• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.47-51
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• 1999

In order to evaluate the dietary regulation of cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.29) in cats, acitivity and protein content of CSAD were assessed in the liver and kidney of cats fed different levels of dietary protein, with and without taurine. Four groups of cats were fed one of the follow diets for 5 weeks ; 20% protein and taurine- free diet(LP0T) ; 20% protein and 0.15% taurine diet(LPNT) ; 60% protein and taurine-free diet(HP0T); and 60% protein and 0.15% taurine diet (HPNT). CSAD activity was determined in the liver and kidney of cats by measuring 14C2 released form [1-14C]-L cysteine sulfinic acid. CSAD protein was quantified using an immunochemical method. CSAD activity was extremely low in cat tissues, among which kidney showed the highest activity which was 0.118$\pm$0.050, and 0.377$\pm$0.056 nmol.min-1.mg soluble portein-1 iin animals fed LP0T and HP0T, respectively. Even though renal CSAD protein content was 18~55% of the hepatic CSAD protein content, renal CSAD acitivity was 1.3~6.5 times of the hepatic CSAD activity . Renal CSAD acitivities of cats fed 60% protein were about 1.6~3.2 times those of animals fed 2.% protein , and hepatic CSAD activity was not significantly affected by the dietary level of protein. Taurine depletion significantly elevated both hepatic and renal CSAD activities above the values for cats having normal taurine status most probably as an adaptive response.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.54 no.6
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• pp.260-266
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• 2011

Purpose: Infantile hepatic hemangioendothelioma (IHHE) is the most common type of hepatic vascular tumor in infancy. We conducted this study to review our clinical experience of patients with IHHE and to suggest management strategies. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 23 IHHE patients (10 males, 13 females) treated at the Asan Medical Center between 1996 and 2009. Results: Median age at diagnosis was 38 days (range, 1 to 381 days). Seven patients (30%) were diagnosed with IHHE based on sonographically detected fetal liver masses, 5 (22%) were diagnosed incidentally in the absence of symptoms, 5 (22%) had congestive heart failure, 3 (13%) had skin hemangiomas, 2 (9%) had abnormal liver function tests, and 1 (4%) had hepatomegaly. All diagnoses were based on imaging results, and were confirmed in three patients by histopathology analysis. Six patients were observed without receiving any treatment, whereas 12 received corticosteroids and/or interferonalpha. One patient with congestive heart failure and a resectable unilobar tumor underwent surgical resection. Three patients with congestive heart failure and unresectable tumors were managed by hepatic artery embolization with/without medical treatment. At a median follow-up of 29 months (range, 1 to 156 months), 21 (91%) patients showed complete tumor disappearance or >50% decrease in tumor size. One patient died due to tumor-related causes. Conclusion: IHHE generally has a benign clinical course with low morbidity and mortality rates. Clinical course and treatment outcome did not differ significantly between medically treated and non-treated groups. Surgically unresectable patients with significant symptoms may be treated medically or with hepatic artery embolization.

• Proceedings of the KOSOMBE Conference
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• v.1998 no.11
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• pp.271-272
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• 1998

Contrast-enhanced CT has an important role in the assessment of liver lesions. However, the optimal protocol to get most effective result is not clear. The main principle for deciding injection protocol is to optimize lesion detectability by rapid scanning when lesion-to-liver contrast is maximum. For this purpose, we developed a physiological model of contrast medium enhancement based on the compartment modeling and pharmacokinetics. Blood supply to liver was modeled in two paths. This dual supply character distinguishes the CT enhancement of liver from that of the other organs. The first path is by hepatic artery and the second is by portal vein. It is assumed that only hepatic artery can supply blood to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compartment. It is known that this causes the difference of contrast enhancement between normal liver tissue and hepatic tumor. By solving differential equations for each compartment simultaneously using computer program Matlab, CT contrast-enhancement curves were simulated. Simulated enhancement curves for aortic, hepatic, portal vein, and HCC compartments were compared with mean enhancement curves from 24 patients exposed to the same protocols as simulation. These enhancement curves were in a good agreement. Furthermore, we simulated lesion-to-liver curves for various injection protocols, and analyzed the effects. These may help to optimize the scanning protocols for good diagnosis.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.811-821
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• 2006

