• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 1996

In order to study the effects of dietary E. compresa on the growth and blood properties in young Israeli strain of common carp (mean. 8 g BW.). Fish were fed the commercial diet (control) and three experimental diets, $1\%,\;5\%\;and\;10\%$ of E. compressa powder were added to the control diet. After four months of feeding trial fish were bled by cardiac puncture and some hematological parameters were analyzed as physiological indices. 1) Following supplementation, positive responses in plasma albumin and glucose levels, and decreased body weight gain, feed efficiency and hematocrit. 2) Condition factor (fatness) in creased up to $50\%$, but decreased with $10\%$ supplementation. 3) Hb, GOT and GPT did not show any remarkable difference among all diet groups.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.437-449
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• 2016

To provide information on the safety of crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 isolated from Meju, we carried out an acute (single) oral dose toxicity test and 4 week repeated oral dose determination test on crude antifungal compounds in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. In the acute toxicity test, rats were treated with crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 orally at increasing dose levels (500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg) and observed for 2 weeks. In the repeated-dose 28-day oral dose determination study, rats were orally administered doses of 500, 1,000, and 2,000 mg/kg daily for 4 weeks. There were no test article-related deaths or abnormal clinical signs in the two studies. In the 4 week repeated oral dose determination test, there were also no significant differences in clinical signs, body and organ weight changes, or any other hematological and biochemical parameters between the control and treated groups. The results suggest that the crude antifungal compounds produced by Bacillus subtilus SN7 up to a dosage level of 2,000 mg/kg are not toxic in male and female rats.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.349-361
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• 2013

Objectives : This study aimed to evaluate the single oral dose toxicity and four weeks repeated dose determination of Gamisasangja-tang (GST) in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In the single oral toxicity study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0 and 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. After single administration, mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes and gross pathological finding were observed for 14 days. In the 4-weeks repeated oral dose determination study, rats were orally administered a single dose of 0, 1,250, 2,500 or 5,000 mg/kg GST. There were 5 rats in each group. Mortality, clinical signs, body weight changes, food consumption and gross pathological finding were observed for 28 days. Organ weight, clinical chemistry and hematology were tested after 28 days. Results : There was no mortality in either of the two studies. There were also no significant differences in clinical sign, body weight, organ weights, hematological or serum chemical parameters between the GST and control groups. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that the 50% lethal dose of GST is over 5,000 mg/kg, so this finding would be expected to provide scientific evidence for the safety of GST.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.799-804
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• 2009

Kamikaekyuk-tang(KMKKT), a formula of ten Oriental herbs, was orientally designed to promote vital energy, to remove blood stasis, and to decrease inflammation for treating cancers. KMKKT and its component had potent antiandrogen and androgen receptor activities in prostate cancer and also inhibited angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and suppressed the tumor growth in LLC-bearing mice, and liver metastasis of colon 26-L5 cancer cells, suggesting a potent cancer preventive agent. Nevertheless, there is no safety study of KMKKT before clinical trial so far. Thus, in the current study, we investigated the toxicity about ethanol-extracted KMKKT. Male and female Spraque Dawley (SD) rats were given orally by KMKKT at 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Mortality, clinical signs and measured change of body weight, food consumption and water consumption were observed. In addition, we performed ophthalmologic, urinary, hematological, blood serum biochemical and histopathological examination. Any general toxicity was not found in KMKKT treated group. Also, there were no significant differences in the parameters such as body weight, food consumption and water consumption, a lot of urine and blood factor levels except WBC, MCHC and Ca level compared with control group. Although WBC and MCHC were elevated in female rats and Ca level was decreased in male rats, these were within normal ranges. Finally, we determined that maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was 1000 mg/kg and no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) was 500 mg/kg. Taken together, these results demonstrated that KMKKT is very safe to SD rats.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.141-152
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• 2011

Objective : This study was carried out to investigate the acute toxicity and safety of Insampaedok-san and Fermented Insampaedok-san. Methods : SPF ICR male and female mice were administered orally with Insampaedok-san and Fermented Insampaedok-san. of 0(control group), 1,250, 2,500 and 5,000 mg/kg. After single administration, we daily examined number of deaths, clinical signs, gross findings and changes of body weight for 14 days. Hematological parameters and isolated organ weights were determined after 14 days of administration. Results : No dead animal and no significant changes of body weights were found during experimental period. In addition, no differences were found between control and all of treated groups in clinical signs, organ weights, hematology, and other findings. Conclusions : Insampaedok-san and Fermented Insampaedok-san. did not show any toxic effects and oral $LD_{50}$ values of the extracts was over 5,000 mg/kg in ICR mice.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2005

