investigate the effects of SuJeom-san(SJS) extract in rats with caerulein-induced acute pancreatitis (AP). Methods : We examined changes of pancreatic weight, histological, immunohistochemical and gene expression of cyclooxygenase (COX-2). Thirty-six adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into six groups as follow: normal(Nor), caerulein-induced (Con), caerulein + cefotaxime sodium(CT), caerulein + SJS 3 mg/kg(SJSA), caerulein + SJS 6 mg/kg(SJSB) and caerulein + SJS 12 mg/kg(SJSC) groups. Pancreatic tissues of rats from all groups were removed for histological observation and light, and electron microscopic examination. Platelet activating factor(PAF) and Interleukin-6(IL-6) levels were determined spectrophotometrically. Results : The ratio of pancreas/body weight was significantly(p<0.05) increased in the Con compared with Nor, but significantly(p<0.05) decreased in SJSA, SJSB, SJSC and CT groups compared with Con. Caerulein administration significantly increased(p<0.05) the levels of amylase, but SJSA, SJSB, SJSC and CT significantly(p<0.05) reduced the levels of these enzymes. The levels of platelet activating factor(PAF) increased in Con compared with Nor, but decreased in SJSA, SJSB, SJSC and CT groups compared with Con. Interleukin-6(IL-6) levels increased significantly in all groups compared to Nor at 6 hrs, but significantly(p<0.05) reduced in SJSA, SJSB, SJSC and CT groups compared with Con at 24 hrs. The levels of tumor necrosis factor(TNF)-${\alpha}$ levels increased in all groups compared to Nor at 6 hrs, but significantly(p<0.05) reduced in SJSA, SJSB, SJSC and CT groups compared with Con at 24 hrs. The COX-2 positive materials were observed in the pancreas of the Con, but these positive materials were decreased in the SJS extract treatment group. Conclusion : SJS is potentially capable of limiting pancreatic damage during AP by restoring the fine structure of acinar cells and tissue; therefore, we conclude that SJS may have beneficial effects in the treatment of caerulein-induced AP.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.105-114
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• 2003

TO evaluate an effect of cyclohexane treatment on the degree of liver damage, rats were induced liver damage with 10 or 17 times $CCl_4$ injection (0.1 m1/100 g body wt., 50% $CCl_4$ dis-solved in olive oil) at intervals of every other day. Cyclohexane (1.56 g/kg body wt., i.p.) was administrated to the animals at 48 hours after the last pretreatment of $CCl_4$ . Rats were sacrificed at 4 hours after injection of cyclohexane. On the basis of histopathological findings, liver weight/body weight (LW/ BW, %), activities of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), xanthine oxidase (XO) and akaline phosphatase (ALP), and contents of liver protein and manlondialdehyde (MDA), $CCl_4$ -pretreatment induced liver damage. And $CCl_4$ 17 times treated group showed more severe liver damage than $CCl_4$ 10 times treated group. Administration of one dose of cyclohexane to $CCl_4$ 10 times treated animals resulted in the enhanced liver damage; liver necrosis with proliferation of fibroblast and bile duct abnormality, and increase in hepatic MDA content and the activities of serum ALP and ALT, But the enhanced liver damage was not found in $CCl_4$ 17 times treated animals. Serum cyclohexanone concentrations at 4 or 8 hours after injection of cyclohexane were higher in all liver damaged groups than normal group and were somewhat higher In $CCl_4$ 17 times treated animals than $CCl_4$ 10 times treated ones. Among the oxygen free radical metabolizing enzymes, hepatic cytochrome P45O dependent aniline hydroxylase (CYPdAH) activity in cyclohexane metabolizing enzyme system was meaningfully increased by the injection of cyclohexane to the liver damaged rats, with increased Vmax and high affinity to aniline. LW/BW (%) and activities of serum XO and ALT were more significantly increased in liver damaged groups than normal group by administration of cyclohexanone. In conclusion, it is assumed that an enhancement of liver damage by injection of one dose of cyclohexane to liver damaged animals might be caused by oxygen free radicals and cyclohexanone.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.85-95
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• 2018

The term Butterfly tea refers to decoction of Mariposa christia vespertilionis leaves which is widely consumed by cancer patients throughout Malaysia and has gained a huge popularity among Malaysians, not only cancer patients but also researchers to discover the real potential of this plant. Herein, the study is aimed at evaluating the possible toxicity in 28-day subacute oral toxicity of ethanolic extract M. christia vespertilionis in male Sprague Dawley rats. The 28-day subacute toxicity study was conducted to detect the no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL). In this study, a total of 30 rats were divided into the control, 5% DMSO (vehicle), low dose (75 mg/kg), medium dose (125 mg/kg) and high dose (250 mg/kg) groups. The extract was administered daily from day 1 until day 28. At the end of the study, the animals were humanely sacrificed and assessed for the effect extract of Mariposa christia vespertilionis leaves on body weight and relative organ weights and haematological, biochemical and histopathological parameters. The haematological and serum biochemical parameters for the assessment of kidney and liver injuries were carried out. Results of haematological and serum biochemistry results showed no changes in the control and treated groups. In the histopathology, evaluation of kidney tissues in all treated groups showed no significant (p > 0.05) lesions. In contrast to kidney, liver tissues showed significant differences (p < 0.05) in lesions observed in low dose (430 mg), medium dose (700 mg) and high dose (1480 mg) groups with very mild, mild and mild to moderate lesion of hepatic necrosis, in the respective groups, and very mild hepatic degeneration and hepatitis were scored in all three groups.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.69-72
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• 2015