Objectives : Diabetes is a disease in which the body does not produce or properly use insulin. Etiological studies of diabetes and its complications showed that oxidative stress might play a major role. Therefore, many methods have been tried to regulate oxygen free radicals for treating diabetes and its complications. Because Mori foliumhas been known to be effective for the treatment of diabetes, the methanol extract of Mori folium was tested for its effectiveness in reducing the oxidative stress induced by streptozotocin. Methods : The crushed Mori folium was extracted 3 times, each time with 3 volumes of methyl alcohol at $60^{\circ}C$ or 24 h. The extract was filtered and evaporated under reduced pressure using a rotary evaporator to yield 11.7 g. Mori folium extract was oral-administered to diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin at 100 mg per 1 kg of body weight for 20 days. The efficacy of the Mori foliumextract was examined with regard to the enzymatic pathways involved in oxygen free radical production and glutathione balance. Results : The effects of the Mori foliumin streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats with regards to body weight, blood glucose and insulin level, hepatic lipid peroxide level, hepatic glutathione level, hepatic glutathione S-transferase and glutathione peroxidase level, hepatic aldose reductase activity, and hepatic sorbitol dehydrogenase activity were shown to be good enough to cure and prevent diabetes and its complications. Conclusions : These results indicated that Mori folium might reduce oxidative stress in tissues and organs by regulating the production of oxygen free radicals. Especially Mori folium might prevent and cure diabetes and its complications by reducing oxidative stress in the ${\beta}-cells$ of the pancreas.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.177-188
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• 2008

Objectives : This study was performed to investigate the anti-fibrogenic effect of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba on cultured rat hepatic stellate cells. Materials and Methods : Hepatic stellate cells(HSC-T6) were treated with various concentrations of Artemisiae Capillaris Herba extract for 24 hours. The extraction was done either with distilled water or 50% EtOH. After the treatment, cell viability, proliferation, procollagen levels and the mRNA of the collagen type 1a2 and ASMA were measured by using MTT assay, BrdU assay, RT-PCR, and Procollagen Type I C-peptide EIA Kit. Results : The viability and proliferation of the hepatic stellate cells were decreased as the concentration increased. The mRNA expression decreased consistently with the volume of the secreted procollagen with the extraction made with distilled water, which indicates the herb has inhibitory effect on fibrogenesis of the liver by regulating one of the fibrosis associated genes in transcription. However, it increased in 50% EtOH extraction, which shows that a more stable reaction is expected of the extraction made with distilled water than the extraction made with 50% EtOH. The production of procollagen was decreased by a low-concentration treatment with Artemisiae Capillaris Herba, but increased by a high concentration. It seemed that the cells were responding to Artemisiae Capillaris Herba in low- concentrations, thus producing small amounts of collagen. When the drug was administered at high enough concentration to give direct toxicity to cells, the ability of cells to produce collagen was activated, and the overproduction of collagen was observed as an undesirable results. Conclusion : These results suggest that Artemisiae Capillaris Herba is beneficial in the treatment of cirrhotic patients as well as for the patients with chronic hepatitis when extracted with water in the proper concentrations.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.77-107
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• 2018

Objectives : In present study, therefore, possible beneficial pharmacological activities of standard potato protein extracts (SPE) were observed on the mild diabetic obese mice. Methods : After end of 12 weeks of continuous oral administrations of three different dosages of SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, or metformin 250 mg/kg, analyzed the hepatoprotective, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic, nephroprotective and anti-obesity effects, separately. In addition, liver antioxidant defense systems were additionally measured with lipid metabolism-related genes expressions and hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities for action mechanism. Results : All of diabetes and related complications including obesity were significantly inhibited by treatment of SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg, dose-dependently, and they also dramatically normalized the hepatic lipid peroxidation and depletion of liver endogenous antioxidant defense system, the changes of the hepatic glucose-regulating enzyme activities, also changes of the lipid metabolism-related genes expressions including hepatic $AMPK{\alpha}1$ and $AMPK{\alpha}2$ mRNA expressions, dose-dependently. Especially, SPE 200 mg/kg constantly showed favorable inhibitory activities against type II diabetes and related complications as comparable to those of metformin 250 mg/kg in HFD mice, respectively. Conclusions : The present work demonstrated that SPE 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg showed favorable anti-diabetic and related complications including obesity refinement activities in HFD mice, through AMPK upregulation mediated hepatic glucose enzyme activity and lipid metabolism-related genes expression, antioxidant defense system and pancreatic lipid digestion enzyme modulatory activities.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Veterinary Pathology Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.146-146
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• 2002

Hepatic disease has been noted and reported for involvement various detrimental factors. Among many detrimental injury factors, alcohol has been noted for hepatitis, fatty liver, fibrosis, and hepatic cirrhosis. The purpose of this study is to develop animal model for hepatic fibrosis in pig with ethanol, and to search new anti-fibrogenic agent. Twelve male Landrace pigs were divided into 3 groups of 4 animals each. Group 1, 2 and 3 were fed with ceramic water only, ceramic water + liquid diet containing 20％ ethanol and normal tap water + containing 20％ ethanol for 12 weeks, respectively. At week 12, all pigs were immediately sacrificed for collection each tissue and blood. Serologically, serum ALT and AST levels were significantly reversed in group 2, comparing to group 3. They were normal range in pigs of group 1. Microscopically, macrovesicular lipid droplets and moderate necrosis were evident in the tap water + ethanol fed group 3. However, ceramic water intake group 1 showed normal. Moreover, in group 3, little fatty changes and mild necrosis were observed. Collagen fibers were detected in the spaces of surrounding periportal and interlobular areas in the group 3 of tap water + ethanol, but collagen synthesis and its thickness of fibrotic septa connecting portal tracts was markedly reduced in the group 2 of ceramic water + ethanol. In immunohistochemistry, myofibroblasts were detected in the ethanol and tap water treated group 3. No or a few myofibroblasts were observed in groups 1 and 2. CYP 2E1 was rarely detected in group 1 fed ceramic water. However, group 2 showed slightly activation of CYP 2E1 in the area of pericentral, while CYP 2E1 was significantly activated in group 3 fed tap and ethanol. Taken together above, alcohol fibrosis model in pig was established. Furthermore, ceramic water had an inhibitory and protecting ability for alcohol-induced hepatic damages.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 1967