In this study, lotus root(Nelumbo nucifera G.) which has been used in oriental medicine and folks remedy, was studied to apply to functional foods. We investigated the effects of the lotus root extracts(LTE) with hot water on the reduction of serum lipid and improvement of blood parameters in rats fed high fat diet for 5 weeks. Sprague-Dawley rats weigh $150g\pm15g$, were randomly assigned to 4 groups such as basal diet only(BDG), high fat diet without LTE(FDCG), high fat diet with $6\%$ LTE(FD6L), high fat diet with $12\%$ LTE(FD12L). The results of this study were as follows. Hematological data were not significantly different among 4 groups. Serum transferrin concentration and GOT activity were reasonable levels in FD6L and FD12L groups compared with FDCG group. Total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride in serum and atherogenic index were remarkably reduced in LTE supplemented groups as compared with the control group. But HDL-cholesterol contents in FD6L and FD12L groups were significantly increased compared with that in control group. These results imply that lotus root extracts could be used as a potent food resources for decrease of serum lipid concentration.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1993.09a
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• pp.171-178
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• 1993

The effects of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) in rats submitted to exhaustion exercise have been studied, by measuring different enzymatic and hematological parameters in plasma and muscle. KRG powder was daily administered to 15 male Wistar rats for a period of two weeks. Another group of 15 rats with the same characteristics were administered physiological saline. Both groups were divided as follows: 5 control. 5 exercised till exhaustion and 5 recovered for 48 h after exhaustion. The following results were obtained for the groups treated with KRG in rapport to those treated with saline: - Higher endurance to running, - Increase of the osmotic resistence of red blood cells and higher presence of reticulocytes. - Lower triglyceride levels in plasma. - Increase non statistically significant of urea levels in plasma, - Lower non statistically significant hypoglycemia after exhaustion exercise. - Decrease of liver glycogen after exercise and faster recovery of the resting - level. - Protective effect on tissular damage produced by exhaustion exercise - Lower LDH activity in all studied muscles. only statistically significant in the WG.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.264-270
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was that serum metabolic and hematological variables were measured to investigate the detoxication effect of Taraxacum mongolicum extract on male albino rat exposed with lead and mercury. METHODS AND RESULTS: For this study, Pb and Hg-exposed( 50 ppm) albino rats was used, and the treatments were carried out in three doses of 100 mg/kg, 200 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg as dry weight of T. mongolicum extract. T. mongolicum extract could improved the body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio, except to food intake. The levels of biochemical factors elevated by Pb-Hg mix exposure, which are Bilirubin, Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), glutamic oxaloacetate transaminase(GOT), glutamic pyruvate transaminase (GPT), lactate dehydrogenase(LDH), ceatinine and blood urea nitrogen(BUN), were significantly reduced in all treated groups as compared to Pb-Hg mix exposure alone. T. mongolicum extract was shown to suppress the accumulation of Hg and Pb in serum by dose dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Therefore, this study suggest that T. mongolicum extract might have the potential effect to minimize the toxic effects of Pb and Hg.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.383-389
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• 2007

Recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGM-CSF) regulates proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells and modulates function of the mature hematopoietic cells. In the previous study, we reported that hGM-CSF could be produced in transgenic rice cell suspension culture, termed rhGM-CSF. In the present study we examined the single and repeated dose toxicity of rice cells-derived hGM-CSF in SD rats. During single dose toxicity study for 7 days, there were no any toxic effects at any dose of from 10 to $1000{\mu}g/kg$. The lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) was not found in this range. Moreover, repeated dose toxicity study of 14-days period and at the doses of 50 and $200{\mu}g/kg$ (i. v.) of rhGM-CSF did not show any changes in food and water intake. There were also no significant changes in both body and organ weights between the control and the test groups. The hematological and blood biochemical parameters were statistically not different in all the groups. These results suggest that rhGM-CSF has no toxicity in SD rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.363-371
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• 2007

Isaria sinelairii (IS) was orally administered at doses of 0, 0.04, 0.2, and 1 g/kg/day over a 13-week period. There were no observed clinical signs or deaths related to treatment in all the groups tested. Therefore, the approximate lethal oral dose of I. sinclairii was considered to be higher than 1 g/kg in rats. Throughout the administration periods, no significant changes in diet consumption, ophthalmologic findings, organ weight, clinical pathology (hematology, clinical chemistry, coagulation, and urinalysis) or gross pathology were detected. Minor changes were found in hematological parameters for the 0.04 g/kg/day and 0.2 g/kg/day IS treated groups (triglyceride reductions of $20.1{\sim}46.6%$ and platelet increases), but all changes were within physiological range. Microscopic examination failed to identify any treatment-related histopathologic changes in the organs of the IS-treated rats other than nuclear enlargement (cellular atypia) of the tubular regions in the medulla of the kidney in the high dose group. From these results, one can conclude that the no-observed effect level (NOAEL) of I. sinclairii is less than 0.04 g/kg/day in rats.