Insulinoma, which arises from insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, is a rare tumor in children. Only 5%-10% of insulinomas are malignant and undergo metastasis. We report a case of an 11-year-old girl who experienced hypoglycemia-related seizures induced by an insulinoma; after resection of the primary tumor, she developed hepatic focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH). Laboratory test results indicated marked hypoglycemia with hyperinsulinemia. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography results were normal; however, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed a solid mass in the pancreatic tail. Therefore, laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy was performed. Two months after the surgery, an abdominal MRI revealed multiple nodular lesions in the liver. An US-guided liver biopsy was then performed, and histological examination revealed FNH without necrosis or mitotic activity. The patient has been free of hypoglycemia for 2 years, and recent MRI studies showed a decrease in the size of FNH lesions, without any evidence of metastasis. Even though no metastatic lesions are noted on imaging, close observation and follow-up imaging studies are required in a child with insulinoma that has malignant potential on histopathologic findings.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.364-369
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Inflammation is associated with various types of acute and chronic alcohol liver diseases. In this study, we examined whether umbelliferone (7-hydroxycoumarin, UF) ameliorates chronic alcohol-induced liver damage by modulating inflammatory response and the antioxidant system. METHODS: Rats were fed a Liber-Decarli liquid diet containing 5% alcohol with or without UF (0.05 g/L) for 8 weeks, while normal rats received an isocaloric carbohydrate liquid diet. RESULTS: Chronic alcohol intake significantly increased serum tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and interleukin 6 levels and decreased interleukin 10 level; however, UF supplementation reversed the cytokines related to liver damage. UF significantly suppressed hepatic lipopolysaccharide binding protein, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), nuclear factor kappa B, and TNF-${\alpha}$ gene expression increases in response to chronic alcohol intake. Masson's trichrome staining revealed that UF improved mild hepatic fibrosis caused by alcohol, and UF also significantly increased the mRNA expressions and activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase in liver, and thus, decreased lipid peroxide and mitochondrial hydrogen peroxide levels. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that UF protects against alcohol-induced liver damage by inhibiting the TLR4 signaling pathway and activating the antioxidant system.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.538-541
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• 2008

Menkes disease is an X-linked recessive copper transport disorder characterized by neurological deterioration, connective-tissue damage, and abnormal hair growth. It is caused by the mutation of the ATP7A gene. This report describes a four-month-old boy with neurological symptoms typical of Menkes disease plus unusual liver involvement. He developed seizures at three months of age and exhibited hypotonia, cephalhematoma, a sagging face, redundant and hypopigmented skin, and abnormal hair growth. In addition, he had unexplained hepatomegaly and high hepatic transaminase. We confirmed the diagnosis of Menkes disease by mutation analysis of the ATP7A gene. To exclude other possible causes for the hepatic abnormalities, a liver biopsy was performed, revealing intracytoplasmic cholestasis, focal spotty necrosis, and minimal lobular activity. The patient's liver involvement may be an underestimated complication of Menkes disease.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.381-390
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• 1990

In order to study the effects of administration of carbon tetrachloride(CCI$_4$) and 1-naphthylisothiocyanate(ANIT) on the liver of Korean black goats, some liver function tests and liver biopsy were done on 4 Korean black goats dosed with CCI$_4$(0.4m1/kg of body weight) in-traruminally and 4 Korean black goats dosed with ANIT(400mg/kg of body weight) by stomach tube. BSP Tl/2 and serum total bilirubin concentration in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were increased gradually, reached to maximum value on 2nd and 1st day, respectively, and then began to decrease in normal range, gradually. In goats dosed with ANIT, BSP Tl/2 and serum total bilirubin concentration were increased rapidly, reached to maximum value on 0.5 and 1st day, respectively, and then returned to normal ragne, rapidly. Serum SDH, AST and GGT activities in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were increased rapidly and reached to maximum value on 3rd, 1st and 2nd day, respectively. Thereafter, the serum enzyme activities began to decrease in normal range gradually. In goats dosed with ANIT, however, serum SDH, AST and GGT activities were not changed. The histopathologic changes in goats dosed with CCI$_4$ were lipidosis and centrilobular nee-rosis of the hepatic parenchyma. In goats dosed with ANIT, hyperplasia of bile duct epithelium was noticeable, but pathologic changes in liver parenchyma were not noticed. Conclusively, in Korean black goats dosed with CCI$_4$, main finding was necrosis of hepatic parenchyma. In Korean black goats dosed with ANIT, main finding was cholestasis.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1337-1343
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• 2005

The hepato-protective effects of the extract from Protaetia brevitarsis against hepatotoxicity by carbon tetrachloride ($CCI_4$) were studied in rats. The rats were orally treated with $CCI_4$ (50% in corn oil) at initial dose of $1\;m{\ell}/kg$ followed by $0.5m{\ell}/kg$ four times during 2-week period. The extract of P. brevitarsis (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg) or its vehicle was administered day after day from 1 week before $CCI_4$ Injection during five weeks. $CCI_4$ induced hepato-celluar degeneration and necrosis induced to increase in serum aspartate amintransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels. In biochemical analyses, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in hepatic tissues were remarkably increased by $CCI_4$ treatment. Not only increases in serum AST and ALT, but also induction of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzymes in hepatic tissues caused by $CCI_4$ were significantly attenuated by the P. brevitarsis extract in a dose-dependent manner. Such hepato-protective effects of P. brevitarsis extract were confirmed by histopathological examinations, wherein only mild hepatocytic vacuolations were observed in the liver of rats treated with a high dose (100 mg/kg) of P. brevitarsis extract in comparison with severe hepatocytic degenerations administered with $CCI_4$ alone. From these results, it is suggested that the extract of Protaetia brevitarsis could be a promising candidate for the protection of liver injury, based on the preventive effects against morphological cellular injuries, lipid peroxidation and serum biochemical parameters.