Casting specimens of portal system and hepatic vein system in livers were made by injection of vinylite into the portal vein and postcava in 20 adult dogs. The author classificated the ramification of portal system and hepatic vein system. The results obtained were summerized as follows: 1. Portal system in livers were divided into left and right trunks. The left trunk subdivided into papillary process (caudate lobe,) left medial lobe, left lateral lobe, quadrate lobe and right medial lobe rami. The right trunk were subdivided into right lateral lobe and caudate proccss(caudate lobe.) 2. The lateral superior and medial inferior rami of portal system in left lateral lobe were subdivided 1 or 2 branches from left trunk. 3. The lateral superior ramus of portal system in left medial lobe did not appeared in 40% of the cases examined. 4. Portal system in quadrate lobe were subdivided 1-3 branches from left trunk, 5. Portol system in right medial lobe rami were relatively simple in ramification. 6. The lateral superior and medial inferior rami of portal system in right lateral lobe were subdivided 1 or 2 branches from right trunk. 7. Hepatic vein system of left lateral, left medial, quadrate and right medial lobe rami were originated from same ramus divided from the postcava in all cases. 8. Hepatic vein system of left and right rami in right medial lobe were divided from postcava.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.128-136
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidative effect of Lycii fructus in the Streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The effective fractions were prepared as a form of organic solvents of $CH_{3}(CH_{2})_{4}CH_{3}$ $CHCI_{3}$, EtOAc, BuOH and $H_{2}O$ fractions prepared from the EtOH extract of Lycii fructus and The diabetes were induced by an tail-intravenous injection of STZ with a dose of 45 mg/kg dissolved in citrate buffer. The various fractions of Lycii fructus were orally administrated once a day for 7 days. The contents of serum glucose, and triglyceride in the $CHCI_{3}$ fraction and hepatic lipid peroxidation in the EtOAc, BuOH and $H_{2}O$ fractions treated rats were significantly decreased when compared to those of the STZ-control group In addition, an activity of hepatic GST in the BuOH fraction treated rats was significantly increased compared to that of the STZ-control group. whereas, activities of hepatic catalase, GSH-Px in the BuOH fraction treated rats were significantly decreased compared to those of the STZ-control group. Meanwhile, The content of hepatic glycogen and avtivity of hepatic glucokinase in $CHCI_{3}$ fraction treated rats were significantly increased, but activity of glucose-6-pase was significantly decreased in the $CHCI_{3}$ fraction treated rats. In conclusion, these results indicated that the BuOH fraction of Lycii fructus was effective for the antioxidation, and also the $CHCI_{3}$ fraction of Lycii fructus was effective for the antidiabetes in the STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 1998

In order to elucidate the effect of N-demethylation on the in vivo metabolite kinetics, especially hepatic first-pass effect of trimebutine(TMB), the N-demethylation of TMB to N-monodesmethyl trimebutine(N-TMB) was studied in rats. TMB(10 mg/kg) and N-TMB(10 mg/kg) were injected into the femoral and the portal vein, respectively. And the pharmacokinetic parameters were obtained from the plasma concentration-time profiles of TMB and N-TMB determined by the simultaneous analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography. It was supposed that these drugs were almost metabolized in vivo because the urinary and biliary excreated amounts of TMB and N-TMB were lower than 0.1% of the administered dose. According to the hepatic biotransformation model and metabolic pathways of TMB proposed, it was found that the fraction of systemic clearance of TMB which formed N-TMB in liver$(G_{mi})$ was 0.826, that of TMB which furnishes the available N-TMB to the systemic circulation$(F_{mi})$ was 0.083, and the absolute hepatic bioavailability of N-TMB formed trom TMB$(F_{mi.p})$ was 0.1. These results showed that TMB was suspected of the sequential hepatic first-pass metabolism and N-demethylated by 82.6%. Therefore, the residue would be hydrolyzed by the esterase in the liver. That is, the ability of N-demethylation of TMB was 4.75-fold larger than that of hydrolysis by the esterase in rats.